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FIGURE 10 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 10. Individual, intraspecific and interspecific call trait variation in Leptodactylus spp. exemplified by the trait call duration. (A) Individual variation in call duration during one night in individual A (one nightly calling activity phase of ca. 1 hrs of calling; N = 4,401 calls; 18 November 2014; 29.1 to 29.4 °C); (B) Intraspecific variation: comparison of call durations of three individuals during each one night of calling (individual A: see above; individual B: n = 22,472 calls, ca. 5:20 hrs of calling, 27 November 2014, 23.0 to 23.4 °C; individual C: n = 15,561, 2:50 hrs of calling, 14 November 2014, 22.7 to 23.4 °C); (C) Interspecific variation: comparison of Kernel density estimates of call durations of three sympatric species (L. syphax: same three individuals as above, n = 38,434 calls; L. mystacinus: one individual, ca. 3:20 hrs of calling, n = 49,573, 24 January 2012, 25.1 to 25.9 °C; L. vastus, one individual, ca. 1:10 hrs of calling, n = 3,649 calls, 16 November 2014, 25.2 to 26.4 °C). All recordings were done at the Research Station 'Chiquitos', Bolivia, with Song Meters SM2 (Wildlife Acoustics) respectively Olympus DM-550 recorders (sampling frequency 22.05 kHz; 16-bit resolution), and afterwards analyzed with software Raven Pro, version 1.4 (Bioacoustics Research Program 2011) using implemented amplitude detectors; statistics were done with R; only calls with high amplitude were considered (i.e., less intense 'initial calls' of a series were excluded; M. Jansen, unpublished data).

FIGURE 17 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 17. Interpretation of advertisement call differences: (A) Example showing spectrograms and oscillograms with distinct qualitative call differences of two frogs in sympatry (syntopy), providing evidence for species-level divergence, despite a comparatively low level of genetic divergence (Köhler et al. 2010). (B) Example showing distinct and constant quantitative call differences of two frogs in sympatry (syntopy), providing clear indication of species-level divergence, corroborated by high genetic divergence (Vences et al. 2010b). Spectrograms produced with CoolEdit Pro at Hanning window function, 256 bands resolution.

FIGURE 18 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 18. Interpretation of advertisement call differences: (A) Spectrograms and oscillograms of calls of two allopatric frog species without any significant differences (evidence for species-level divergence by molecular genetics and tadpole morphology; Vences et al. 2010a). (B) Moderate structural call differences of two allopatric populations currently assigned to the same species. The calls of Blommersia wittei from Sambava and Andrakata are composed of clicking notes of a metallic sound, whereas at Nosy Be, Benavony, and Montagne d'Ambre, notes contain pulses and calls exhibit less distinct inter-note intervals. Spectrograms produced with CoolEdit Pro at Hanning window function, 256 bands resolution.

FIGURE 16 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 16. Spectrograms illustrating qualitative call differences between closely related species (all mantellid frogs from Madagascar). All spectrograms show only a section of a longer series of notes. Gephyromantis eiselti and G. thelenae form a clade together with a third species (Kaffenberger et al. 2011). While G. eiselti emits series of tonal notes, G. thelenae emits much slower series of much longer pulsed notes at similar temperatures. Boophis majori and B. narinsi are sister species (Wollenberg et al. 2011) and differ extremely in note duration and note repetition rate (short clicks vs. long pulsatile sounds). In both cases, the species in each pair occur in syntopy and are extremely similar to each other in adult morphology. Despite distinct qualitative call differences, genetic divergences between each of the two species pairs are remarkably low (p-distances 2.2–3.3% in a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene; Wollenberg & Harvey 2010; Vences et al. 2012a). In such extreme cases of bioacoustical divergence, and if the presence of different call types or recording artifacts can be excluded, bioacoustical data provide conclusive evidence for species level divergence. Recordings from Vences et al. (2006, 2012a); spectrograms made with the R package Seewave (Sueur et al. 2008a) at Hanning windowing function, 512 bands resolution.

FIGURE 9 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 9. Example illustrating the need to consider homology aspects in terminoloy of anuran vocalizations. The calls shown are from four related species of mantellid frogs in the nominal subgenus of the genus Gephyromantis. The four species emit vocalizations consisting of a series of sound units (each corresponding to one expiration), with a defined number of units per series. All spectrograms are to scale; for G. boulengeri, an entire series is shown whereas the remaining spectrograms show parts of a series. In a note-centered terminology, one entire series would be a call, and each sound unit a note. In a call-centered terminology, in G. boulengeri, a series might be defined as one call (because no intervals of full silence occur between sound units), while in G. enki, each sound unit would be a call (separated by wide intervals of silence from the next call) and the series would be a call series. Either definition might be appropriate when looking at a single species, but in a comparative taxonomic study, it is of utmost importance to compare homologous bioacoustical entities and to apply the same name to them; hence, in a call centered approach, also the vocalization of G. boulengeri would need to be dubbed a call series. Spectrograms made with the R package Seewave (Sueur et al. 2008a) at Hanning windowing function, 512 bands resolution. Note that we here refer to homology from the perspective of sound production (one unit corresponding to one expiration) and not from the perspective of signal content of the respective sound unit.

FIGURE 12 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 12. Nightly variation of dominant frequency (A) and call duration (B) in one individual of Leptodactylus syphax. One nocturnal activity phase of ca. 2 hrs of calling (n = 8,106 calls; 29.9 to 31.8 °C). Recording was obtained on 17 November 2014 at the Research Station 'Chiquitos', Bolivia, with a Song Meter SM2 (Wildlife Acoustics; sampling frequency 22,050 Hz; 16- bit resolution), and afterwards analyzed with software Raven Pro, version 1.4 (Bioacoustics Research Program 2011) using implemented amplitude detectors; statistics were done with R; only calls with high amplitude were considered (i.e., less intense 'introductory calls' of a series were excluded). Red lines show smoothed data (Local Polynomial Regression Fitting with span=0.05; M. Jansen & A. Masurowa, unpubl. data).

FIGURE 23 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 23. Spectrograms and oscillograms of calls of the same individual of Bombina bombina recorded at different saturations of the recording levels and different recording distances (Tascam DR-05 digital recorder and a Sennheiser K6/ ME66 microphone; water temperature 22.1 °C; 24 May 2015 at Schorfheide-Chorin Reserve, Germany). Calls were successively recorded from the same individual within a short time period of ca. 30 minutes and each spectrogram thus shows a different call. The upper left spectrogram is from a recording with recording levels in the field deliberately set on oversaturation. The other three spectrograms were analyzed with equalized levels. Note that the number of harmonics is highest in the oversaturated recording, but also depends on recording distance, with the highest-frequency harmonics disappearing with increasing distance. Sounds of birds and insects are visible on the recordings that were not filtered to allow objective comparison. All spectrograms made with the R package Seewave (Sueur et al. 2008a), with settings: Hanning window function, 1024 bands resolution, overlap = 90%.

FIGURE 14 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 14. Variation of two call traits within the Madagascar-Comoroan anuran family Mantellidae. (A) Correlation of dominant frequency and maximum male snout-vent length in 155 mantellid species. (B) Variation of note duration (mean, minimum and maximum values) among 171 species of mantellids, ordered by mean note duration (5–20 measurements per species). On Y-axis values are arranged along a logarithmic scale for graphical reasons (but scale shows original values in milliseconds, not log-transformed values). Notes defined following a note-centered scheme (cf. Fig. 7).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Products developed through the "What About Model Data?, Determining Best Practices for Preservation and Replicability, EarthCube Research Coordination Network" project

This dataset includes products developed through the "What About Model Data? Determining Best Practices for Preservation and Replicability, EarthCube Research Coordination Network (RCN)" project. Products include: 1) a rubric worksheet to assist researchers in deciding what simulation output needs to be preserved in a trusted, community repository to communicate knowledge and satisfy publisher and funder requirements, 2) instructions on how to use the rubric worksheet, which include reference use cases, and 3) outputs and presentations from the three project workshops.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

OREN Knowledge Repository: A database of programs, best practices and general data for rural entrepreneurs

The OREN project, Multi-Stakeholder Platform for Rural Entrepreneurs (Project reference No: 2021-1-IT02-KA220-ADU-000033510), is funded by ERASMUS+ through the Italian National Agency Indire and upon completion, expected in 2024, OREN will provide entrepreneurs in the rural sector with a unique toolbox. The tools provided will include courses, guidelines and, most importantly, an integrated platform with business tools where it will be possible to control and coordinate a Business Plan.  Part of the material that was developed for the project were data on best practice for rural entreprises. The current knowledge repository contains two files: 1) OREN_Data_repository_PR1.xlsx: It contains 3 tabs <ul> <li>IMPORTANT FACTORS: The tab contains important factors that emerged from a desk research on the partner countries of the OREN project. </li> <li>CASE STUDIES: The tab contains relevant case studies from the partner countries of the OREN project</li> <li>PROGRAMS: The tab contains relevant programs about rural entrepreneurship from the partner countries of the OREN project</li> </ul> 2) OREN_Data_repository_PR2.xlsx: It contains data were grouped into two categories: <ul> <li>General Data on the area of interest of the partner’s country</li> <li>Specific data on rural organizations in the area of interest.</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Best Practices and Strategies of Teachers in Virtual Learning Instructions Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic

This study investigates the demographic profiles, educational backgrounds, and professional development of teachers, alongside their adoption of various teaching strategies in a virtual instructional context. Through analysis of multiple datasets concerning teachers’ age, gender, educational attainment, field of specialization, and the seminars and training they attended, the study evaluates the prevalence of specific teaching practices and their effectiveness. Additionally, using Chi-square tests, the study examines the potential relationships between teacher profiles and the extent of their practice implementations. Findings reveal a workforce characterized by a high level of experience and academic achievement, with a significant gender disparity. Crucially, no significant statistical correlations were found between teacher demographics or professional backgrounds and the teaching practices employed, suggesting a standardized adoption of educational strategies across various teacher profiles. The results emphasize the role of professional development in maintaining teaching efficacy in diverse educational settings, particularly in adapting to virtual platforms.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Exploring the Black Box: Analyzing Explainable AI Challenges and Best Practices Through Stack Exchange Discussions

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Fig. 17 in Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) best practices in electronic publishing in taxonomy

Fig. 17. Open Access benefits, from Aston University Library Services (available from https://www.yearofopen.org/march-open-perspective-open-access/).

Fig. 2 in Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) best practices in electronic publishing in taxonomy

Fig. 2. Here, "Whalen (1989)" is cited in the taxonomic treatment but not listed in the references section (Knapp et al. 2017).

Fig. 1 in Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) best practices in electronic publishing in taxonomy

Fig. 1. The reference highlighted in yellow is listed under the references section, even though it has not been cited anywhere else in the article (Coritico et al. 2017).

Fig. 6 in Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) best practices in electronic publishing in taxonomy

Fig. 6. Authorships formally presented as references, those in yellow are listed in the references section whereas those in orange are not considered as bibliographic references. A. Musavu Moussavou (2017). B. Mendoza-Garfias et al. (2017).

Fig. 9 in Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) best practices in electronic publishing in taxonomy

Fig. 9. In this example the references in yellow are not provided in the bibliographic section, but the the one in green is, because it has been formally mentioned elsewhere in the article as a reference (Rakotondrainibe & Jouy 2016).

Fig. 13 in Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) best practices in electronic publishing in taxonomy

Fig. 13. The authorships highlighted in yellow are cited nowhere else in the article and yet they are listed in the references section (Schott & Evans 2016).

Fig. 5 in Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) best practices in electronic publishing in taxonomy

Fig. 5. Authorship formally presented as a reference. A. Kim et al. (2017). B. Lanteri & del Rio (2017).

Fig. 15 in Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) best practices in electronic publishing in taxonomy

Fig. 15. Different routes for disseminating scientific publications (Cabut & Larousserie 2013, redrawn by Laurence Bénichou from Infographie du Monde).