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Fig. 3 in Call survey indicates rainbow trout farming alters glassfrog community composition in the Andes of Ecuador

Fig. 3. Map of the study area. Inset: Pichincha Province, Ecuador. Main: Blue points indicate non-trout farm sites whereas red points indicate trout farm sites. Yellow line represents the equator (latitude 0).

Fig. 2 in Call survey indicates rainbow trout farming alters glassfrog community composition in the Andes of Ecuador

Fig. 2. Glassfrog species found during surveys. (A) Centrolene heloderma, (B) Centrolene ballux, (C) Esparana prosoblepon, (D) Nymphargus lasgralarias, (E) Centrolene peristictum, (F) Nymphargus grandisonae, (G) Centrolene lynchi, (H) Egg mass from C. ballux. Nymphargus griffithsi was not encountered during the 2017 survey but has been documented at Kathy's creek in 2012 and 2013 (by Jane A. Lyons). Photographs by Dana G. Wessels (A–F) and Timothy J. Krynak (G–H).

Fig. 1 in Call survey indicates rainbow trout farming alters glassfrog community composition in the Andes of Ecuador

Fig. 1. Trout farming in the Mindo region of Ecuador utilizes a flow-through aquaculture technique. Stream water is diverted into tandem raceways/holding reservoirs and then flows through these reservoirs back into the natural stream system. This figure displays a panoramic view of Finca de Jaime's (FJ) set-up. Photograph by Katherine L. Krynak.

Fig. 4 in Call survey indicates rainbow trout farming alters glassfrog community composition in the Andes of Ecuador

Fig. 4. Two-dimensional NMDS ordination of survey sites and glassfrog species based upon presence of frogs audibly documented in 2017 survey conducted in the Mindo region of Ecuador (Stress = 3%). Red points and labels represent glassfrog species; grey points represent trout farms; and black points represent non-trout farms. RSR = Río Santa Rosa, LC = Lucy's Creek, Bcrk = Ballux Creek, KC = Kathy's Creek, M = Michelle's, C = tributary of the Chalguayacu Grande River, 5F = Five Frog Creek, LRSR = Lower Río Santa Rosa, ST = Santa Teresita, FJ = Finca de Jaime, LS = La Sierra, VC = Verdecocha, EP = El Paraíso del Pescador. Trout farms EP, LS, and VC are not included in the analysis because glassfrogs were not observed at these sites. A significant difference in glassfrog community composition between trout farm and non-trout farm sites was indicated by MRPP (delta = 0.59, A = 0.11, P = 0.03). NMDS1 correlated with elevation; NMDS2 correlated with: percent canopy openness, dissolved oxygen (mg/L), total dissolved solids (mg/L), and conductivity (µS).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2010View details →

Fig. 2 in An Examination Of Call And Genetic Variation In Three Wide-Ranging Southeast Asian Anuran Species

Fig. 2. Spectrograms of Polypedates leucomystax calls from Singapore (top) and Thailand (bottom). Calls are from a single individual in each population. For the Thai individual, call elements did not occur consecutively, but were cut and pasted from a 5 minute recording.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Fig. 1 in Conservation status, range extension, and call analysis of the Littoral Glassfrog, Cochranella litoralis (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch 1996)

Fig. 1. Distribution map of Cochranella litoralis. White circles indicate verifiable localities reported in the literature; the white star denotes the type locality; the blue X marks the iNaturalist observation from the Río Palenque Research Center, Los Ríos; and yellow plus symbols indicate new records reported herein.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Fig. 2 in Conservation status, range extension, and call analysis of the Littoral Glassfrog, Cochranella litoralis (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch 1996)

Fig. 2. Dorsal and ventral aspects of Cochranella litoralis in life. (A) Adult male, CJ12588, from Los Laureles, Cotopaxi, Ecuador. (B–E) Adult male, CJ12587a–d, from Cristobal Colón Quininde, Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Photos by: Jaime Culebras (A); Ross J. Maynard (B–E).

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Fig. 3 in Conservation status, range extension, and call analysis of the Littoral Glassfrog, Cochranella litoralis (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch 1996)

Fig. 3. Audio spectrogram (top), oscillogram (middle), and power spectrum (bottom) of an adult male Cochranella litoralis from Los Laureles, Cotopaxi, Ecuador (A), and an adult male C. granulosa from Jardín de los Sueños, Cotopaxi, Ecuador (B).

Fig. 5 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season

Fig. 5. Selection of microhabitat demonstrated by the dispersion diagram of the Procrustes analysis (ss, sum of squares; t0, Correlation of Procrustes. For each capture event: circles represents the matrix with environmental variables from the occupied quadrants; arrows represents the matrix of available quadrants with the same variables; line between both represents the size of congruence between matrices).

Fig. 4 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season

Fig. 4. Perch characteristics of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) in RPPN PrÓ-Mata, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil. (points: average; bars: standard error).

Fig. 3 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season

Fig. 3. Microhabitat strata heterogeneity of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) in RPPN PróMata, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (Cv: stratum height coefficient of variation; points: average; bars: standard error).

Fig. 2 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season

Fig. 2. Characteristics of the microhabitat of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) in RPPN PrÓ-Mata, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil. Occupied (O) and available (A) coverage microhabitat (Herb: herbaceous stratum; points: average; bars: standard error).

Fig. 1 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season

Fig. 1. Characterization of the study area. Location map of the area, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (left box). Landscape of the study site dominated by herbaceous vegetation (upper right boX. in upper right corner: headQuarters of the RPPN PrÓ-Mata; in lower right corner: forest patch). And view from the wetland's east bank showing the heterogeneity of herbaceous and tree vegetation (bottom right box).

Fig. 6 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season

Fig. 6. Occurrence probability (y-axis) of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) individuals in the Quadrants based on the microhabitat environmental variables (X-aXis) used in the Multinomial Logistic Regression model. Notes: white indicates the condition of individuals occurrence, while the shades of gray indicate the other four available conditions (quadrants) of individuals non-occurrence. A detailed table containing the outcomes is provided in Appendix 1.

Fig. 4 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 4. (a) Differences in latencY to first orientation towards loudspeakers of male Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) tested at RFAD with plaYbacks of acoustic stimuli built from recordings of natural calls. (b) Differences in latencY to focal males approach within 30 cm of loudspeakers in the same experiments. Values in top-right corner of (b) and (c) correspond to Kruskall-Wallis Test statistics and p-values, assuming Chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom.

Fig. 3 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 3. (a) Waveform (upper graph) and spectrogram (lower graph) of a 14 s bout of advertisement calls of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) recorded near Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil. First three calls are considered warm-up calls, formed by four notes. Remaining calls are formed by six notes. (b) Detailed view of waveform and spectrogram of a single call formed by six notes, originating from the same call bout. Roman numerals correspond to the designation of silent intervals between notes; arabic numerals correspond to the designation of notes (see Table 1 for a description of parameters of notes and silent intervals). Air temperature at the time of recording was 29.0°C.

Fig. 2 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 2. Sample spectrograms of stimuli used in the playback experiments conducted at Reserva Ducke (RFAD), in Manaus, Brazil, from December 2011 to April 2012. The original advertisement calls of A. femoralis males used for the stimuli were recorded in (a) RFAD, Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil in June 2008, by L. K. Erdtmann; (b) Belterra, State of Pará, Brazil, in January 2007, by P. I. Simões; (c) Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil, in March 2009, by A.P. Lima. Air temperature at the time of recording was 24.7 °C, 24.7 °C, 28.6 °C, respectivelY. Advertisement calls were analYZed in Raven 1.2 using Blackmann window, 80% overlapping and a fast Fourier transform with frequency resolution of 80 Hz and 2048 points.

Fig. 1 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 1. (A) Location of the study site and sources of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) acoustic stimuli in the Central Brazilian Amazon. Open triangle: Reserva Ducke (RFAD), north of Manaus, State of Amazonas, where behavioral experiments were conducted. At RFAD A. femoralis males emit advertisement calls formed by four notes. Open dot: Belterra, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males also emit calls formed by four notes. Solid dot: Altamira, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males emit calls formed by six notes. (B) Distribution of the six-note advertisement call phenotype of A. femoralis in the Altamira region (graY dots) and depiction of hYpothesiZed effects of Belo Monte power plant along the area delimited bY a black dashed line in (A). The estimation of impacted areas was adapted from SEVÁ FILHO (2005) and does not depict effects predicted from forest clearing and other human activities around the urban perimeters of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2017View details →

FIGURE 6 in Revision of so-called Pomatoschistus (Gobiiformes, Teleostei) from the late Eocene and early Oligocene

FIGURE 6. †Paralates chapelcorneri n. sp., NHMUK PV P 59785. 1. Complete specimen. 2. Region of the first dorsal fin. Arrows point from the pterygiophores to the interneural spaces into which each inserts. Pterygiophore formula = 3-2121100 The spinous rays of the first dorsal fin are marked with roman numerals. Abbreviations: 1–7 = pterygiophores, ptm = post-temporal, ns-v3–10 = neural spines of vertebrae 3–10, v2–4 = vertebral centra 2–4.