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1,048 results for “aging effects”
The Immp2l mutation causes ovarian aging through ROS-wnt/β-catenin-estrogen (cyp19a1) pathway: preventive effect of melatonin
<p>Mitochondria play important roles in ovarian follicle development. Mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial gene deficiency, impairs the ovarian development. Here, we explored the role and mechanism of mitochondrial inner membrane gene <i>Immp2l</i> in ovarian follicle growth and development. Our results revealed that the female Immp2l<sup>-/-</sup> mice were infertile, while the Immp2l<sup>+/- </sup>mice were normal. Body and ovarian weights were reduced in the female Immp2l<sup>-/- </sup>mice, ovarian follicle growth and development were stunted in the secondary follicle stage. Although a few ovarian follicles were ovulated, the oocytes were not fertilized due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Increased oxidative stress, decreased estrogen levels, and altered genes expression of Wnt/β-catenin and steroid hormone synthesis pathways were observed in 28-day-old Immp2l<sup>-/-</sup> mice. The Immp2l mutation accelerated ovarian aging process, as no ovarian follicles were detected in age of 5 months in Immp2l<sup>-/- </sup>mice. All the aforementioned changes in the Immp2l<sup>-/- </sup>mice were reversed by administration of antioxidant melatonin to the Immp2l<sup>-/-</sup> mice. Furthermore, our in vitro study using Immp2l knockdown granulosa cells confirmed that the Immp2l downregulation induced granulosa cell aging by enhancing ROS levels, suppressing <i>Wnt16</i>, increasing β-catenin and decreasing steroid hormone synthesis gene <i>cyp19a1</i> and estrogen levels, accompanied by an increase in the aging phenotype of granulosa cells. Melatonin treatment delayed granulosa cell aging progression. Taken together, Immp2l causes ovarian aging through the ROS-Wnt/β-catenin-estrogen (cyp19a1) pathway, which can be reversed by melatonin treatment.Mitochondria play important roles in ovarian follicle development. Mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial gene deficiency, impairs the ovarian development. Here, we explored the role and mechanism of mitochondrial inner membrane gene <i>Immp2l</i> in ovarian follicle growth and development. Our results revealed that the female Immp2l<sup>-/-</sup> mice were infertile, while the Immp2l<sup>+/- </sup>mice were normal. Body and ovarian weights were reduced in the female Immp2l<sup>-/- </sup>mice, ovarian follicle growth and development were stunted in the secondary follicle stage. Although a few ovarian follicles were ovulated, the oocytes were not fertilized due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Increased oxidative stress, decreased estrogen levels, and altered genes expression of Wnt/β-catenin and steroid hormone synthesis pathways were observed in 28-day-old Immp2l<sup>-/-</sup> mice. The Immp2l mutation accelerated ovarian aging process, as no ovarian follicles were detected in age of 5 months in Immp2l<sup>-/- </sup>mice. All the aforementioned changes in the Immp2l<sup>-/- </sup>mice were reversed by administration of antioxidant melatonin to the Immp2l<sup>-/-</sup> mice. Furthermore, our in vitro study using Immp2l knockdown granulosa cells confirmed that the Immp2l downregulation induced granulosa cell aging by enhancing ROS levels, suppressing <i>Wnt16</i>, increasing β-catenin and decreasing steroid hormone synthesis gene <i>cyp19a1</i> and estrogen levels, accompanied by an increase in the aging phenotype of granulosa cells. Melatonin treatment delayed granulosa cell aging progression. Taken together, Immp2l causes ovarian aging through the ROS-Wnt/β-catenin-estrogen (cyp19a1) pathway, which can be reversed by melatonin treatment.</p>
Effect of long-term aging on graphene oxide: structure and thermal decomposition
<p>FTIR, XRD, Raman, AFM, XPS were used to characterize graphene oxide aged for 2 years. The results showed that after aging, the C/O ratio of graphene oxide increased from 1.96 to 2.76, but the type of oxygen-containing functional groups did not change. In addition to oxygen-containing functional groups, the content of -CH3, -CH2- and physically adsorbed water also decreased. The change in the structure is manifested by the reduction of the average interlayer distance from 1.320 nm to 1.134 nm. Moreover, ID/IG increased from 0.95 to 1.03, indicating that the defect density in the carbon skeleton increased after aging. The thermal decomposition process of graphene oxide and its decomposition products were analyzed by thermogravimetric combined with Infrared spectroscopy. When the temperature exceeds 60°C, the infrared signal of CO2 produced by the decomposition of graphene oxide can be detected. After aging, the decomposition peak temperature of graphene oxide decreased from 216 to 195°C. The amount of CO2 produced in the decomposition products is almost unchanged, while the amount of CO and H2O produced decreases, and the amount of SO2 produced decreases significantly. The OH radicals and heat accumulated during the decomposition process may in turn accelerate the decomposition rate, leading to a thermal runaway process at 216°C.</p>
Data from: The effects of aging on neuropil structure in mouse somatosensory cortex—A 3D electron microscopy analysis of layer 1
This study has used dense reconstructions from serial EM images to compare the neuropil ultrastructure and connectivity of aged and adult mice. The analysis used models of axons, dendrites, and their synaptic connections, reconstructed from volumes of neuropil imaged in layer 1 of the somatosensory cortex. This shows the changes to neuropil structure that accompany a general loss of synapses in a well-defined brain region. The loss of excitatory synapses was balanced by an increase in their size such that the total amount of synaptic surface, per unit length of axon, and per unit volume of neuropil, stayed the same. There was also a greater reduction of inhibitory synapses than excitatory, particularly those found on dendritic spines, resulting in an increase in the excitatory/inhibitory balance. The close correlations, that exist in young and adult neurons, between spine volume, bouton volume, synaptic size, and docked vesicle numbers are all preserved during aging. These comparisons display features that indicate a reduced plasticity of cortical circuits, with fewer, more transient, connections, but nevertheless an enhancement of the remaining connectivity that compensates for a generalized synapse loss.
Data from: The effects of age, sex, and habitat on body size and shape of the blackstripe topminnow, Fundulus notatus
Lake and stream habitats pose a variety of challenges to fishes due to differences in variables such as water velocity, habitat structure, prey community, and predator community. These differences can cause divergent selection on body size and/or shape. Here, we measured sex, age, length, and eight different morphological traits of the blackstripe topminnow, Fundulus notatus, from 19 lake and stream populations across four river drainages in central Illinois. Our goal was to determine whether size and shape differed consistently between lake and stream habitats across drainages. We also considered the effects of age and sex as they may affect size and morphology. We found large differences in body size of age 1 topminnows where stream fish were generally larger than lake fish. Body shape mainly varied as a function of sex. Adult male topminnows had larger morphological traits (with the exception of body width) than females, in particular longer dorsal and anal base lengths. Subtle effects of habitat were present. Stream fish had a longer dorsal fin base than lake fish. These phenotypic patterns may be the result of genetic and/or environmental variation. As these lakes are human-made, the observed differences, if genetic, would have had to occur relatively rapidly (within about 100 years).
Data from: Effective implementation of age restrictions increases selectivity of sport hunting of the African lion
1. Sport hunting of wildlife can play a role in conservation but can also drive population declines if not managed sustainably. Previous simulation modelling found that large felid species could theoretically be hunted sustainably by restricting harvests to older individuals that have likely reproduced. Several African countries currently use age-based hunting for lions although the outcomes have yet to be evaluated in a wild population. 2. Here we provide the first empirical evidence that a system of incentives sufficiently encouraged age-based hunting and reduced offtake of a wild felid, thereby reducing the potential risk of unsustainable hunting on a threatened species. We examined long-term hunting data and the lion population trend in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique. 3. To incentivise hunter compliance, a 'points' system was developed which rewards operators that harvest lions older than the 6-year minimum trophy age recommended for sustainable hunting and penalises operators that hunt 'underage' lions (<4 years). A key component of this system is the ecological application of key physical traits that predictably change with age in order to estimate (by hunters) and validate (by authorities) trophy individuals' ages pre- and post-mortem, respectively. Analysis of 138 lion hunts and 87 lion trophies from 2003-2015 revealed that after enforcement of age restrictions in 2006, hunters shifted harvests to suitably aged lions (>6 years), from 25% of offtakes in 2004 to 100% by 2014. 4. Simultaneously, the number of lions and percentage of quota harvested decreased, resulting in lower lion offtakes. Following an initial decrease after enforcement of the aging system, the percentage of hunts harvesting lions stabilised, demonstrating that hunters successfully located and aged older lions. 5. Synthesis and applications. Evidence suggests that age restrictions combined with an incentive-based points system regulated sport hunting and reduced pressure on the lion population. We attribute the successful implementation of this management system to: 1) committed, consistent enforcement by management authorities, 2) genuine involvement of all stakeholders from the start, 3) annual auditing by an independent third party, 4) the reliable, transparent, straight-forward aging process, and 5) the simple, pragmatic points system for incentivising hunter compliance. Our study demonstrates that the use of age restrictions can increase the selectivity of sport hunting and lower trophy offtakes to reduce the possibility of unsustainable sport hunting negatively impacting species populations in the absence of reliable estimates of population size. It must be noted, however, that there was no measurable change in the lion numbers over the past decade that could be attributed to the implementation of this policy alone.
Data from: Effects of aging on timing of hibernation and reproduction
Small hibernators are long-lived for their size because seasonal dormancy greatly reduces predation risk. Thus, within a year, hibernators switch between states of contrasting mortality risk (active season versus hibernation), making them interesting species for testing the predictions of life-history theory. Accordingly, we hypothesized that, with advancing age and hence diminishing reproductive potential, hibernators should increasingly accept the higher predation risk associated with activity to increase the likelihood of current reproductive success. For edible dormice (Glis glis) we show that age strongly affects hibernation/activity patterns, and that this occurs via two pathways: (i) with increasing age, dormice are more likely to reproduce, which delays the onset of hibernation, and (ii) age directly advances emergence from hibernation in spring. We conclude that hibernation has to be viewed not merely as an energy saving strategy under harsh climatic conditions, but as an age-affected life-history trait that is flexibly used to maximize fitness.
Data from: Parental age effects and the evolution of senescence
<p>Most theory on the evolution of senescence implicitly assumes that all offspring are of equal quality. However, in addition to age-related declines in survival and fecundity (classically-defined senescence), many organisms exhibit age-related declines in offspring quality, a phenomenon known as a parental age effect. Theoretical work suggests that parental age effects may alter age-trajectories of selection and therefore shape the evolution of senescence; however, to date, these analyses have been limited to idealized life cycles, and models of maternal care in human populations. To gain a broader understanding of how parental age effects may shape age-trajectories of selection, we extend the classic age-structured population projection model to also account for parental age structure, and apply this model to empirical data from an aquatic plant known to exhibit parental age effects (the duckweed <i>Lemna minor</i>), as well as a diverse set of simulated life cycles. Our results suggest that parental age effects alter predictions from classic theory on the evolution of senescence. Age-related declines in offspring quality reduce the relative value of late-life reproduction, leading to steeper age-related declines in the force of natural selection than would otherwise be expected, and potentially favoring the evolution of more rapid rates of senescence.</p>
Data from: Comparing ageing and the effects of diet supplementation in wild vs. captive antler flies, Protopiophila litigata
1) Few studies have simultaneously compared ageing within genetically similar populations in both laboratory and natural environments. Such comparisons are important for interpreting laboratory studies, because factors such as diet could affect ageing in environment-dependent ways. 2) Using a natural population of antler flies (Protopiophila litigata), we conducted separate factorial experiments in 2012 and 2013 that compared age-specific male survival and mating success in laboratory cages versus a natural field environment while supplementing their diets with protein or sugar. 3) We found consistent and substantial increases in both survival and mating rates in the laboratory compared to the field, but remarkably, despite these large differences actuarial ageing was only higher in the lab than in the field in 2012 and similar in the two environments in 2013. In both years, there was no difference between environments in reproductive ageing. 4) We found that males fed protein had a higher mortality rate than males fed sugar (strong and low support in 2012 and 2013 respectively). 5) In contrast, diet did not strongly impact average mating rates, actuarial ageing, or reproductive ageing in either experiment. 6) Our results provide the first evidence that the negative effect of protein on lifespan reported in many laboratory studies can also occur in wild populations, although perhaps less consistently. They also highlight how laboratory environments can influence life history traits and suggest caution when extrapolating from the laboratory to the field.
Data from: Disentangling the effects of environmental conditions on wintering and breeding grounds on age-specific survival rates in a trans-Saharan migratory raptor
Migratory species are subject to environmental variability occurring on breeding and wintering grounds. Estimating the relative contribution of environmental factors experienced sequentially during breeding and wintering, and their potential interaction, to the variation of survival is crucial to predict population viability of migratory species. Here we investigated this issue for the Montagu's harrier Circus pygargus, a trans-Saharan migrant. We analysed capture-recapture data from a 29-yr long monitoring of wing-tagged offspring and adults at two study sites in France (Rochefort-RO & Maine-et-Loire-ML). The study period covers a climatic shift occurring in the Sahel with increasing rainfall following a period of droughts (Sahel greening). We found that harriers' adult survival in RO (between 1988 and 2005) varied over time and was sensitive to the interaction between the amount of rainfall in the Sahel and the annual mean breeding success, two proxies of prey availability. The occurrence of adverse conditions on breeding and wintering grounds in the same year decreased survival from 0.70-0.77 to 0.48 ± 0.05. Juvenile survival in RO was slightly more sensitive to conditions in Europe than in the Sahel. Unexpectedly, lower survival rates were found in years with higher mean breeding success, suggesting compensatory density feedbacks may operate. By contrast, adult survival in ML, monitored between 1999 and 2017, was higher compared to RO (0.76 ± 0.03 vs. 0.66 ± 0.02), remained constant and unaffected by any proxy of prey availability. This difference seems consistent with the fact that harriers in ML experienced better and especially less variable environmental conditions during breeding and wintering seasons compared to RO. Overall, we showed that survival of a migratory bird is sensitive to the level of variability in environmental conditions and that adverse conditions on wintering grounds can amplify the negative effects of conditions during the previous breeding season on birds' survival.
Data from: Sex-specific pathways of parental age effects on offspring lifetime reproductive success in a long-lived seabird
The conditions under which individuals are reared vary and sensitivity of offspring to such variation is often sex-dependent. Parental age is one important natal condition with consequences for aspects of offspring fitness, but reports are mostly limited to short-term fitness consequences and do not take into account offspring sex. Here we used individual-based data from a large colony of a long-lived seabird, the common tern Sterna hirundo, to investigate longitudinal long-term fitness consequences of parental age in relation to both offspring and parental sex. We found that recruited daughters from older mothers suffered from reduced annual reproductive success. Recruited sons from older fathers were found to suffer from reduced lifespan. Both effects translated to reductions in offspring lifetime reproductive success. Besides revealing novel sex-specific pathways of trans-generational parental age effects on offspring fitness, which inspire studies of potential underlying mechanisms, our analyses show that reproductive senescence is only observed in the common tern when including trans-generational age effects. In general, our study shows that estimates of selective pressures underlying the evolution of senescence, as well as processes such as age-dependent mate choice and sex allocation, will depend on whether causal trans-generational effects exist and are taken into account.
Parental breeding age effects on descendants' longevity interact over two generations in matrilines and patrilines
<p>Individuals within populations vary enormously in mortality risk and longevity, but the causes of this variation remain poorly understood. A potentially important and<br> phylogenetically widespread source of such variation is maternal age at breeding, which typically has negative effects on offspring longevity. Here, we show that paternal<br> age can affect offspring longevity as strongly as maternal age does, and that breeding age effects can interact over two generations in both matrilines and patrilines. We<br> manipulated maternal and paternal ages at breeding over two generations in the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis. To determine whether breeding age effects can be<br> modulated by the environment, we also manipulated larval diet and male competitive environment in the first generation. We found separate and interactive effects of<br> parental and grandparental ages at breeding on descendants' mortality rate and lifespan in both matrilines and patrilines. These breeding age effects were not<br> modulated by grandparental larval diet quality or competitive environment. Our findings suggest that variation in maternal and paternal ages at breeding could contribute<br> substantially to intra-population variation in mortality and longevity.</p>
Data from: Effects of aging and idiopathic Parkinson's disease on tactile temporal order judgment
It is generally accepted that the basal ganglia play an important role in interval timing that requires the measurement of temporal durations. By contrast, it remains controversial whether the basal ganglia play an essential role in temporal order judgment (TOJ) of successive stimuli, a behavior that does not necessarily require the measurement of durations in time. To address this issue, we compared the effects of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) on the TOJ of two successive taps delivered to each hand, with the arms uncrossed in one condition and crossed in another. In addition to age-matched elderly participants without PD (non-PD), we examined young healthy participants so that the effect of aging could serve as a control for evaluating the effects of PD. There was no significant difference between PD and non-PD participants in any parameter of TOJ under either arm posture, although reaction time was significantly longer in PD compared with non-PD participants. By contrast, the effect of aging was apparent in both conditions. With their arms uncrossed, the temporal resolution (the interstimulus interval that yielded 84% correct responses) in elderly participants was significantly worse compared with young participants. With their arms crossed, elderly participants made more errors at longer intervals (~1 s) than young participants, although both age groups showed similar judgment reversal at moderately short intervals (~200 ms). These results indicate that the basal ganglia and dopaminergic systems do not play essential roles in tactile TOJ involving both hands and that the effect of aging on TOJ is mostly independent of the dopaminergic systems.
Dataset from 'Age effects on saccadic adaptation: Evidence from different paradigms reveals specific vulnerabilities', Journal of Vision, 17(6):9, 1-18. DOI: 10.1167/17.6.9
<p>Dataset associated with the following publication:</p> <p>Huang, J., Gegenfurtner K., Schütz, A.C., & Billino, J. (2017). Age effects on saccadic adaptation: Evidence from different paradigms reveals specific vulnerabilities. Journal of Vision, 17(6:9, 1-18. DOI: 10.1167/17.6.9 <span><a></a></span></p> <p>--------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>For each experiment one folder is provided.</p> <p>Each folder contains 2 data files and 1 description file providing column labels.<br> One data file contains data on saccadic eye movements, the other one gives measures of executive control.</p> <p>-------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p> </p>
Separating the effects of paternal age and mating history: evidence for sex-specific paternal effect in eastern mosquitofish
<p>Paternal age and past mating effort by males are often confounded, which can affect our understanding of a father's age effects. To our knowledge, only a few studies have standardized mating history when testing for effects of paternal age, and none has simultaneously disentangled how paternal age and mating history might jointly influence offspring traits. Here, we experimentally manipulated male mating history to tease apart its effects from those of paternal age on female fertility and offspring traits in the eastern mosquitofish (<em>Gambusia holbrooki</em>). Male age did not affect female fertility. However, males with greater past mating effort produced significantly larger broods. Paternal age and mating history interacted to affect sons' body size: sons sired by old-virgin males were larger than those sired by old-mated males, but this was not the case for younger fathers. Intriguingly, however, sons sired by old-virgin males tended to produce fewer sperms than those sired by old-mated males, indicating a potential trade-off in beneficial paternal effects. Finally, neither paternal age nor mating history affected daughter's fitness. Our results highlight that variation in offspring traits attributed to paternal age effect could partly arise due to a father's mating history, and not simply to his chronological age.</p>
Dataset from Huang, J., Hegele, M., & Billino, J. (2018). Motivational modulation of age-related effects on reaching adaptation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2285. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02285
<p>Dataset associated with the following publication:</p> <p>Huang, J., Hegele, M., & Billino, J. (2018). Motivational modulation of age-related effects on reaching adaptation. <em>Frontiers in Psychology</em>, <em>9</em>, 2285. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02285</p> <p>--------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>We provide two data folders, each containing a data file and a description file giving the column labels.</p> <p>The folder MotReachAdapt_total provides information on the total sample in order to illustrate the exclusion of single participants.<br> For exclusion criteria please see the manuscript.</p> <p>The folder MotReachAdapt_final provides full data for our final sample on which analyses are based.</p> <p>-------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>For further questions, please contact:<br> jutta.billino[at]psychol.uni-giessen.de</p> <p> </p>
Figure 2 in Effect of body size, age and timing of breeding on clutch and egg size of female Eastern Gray Treefrogs, Hyla versicolor
Figure 2. Determinants of clutch size (# eggs) in female Hyla versicolor. (A) Relationship between female body length and clutch size; (B) relationship between body condition and clutch size; (C) relationship between age and clutch size; (D) relationship between breeding season date and clutch size. Second and third clutches of repeat-breeding females are indicated as red symbols. Significant relationships are indicated by trendlines (see also Table 2).
Figure 1 in Effect of body size, age and timing of breeding on clutch and egg size of female Eastern Gray Treefrogs, Hyla versicolor
Figure 1. Lifespan, age and between-year growth of female Hyla versicolor. (A) Age distribution of females in the study population, and the relationship between age and body length. (B) Change in body length of the 7 females that were recaptured in consecutive years. Gray lines indicate averages.
Data from: Effectiveness of complementary food supplement and dietary counseling on anemia and stunting in children aged 6-23 months in poor areas in Qinghai Province, China: a controlled interventional study
Objective: To assess the effectiveness of dietary counseling and complementary food supplements on anemia and stunting prevalence in children aged 6-23 months. Design: A controlled intervention study with measurements of height and hemoglobin levels, and cross-sectional surveys in August 2012 (baseline) and 2013 and 2014 (end-line). Setting: One intervention and control county in rural Qinghai Province, China. Intervention: Complementary food supplements (containing protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin A, B1, B2, B12, D3, folic acid, iron, zinc, and calcium) and complementary feeding counseling were given in the intervention county. Participants: Caregivers and their children aged 6-23 months. Primary and secondary outcomes measures: The effect of the interventions on anemia (hemoglobin< 110g/L) and stunting (z-score of height-for-age< -2.0) prevalence(controlled for differences between the counties), and infant feeding practices. Results: The surveys were conducted among 1804, 2187, and 2186 child aged 6-23 months in the intervention county in August 2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively, and 804, 680 and 790 children in the control county respectively. Between baseline and end-line, anemia prevalence decreased more in the intervention county compared to the control county (71.1% to 47.8% vs 86.3% to 75.3%, respectively; P<0.0001). There was no difference in the decrease in stunting prevalence between the counties (9.7% to 7.1% vs 17.0% to 15.0%; P=0.7954). The proportions of children given iron-rich or -fortified food, introduced (semi-) solid food at 6-8 months, and given food with minimum dietary diversity increased from 43.2% to 88.8% (P<0.0001), 81.4% to 96% (P=0.0470), and 53.0% to 59.8% (P<0.0001), respectively. Conclusions: We found much higher anemia prevalence in poor rural areas of Qinghai Province compared to national data. Community-based complementary food supplements combined with dietary counseling can improve feeding practices and reduce anemia prevalence. Future studies should use longer follow-up to assess the effects on stunting.
Male age alone predicts paternity success under sperm competition when effects of age and past mating effort are experimentally separated
<p>Older males often perform poorly under post-copulatory sexual selection. It is unclear, however, whether reproductive senescence is due to male age itself or the accumulated costs of the higher lifetime mating effort that is usually associated with male age. To date, very few studies have accounted for mating history and sperm storage when testing the effect of male age on sperm traits, and none test how age and past mating history influence paternity success under sperm competition. Here, we experimentally manipulate male mating history to tease apart its effects from that of age on ejaculate traits and paternity in the mosquitofish<i>, Gambusia holbrooki</i>. We found that old, naive males had more sperm than old, experienced males, while the reverse was true for young males. In contrast, neither male age nor mating history affected sperm velocity. Finally, using artificial insemination to experimentally control the number of sperm per male, we found that old males sired significantly more offspring than young males independently of their mating history. Our results highlight that the general pattern of male reproductive senescence described in many taxa may often be affected by two naturally confounding factors, male mating history and sperm age, rather than male age itself.</p>
The moisture plasticizing effect on enzyme-catalyzed reactions in model and real systems in view of legume ageing and their hard to cook development
<p>Data used for the figures in the article</p>
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