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762 results for “Spider phylogeny”
Figure 14 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 14. Ameridion nr. petrum. A, ventral side of abdomen; note SPR (arrow, 150-1). B, promarginal cheliceral teeth (106-0). C, front view of male prosoma; note enlarged AM eyes. D, female spinning field. E, female fourth tarsus. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, Ameridion sp., epiandrous gland spigots. Scale bars: A, C, 100 mm; B, D–G, 10 mm.
Figure 23. Anelosimus rupununi, female. A, PLS. B, PMS. C, ALS. D, fourth tarsal claws. E in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 23. Anelosimus rupununi, female. A, PLS. B, PMS. C, ALS. D, fourth tarsal claws. E, tarsal comb on fourth tarsus. F, details of serrated setae. Scale bars: A–D, F, 20 Mm; E, 100 Mm.
Figure 45. Enoplognatha, females. A, G–J, E. ovata. B-F, E. latimana. A, spinnerets. B, spinnerets. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 45. Enoplognatha, females. A, G–J, E. ovata. B-F, E. latimana. A, spinnerets. B, spinnerets. C, PLS and PMS. D, ALS. E, colulus. F, epigynum, the round, wide openings plugged. G, palpal claw. H, fourth tarsal claws. I, cheliceral retrolateral margin. J, cheliceral prolateral margin. Scale bars: A–E, 50 Mm; F, 100 Mm; G-J, 10 Mm.
Figure 43. Crustulina sticta, female. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 43. Crustulina sticta, female. A, abdomen, white box shows area enlarged in B. B, close-up of abdominal proprioreceptors (arrows); note setae of the modified SPR (see also in C) carry much shorter setae. C, anterior ventral abdomen, showing pedicel area, Ep and BL. D, tip of fourth tarsus. E, palpal tarsus; note small TO (arrow, 198-0), and serrated bristles ventrally. F, spinnerets. G, PLS. Scale bars: A–C, F, 100 Mm; D, E 50 Mm; G, 20 Mm.
Figure 11. Achaearanea tepidariorum. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 11. Achaearanea tepidariorum. A, male SPR and nubbins. B, female PLS. C, D, female palpal claw, showing semi palmate condition (177-2). E, F, female fourth tarsus. E, theridiid tarsal comb (193-1). F, individual setae of the tarsal comb with longitudinal grooves (194-1), and hooked comb condition (195-1). Scale bars: A, E, F, 100 mm; B, C, 50 mm; D, 10 mm.
Figure 10. Achaearanea tepidariorum. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 10. Achaearanea tepidariorum. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, retrolateral; note split in the embolus (94-1). C, dorsal, the BCH (23-1) is a putative synapomorphy of Achaearanea. D, E, dorsal portion of male prosoma, showing stridulatory ridges (128-1) near the pedicel (PE). F, male abdomen, showing SPR (150-1) and nubbins (SN, 149-1) around the pedicel, the additional stridulatory picks (ASP) are found in Achaearanea and some other theridiines (162-1). Scale bars: A–D, F, 100 mm; E, 10 mm.
Figure 19. Anelosimus eximius. A, epiandrous gland spigots. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 19. Anelosimus eximius. A, epiandrous gland spigots. B, epigynum; note ridges on epigynal plate (arrows, 3-1). C, prolateral cheliceral margin. D, retrolateral cheliceral margin. E, male fourth tarsal claws. F, female prosoma. Scale bars: A, C–E, 20 Mm; B, 50 Mm; F, 100 Mm.
Figure 9. Euryopis and Emertonella. A–D, spinnerets. A, B, female Euryopis flavomaculata. A, all. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 9. Euryopis and Emertonella. A–D, spinnerets. A, B, female Euryopis flavomaculata. A, all. B, ditto, left spinning field; note ridges on ALS (203-1) and the absence of FL on PLS (212-1). C, D, Emertonella funebris male. C, left field; note presence of functional AG (219-1). D, colular setae; note invagination of the colular area (vertical arrow, 172-2), and the pair of long colular setae (horizontal arrows). E, E. flavomaculata palpal claw; the palmate condition (177-1) is a synapomorphy of Hadrotarsinae. F, ditto, cheliceral fangs. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, 50 mm; C, D, 20 mm.
Figure 7. Euryopis gertschi. A–C, male palp. A. mesial. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 7. Euryopis gertschi. A–C, male palp. A. mesial. B, ventral; note absence of a conductor (62-1). C, ectal, the apparent sclerite basal to the tegulum is a membrane (m). D, male genital furrow, epiandrous gland spigots absent (168-1). E, epigynum. F, male spinnerets; note presence of functional AG (219-1). G, female left spinning field. Scale bars: A–E, 100 mm; F, 50 mm; G, 20 mm.
Figure 12. Achaearanea wau. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, ectal. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 12. Achaearanea wau. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, ectal. C, dorsal; note cymbial modification (arrow, 23-1). D, female spinnerets. E, epigynum. F, fourth tarsal claws and comb. G, palpal claw. Scale bars: A–C, 100 mm; D, E, 50 mm; F, G, 20 mm.
Figure 22. Anelosimus rupununi. A–D, male palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 22. Anelosimus rupununi. A–D, male palp. A, mesial; note bifurcated MA (75-1). B, ventral. C, ectal. D, distal tip. E, cheliceral promarginal teeth. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, epigynum; note acute upper wall of bursa (arrow, 6-1). Scale bars: A–D, 100 Mm; G, 50 Mm; E, F, 20 Mm.
Figure 6. Dipoena nigra. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 6. Dipoena nigra. A, serrated bristles of tarsal comb (193-1, 194-0, 195-0); compare to the characteristic theridiid tarsal comb, e.g. Achaearanea (Fig. 11E, F). B, C, tip of tarsus I female. B, note presence of grouped flat tipped setae ventrally (arrow), a Hadrotarsinae synapomorphy (197-1). C, ventral view. D, female spinnerets, FL is probably absent (212-1), the size and shape of the AGs is uncertain, but probably one is enlarged and flattened (215-1, see male in F); note also the absence of stridulatory ridges on ALS (arrow, 203-0), previously thought to be a hadrotarsine synapomorphy. E, Dipoena torva female PLS, with a small AG, lacking FL. F, male PLS has a functional (219-1), flattened AG, the second non-AC spigot is morphologically similar to FL, but given the condition in the female is probably an AG. Scale bars: A–C, 20 mm; D, 50 mm; E, F, 10 mm.
Figure 39. Chrysso nigriceps, male. A–E, palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 39. Chrysso nigriceps, male. A–E, palp. A, mesial; note bifurcated MA (76-1). B, ventral. C, ectal. D, ventral closeup. E, interactions of T, E, and C; note presence of a pit in the tegulum (Tp, 49-1), in which the E base fits (50-0), and the SC (70-1) out of which the C rises. F, ALS. G, PMS and PLS, arrows indicate scars of the nonfunctional AG (219-0). Scale bars: A–C, 100 Mm; D, E, 20 Mm; F, G, 10 Mm.
Figure 3 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 3. Epiandrous gland spigots (168-170). A, Tetragnatha extensa. B, Pimoa breviata. C, Linyphia triangularis. D, Synotaxus monoceros. E, Eidmanella pallida. Scale bars: 20 Mm.
Figure 5. Dipoena nigra. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 5. Dipoena nigra. A, female labium; the triangular shape is a synapomorphy of Hadrotarsinae (136-1). B, tip of male chelicera; note plumate hairs (121-1). C, D, male prosoma. C, front view, the short cheliceral paturon (arrow) is a synapomorphy of Hadrotarsinae (117-1). D, side view of the elevated prosoma (124-1). E, female prosoma side view, less elevated than in male; note also the short and thick segments of the palp. F, female cheliceral fang, both promargin (106-1) and retromargin (110-1) without teeth. G, tip of male fourth tarsus. Scale bars: A, B, 50 Mm; C–E, 100 Mm; F, G, 10 Mm.
Figure 4. Dipoena nigra, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 4. Dipoena nigra, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, ventral close; the scaly texture of the tegulum is unique to this species among the taxa explored here. E, apical view of tibia and base of palpus; note broad tibial tip (14-1), compared to the extremely narrow base which connects to the much broader patella (arrow). F, area above pedicel on abdomen. G, epiandrous gland spigots. Scale bars: A–F, 50 Mm; G, 20 Mm.
Figure 2. Nesticus reclusus. A–C, male palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 2. Nesticus reclusus. A–C, male palp. A, ventral; note huge PC (30–5). B, ectal. C, ectal side from below; note tegular apophysis (paramedian apophysis sensu Huber, 1993), which is here hypothesized to be homologous to the conductor (62-0). It is positioned caudally on the tegulum near where E originates. D, female tarsal claw. E, epigynum. Scale bars: A–C, E, 100 Mm; D, 20 Mm.
Figure 1. Synotaxus. A, B, S in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 1. Synotaxus. A, B, S. monoceros male palp. Character numbers and states typeset in bold here and in subsequent captions. A, ventral; note spur on patella (arrow) (20-1). B, ectal. C, D, S. waiwai male palp. C, ventral. D, tarsal organ, with a small opening (198-0). E–G, Synotaxus waiwai, spinnerets. E, ALS. F, PLS and PMS; note large (214-1) but not flattened AGs (215-0, 216-0). G, CY, the fusule bears no distinct base (221-1). Scale bars: A–C, 100 Mm; D–G, 10 Mm.
Figure 25. Anelosimus studiosus, female. A, spinnerets. B, ALS. C, PLS. D, PMS. E in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 25. Anelosimus studiosus, female. A, spinnerets. B, ALS. C, PLS. D, PMS. E, colular setae (arrow); note absence of colulus (172-1). F, cheliceral teeth. Scale bars: A, E, F, 100 Mm; B–D, 20 Mm.
Figure 24. Anelosimus studiosus. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, dorsal. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 24. Anelosimus studiosus. A–C, male palp. A, ventral. B, dorsal. C, tibia; note three trichobothria (arrows, 18-1, 19-1). D, male abdominal stridulatory picks. E, details. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, epigynum. Scale bars: A–C, 100 Mm; D, G, 50 Mm; F, 20 Mm; E, 10 Mm.
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