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2,214 results for “Strength”
Data from: Food webs obscure the strength of plant diversity effects on primary productivity
Plant diversity experiments generally find that increased diversity causes increased productivity; however, primary productivity is typically measured in the presence of a diverse food web, including pathogens, mutualists and herbivores. If food web impacts on productivity vary with plant diversity, as predicted by both theoretical and empirical studies, estimates of the effect of plant diversity on productivity may be biased. We experimentally removed arthropods, foliar fungi and soil fungi from the longest-running plant diversity experiment. We found that fungi and arthropods removed a constant, large proportion of biomass leading to a greater reduction of total biomass in high diversity plots. As a result, the effect of diversity on measured plant productivity was much higher in the absence of fungi and arthropods. Thus, diversity increases productivity more than reported in previous studies that did not control for the effects of heterotrophic consumption.
Data from: Experimental study of shear and hydraulic bonding strength between casing and cement under complex temperature and pressure conditions
The cement sheath plays a vital role in preventing gas channelling. It is important to understand the interfacial bonding between the casing and cement sheath when the downhole temperature and pressure change. This paper demonstrates the results of an experimental study to investigate the effect of high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) and their variations on the cement sheath interfacial bonding strength (CSIBS). An experimental device was developed that is used to test the shear and hydraulic bonding strength with the method of uniaxial compression and gas channelling. The results show that both temperature and pressure have a significant influence on the CSIBS. As the curing temperature increases with a constant curing time or as the curing time increases with a constant curing temperature, the CSIBS first increases and then converges to a stable value. The casing roughness has a crucial effect on the shear bonding strength but little effect on the hydraulic bonding strength. Though the CSIBS decreases obviously with the decrease in temperature, it undergoes little change when the temperature first increases and then recovers to the initial value. When the internal casing pressure decreases to a certain value or first increases to a certain value followed by recovery to the initial state, the hydraulic bonding strength tends to be 0 MPa, which means that the interface undergoes debonding between the casing and cement.
Predicting the strength of urban-rural clines in a Mendelian polymorphism along a latitudinal gradient
Cities are emerging as models for addressing the fundamental question of whether populations evolve in parallel to similar environments. Here, we examine the environmental factors that drive the evolution of parallel urban-rural clines in a Mendelian trait—the cyanogenic antiherbivore defense of white clover (Trifolium repens). Previous work suggested urban-rural gradients in frost and snow depth could drive the evolution of reduced hydrogen cyanide (HCN) frequencies in urban populations. Here, we sampled over 700 urban and rural clover populations across 16 cities along a latitudinal transect in eastern North America. In each population, we quantified changes in the frequency of genotypes that produce HCN, and in a subset of the cities we estimated the frequency of the alleles at the two genes (CYP79D15 and Li) that epistatically interact to produce HCN. We then tested the hypothesis that cold climatic conditions are necessary for the evolution of cyanogenesis clines by comparing the strength of clines among cities located along a gradient of winter temperatures and frost exposure. Overall, half of the cities exhibited urban-rural clines in the frequency of HCN, whereby urban populations evolved lower HCN frequencies. Clines did not evolve in cities with the lowest temperatures and greatest snowfall, supporting the hypothesis that snow buffers plants against winter frost and constrains the formation of clines. By contrast, the strongest clines occurred in the warmest cities where snow and frost are rare, suggesting that alternative selective agents are maintaining clines in warmer cities. Some clines were driven by evolution at only CYP79D15, consistent with stronger and more consistent selection on this locus than on Li. Together, our results demonstrate that urban environments often select for similar phenotypes, but different selective agents and targets underlie the evolutionary response in different cities.
Does operational sex ratio influence relative strength of purging selection in males vs. females?
<p>According to theory, sexual selection in males may efficiently purge mutation load of sexual populations, reducing or fully compensating "the cost of males". For this to occur, mutations not only need to be deleterious to both sexes, they also must affect males more than females. A frequently overlooked problem is that relative strength of selection on males vs. females may vary between environments, with social conditions being particularly likely to affect selection in males and females differently. Here we induced mutations in red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) and tested their effect in both sexes under three different operational sex ratios (1:2, 1:1, 2:1). Induced mutations decreased fitness of both males and females, but their effect was not stronger in males. Surprisingly, operational sex ratio did not affect selection against deleterious mutations nor its relative strength in the sexes. Thus, our results show no support for the role of sexual selection in the evolutionary maintenance of sex.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Contrasting complexity of adjacent habitats influences the strength of cascading predatory effects
Although cascading effects of top predators can help structure communities, their influence may vary across habitats that differentially protect prey. Therefore, to understand how and to what degree habitat complexity can affect trophic interactions in adjacent habitats, we used a combination of a broad regional-scale survey, manipulative field trials, and an outdoor mesocosm experiment to quantify predator–prey interaction strengths across four trophic levels. Within estuaries of the southeastern USA, bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) hunt blue crabs on mudflats and adjacent oyster reefs, two habitats with vastly different aboveground structure. Using 12-h tethering trials of blue crabs we quantified habitat-dependent loss rates of 37% on reefs and 78% on mudflats. We hypothesized that the sharks' predatory effects on blue crabs would cascade down to release a lower-level mud crab predator, which subsequently would increase juvenile oyster mortality, but that the cascade strength would be habitat-dependent. We experimentally manipulated predator combinations in split-plot mesocosms containing reef and mudflat habitats, and quantified oyster mortality. Bonnetheads exerted strong consumptive and non-consumptive effects on blue crabs, which ceased eating oysters in the sharks' presence. However, mud crabs, regardless of shark and blue crab presence, continued to consume oysters, especially within the structural refuge of the reef where they kept oyster mortality high. Thus, bonnetheads indirectly boosted oyster survival, but only on the mudflat where mud crabs were less active. Our work demonstrates how structural differences in adjacent habitats can moderate trophic cascades, particularly when mesopredators exhibit differential use of structure and different sensitivities to top predators.
Estimates for the stiffness, strength and drift capacity of stone masonry walls based on 123 quasi-static cyclic tests reported in the literature
<p>Database of 123 shear and compression tests on stone masonry walls reported in the literature. Test references, geometrical and typological data, loading and boundary conditions, mechanical characterisation data, and synthetic test results are collected. Such test results include failure mode, force and displacement capacities for different limit states and estimates of the elastic and effective stiffness. Hysteretic force-displacement curves, digitalised from the sources, and the derived envelopes are provided, when available, as .csv files.</p>
Dataset for Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Lodging, Stem Strength, Yield, and Other Important Agronomic Traits in Dry Field Peas, 330 markers, sequences included
<p>Dataset for Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Lodging, Stem Strength, Yield, and Other Important Agronomic Traits in Dry Field Peas, 330 markers, sequences included.</p>
Data from: Network-level changes in the brain underlie fear memory strength
<p>The strength of a fear memory significantly influences whether it drives adaptive or maladaptive behavior in the future. Yet, how mild and strong fear memories differ in underlying biology is not well understood. We hypothesized that this distinction may not be exclusively the result of changes within specific brain regions, but rather the outcome of collective changes in connectivity across multiple regions within the neural network. To test this, rats were fear conditioned in protocols of varying intensities to generate mild or strong memories. Neuronal activation driven by recall was measured using cfos immunohistochemistry in 12 brain regions implicated in fear learning and memory. The interregional coordinated brain activity was computed and graph-based functional networks were generated to compare how mild and strong fear memories differ at the systems level. Our results show that mild fear recall is supported by a well-connected brain network with small-world properties in which the amygdala is well-positioned to be modulated by other regions. In contrast, this connectivity is disrupted in strong fear memories and the amygdala is isolated from other regions. These findings indicate that the neural systems underlying mild and strong fear memories differ, with implications for understanding and treating disorders of fear dysregulation.</p>
Shine Dalgarno strength data for manuscript "Occlusion of the anti-Shine-Dalgarno on the 30S platform reduces the efficiency of prfB programmed frameshifting in Flavobacterium johnsoniae"
<p>This data set contains Shine Dalgarno strengths for every gene in 4362 bacterial genomes that were analyzed in the manuscript titled "Analysis of programmed frameshifting during translation of prfB in Flavobacterium johnsoniae". There is one comma separated file per genome. They are split between six zip archives. Each line in these files represents one gene. The columns are the genome ID, the name of the gene, the SD strength in kcal/mol as determined by free_scan, the mock SD strength in kcal/mol as determined by free_scan, the anti Shine Dalgarno sequence identified from the 16S ribosomal RNAs of the organism, the sequence of the SD region that was scanned, and the sequence of the mock SD region that was scanned. The mock SD region is further upstream of the gene and should not contain a true SD sequence and is provided as a control.</p>
Data from: The effect of operational sex ratio and density on the strength of sexual selection against mutant males in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Higher male:female operational sex ratio (OSR) is often assumed to lead to stronger sexual selection on males. Yet, this premise has been directly tested by very few studies, with mixed outcomes. We investigated how OSR affects the strength of sexual selection against two deleterious alleles, a natural <em>ebony</em> mutant and a transgenic <em>GFP</em> insertion, in <em>Drosophila melanogaster. </em>To this end, we estimated the relative paternity share of homozygous mutant males competing against wildtype males under different OSRs (1:2, 1:1, 2:1). We also manipulated the mating pool density (18, 36 or 54 individuals), and assessed paternity over three consecutive days, during which the nature of sexual interaction changed. The strength of sexual selection against the <em>ebony</em> mutant increased with OSR, became weaker after the first day and was little affected by density. In contrast, sexual selection against the <em>GFP</em> transgene was markedly affected by density: at the highest density it increased with OSR, but at lower densities it was strongest at 1:1 OSR, remaining strong throughout the experiment. Thus, while OSR can strongly affect the strength of sexual selection against "bad genes", it does not necessarily increase monotonically with male:female OSR. Furthermore, the pattern of relationship between OSR and the strength of sexual selection can be locus-specific, likely reflecting the specific phenotypic effects of the mutation.</p>
Data from: Contrasting the form and strength of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection in a flatworm
<p>Sexual traits may be selected during multiple consecutive episodes of selection, occurring before, during, or after copulation. In the research article entitled "Contrasting the form and strength of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection in a flatworm", published in <em>Evolution</em>, we measured pre- and postcopulatory phenotypic traits alongside variation in fitness components at different episodes. Namely, we assessed the mating success, sperm-transfer efficiency, and sperm fertilising efficiency of focal worms in which we measured 13 morphological traits, and performed multivariate selection analyses assessing the form and strength of selection. We archived the datasets and R scripts necessary to reproduce all analyses performed in this paper.</p>
Manufacturing of high strength and high conductivity copper with laser powder bed fusion
<p>Additive manufacturing (AM), known as 3D printing, enables rapid fabrication of geometrically complex copper (Cu) components for electrical conduction and heat management applications. However, pure Cu or Cu alloys produced by 3D printing often suffer from either low strength or low conductivity at room and elevated temperatures. Here, we demonstrate a design strategy for 3D printing of high strength, high conductivity Cu by uniformly dispersing a minor portion of lanthanum hexaboride (LaB<sub>6</sub>) nanoparticles in pure Cu through laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). We show that trace additions of LaB<sub>6</sub> to pure Cu result in an improved L-PBF processability, an enhanced strength, and improved thermal stability, all whilst maintaining a high conductivity. The presented strategy could expand the applicability of 3D-printed Cu components to more demanding conditions where high strength, high conductivity, and thermal stability are required.</p>
Water weakening and the compressive brittle strength of carbonates: influence of fracture toughness and static friction
<p>This is the ReadMe file corresponding to the study entitled:<br>"Water weakening and the compressive brittle strength of carbonates: influence of fracture toughness and static friction"<br>By Noël C., Fryer B., Baud P. and Violay M.</p> <p>This Read-Me file has been last edited in January 2024</p> <p>This readme file describes the data repository files accompanying the above publication published in IJRMMS. <br>For any further queries please contact corentin.noel@geoazur.unice.fr</p> <p>For each type of experiments (uniaxial compression, fracture toughness and friction), a zip file contains the the file of the experiments. Each file name contain the information of the sample tested and the experimental condition (dry or saturated):<br>- The first leter(s) stands for the limestone tested: In=Indiana, L=Leitha, S=Solnhofen, St=Saint Maximin, T=Tavel.<br>- The number following is for sample referencing.<br>- The next letter is for the experiment performed: U=Uniaxial compression, K=Fracture toughness, F=Friction<br>- After a "_", the experimental conditions are described: dry=dray experiments, sat=water saturated experiments</p> <p><br>*** Uniaxial compression ***<br>Each .txt file contains:<br>- Column 1: Axial stress (MPa)<br>- Column 2: Axial strain (-)<br>- Column 3: Radial strain (-)<br>- Column 4: Volumetric strain (-)</p> <p>Additionally, each experiments also have an accoustic file (.txt ending with _AE) containing:<br>- Column 1: Axial strain (-)<br>- Column 2: Cumulative AE number</p> <p>*** Fracture toughness ***<br>Each .txt file contains:<br>- Column 1: Axial displacement (mm)<br>- Column 2: Mode I stress intensity factor KI (MPa.m(1/2))<br>- Column 3: Crack mouth openning (mm)</p> <p>*** Friction ***<br>Each .txt file contains:<br>- Column 1: Time (s)<br>- Column 2: Shear stress (MPa)<br>- Column 3: Normal stress (MPa)<br>- Column 4: Shear displacement (mm)</p> <p>Additionally, for each experiment and both under dry and water saturated conditions a .xlsx file contains the picked static shear stress at the onset of sliding for each tested normal stress as follow:<br>- Column A: Normal stress (MPa)<br>- Column B: Shear stress at onset of sliding (MPa)<br>- Column C: Shear stress at onset of sliding lower boundary (MPa)<br>- Column D: Shear stress at onset of sliding higher boundary (MPa)<br>- Column E: Uncertainty on the shear stress at onset of sliding (MPa)</p>
Dependence of tropical cyclone weakening rate in response to an imposed moderate environmental vertical wind shear on the warm-core strength and height of the initial vortex
<p>This study investigated the dependence of the early tropical cyclone (TC) weakening rate in response to an imposed moderate environmental vertical wind shear (VWS) on the warm-core strength and height of the TC vortex using idealized numerical simulations. Results show that the weakening of the warm core by upper-level ventilation is the primary factor leading to the early TC weakening in response to an imposed environmental VWS. The upper-level ventilation is dominated by eddy radial advection of the warm-core air. The TC weakening rate is roughly proportional to the warm-core strength and height of the initial TC vortex. The boundary-layer ventilation shows no relationship with the early weakening rate of the TC in response to an imposed moderate VWS. The findings suggest that some previous diverse results regarding the TC weakening in environmental VWS could be partly due to the different warm-core strengths and heights of the initial TC vortex.</p>
Strength of sexual selection and sex roles vary between social groups in a coral reef cardinalfish
<p>The strength and direction of sexual selection can vary among populations. However, spatial variability is rarely explored at the level of the social group. Here we investigate sexual selection and sex roles in the paternally mouthbrooding, socially monogamous, and site-attached pajama cardinalfish, <em>Sphaeramia nematoptera</em>. Females were larger, more aggressive, and had a longer dorsal fin filament, indicating reversed sex roles. At the scale of social groups, we show the Bateman gradient and reproductive variance depending on the sex ratio and size of the groups. In small and medium-sized groups with balanced or male-biased sex ratios, Bateman gradients were steeper for females, whereas gradients were equally steep for both sexes in large groups or when the sex ratio was female-biased. For both sexes, reproductive variance increased with group size and with a higher male-to-female sex ratio. In <em>S. nematoptera</em>, mating opportunities outside the socially monogamous pair appear to impact sexual selection. We conclude that the strength and direction of sexual selection can be masked by social dynamics in group-living species when considering only population and large-scale demographic processes.</p>
Strength Curves of Slender Geopolymer Concrete Columns_Dataset
<p>The peer-reviewed data descriptor for this dataset has now been published in Elsevier Data in Brief - an open access journal aiming at enhancing data transparency and reusability, and can be accessed here: <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/6/5/43">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340921008647</a>. Please use the following citation when using the dataset: AlHamaydeh, Mohammad, and Amin, Fouad. "Strength Curve Data for Slender Geopolymer Concrete Columns with GFRP, Steel and Hybrid Reinforcement," <em>Data in Brief</em>, Vol. 39, December 2021, pp. 107589. DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107589. </p> <p>This dataset provides the normalized axial strength values for circular concrete columns under different loading conditions. Each file represents a group of columns with the same reinforcement type and strength. Within each file the axial strength values are provided for different reinforcement ratios and loading eccentricities. The provided data can be used for developing analytical strength curves for circular columns. Also, the axial load-bending moment interaction diagrams of the analyzed columns could be developed upon further processing of the provided data.</p> <p>Version v1: Assumes identical compressive and tensile strengths for the GFRP reinforcement. This assumption is made based on the lateral support provided by the concrete surrounding the reinforcement. </p> <p>Version v2: Assumes a more realistic assumption of the compressive strength being 80% of the tensile strength for the reinforcement. Selected supporting references:<a name="_Hlk83211528"></a></p> <p>[1] ACI Committee 440. Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars, ACI 440.1R-15. vol. 88 Reappro. Farmington Hills, MI : American Concrete Institute: 2015.</p> <p>[2] Hadhood A, Mohamed HM, Benmokrane B. Flexural Stiffness of GFRP- and CFRP-RC Circular Members under Eccentric Loads Based on Experimental and Curvature Analysis. ACI Struct J 2018;115:1185–98. https://doi.org/10.14359/51702235.</p>
Abiotic conditions along altitude shape plant-fungal associations by influencing both fungal availability and association strength
<p>These files contains the description of the data and scripts to reproduce the analyses of:<br>"Abiotic conditions along altitude shape plant-fungal associations by influencing both fungal availability and association strength" which can be found here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.70075">https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.70075</a></p> <p>As detailed in the study, the data consist of fungal DNA data from ten high and low <em>Bistorta vivipara </em>populations across Fennoscandia. Species-level fungal OTUs have been identified applying ITS2-based metabarcoding to the different parts of the focal plant <em>B. vivipara </em>(bulbils, leaves and roots) and its surrounding soil and leaves of surrounding plants. In total, the data contains data on 253 fungal OTUs across 641 sampling units.</p> <p>The README file describes the contents of the metadata and explains how the scripts are to be run in order to reproduce the results of the study.</p> <p> </p>
Data: Gradient expansions for the large-coupling strength limit of the Møller-Plesset adiabatic connection (arXiv:2111.13146)
<p>Data corresponding to the work <em>Gradient expansions for the large-coupling strength limit of the Møller-Plesset adiabatic connection</em> (https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.13146). </p> <p>The zip file contains:</p> <p>- Data for the functional E_el and W_1/2 for all the systems presented in the article (.csv files)</p> <p>- Minimising positions for all the systems presented in the article (.csv files)</p> <p>- Checkpoint Files for all the calculations done with PySCF 1.7.6.</p>
Dataset of Dynamic Strength training and Dynamic Endurance training
<p>Here is the dataset for Numeric pain rating scale and Neck disability index for Dynamic strength training and dynamic endurance training groups in patients with mechanical neck pain before and after treatment. The objective was to compare effectiveness of two different exercise regimen in individuals with mechanical neck pain.</p>
River bed sediment and debris flow deposit lithology and Schmidt Hammer Rock Strength dataset, Suiattle River, Washington State, USA
<p>This dataset includes measurements of river bed sediment lithology and Schmidt Hammer Rock Strength (SHRS), as well as debris flow deposit lithology, grain size, and SHRS, at sites along the Suiattle River, North Cascades, Washington State, USA. See Pfeiffer et al. (2022, JGR-ES) for further description of the collection methodology and site description.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.