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Figs. 13–15 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 13–15. Macrophotographs of head of Stelis murina, showing pattern and configuration of pigmentation, frontal (13), lateral (14), and ventral (15) views.

Fig. 1 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Fig. 1. Map showing the position of study sites 1 and 2 (Tel el-Kebir) and sites 3 and 4 (El- Huseiniya) in the vicinity of the Nile River Delta, northern Egypt.

Figs. 9–12 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 9–12. Diagrams of mature larva of Stelis murina. 9. Entire larva with setae omitted, lateral view; scale line 5 1.0 mm. 10, 11. Right mandible showing little wear, dorsal view and outer view (latter view with apex in maximum profile), respectively. 12. Right mandible of another larva showing excessive wear, so that dorsal tooth completely absent and lower tooth greatly rounded, outer view. All mandibles to same scale. Scale line 5 1.0 mm refers to fig. 9.

Figs. 7, 8 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 7, 8. SEM micrographs of egg of Osmia submicans. 7. Anterior end, rectangle identifying positions of micropyle. 8. Close-up of micropyle identified by rectangle in fig. 7.

Figs. 3, 4 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 3, 4. Mature oocytes of Stelis murina (3) and of its host, Osmia submicans (4), diagrammed from macrophotographs to the same scale (scale line 5 1.0 mm), demonstrating similarity in volume and slight differences in shape; anterior ends to left.

Fig. 2 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Fig. 2. The grain storage building at El-Huseiniya, site 4. Note erosion of adobe wall caused by nesting bees and hood of white pickup truck, lower left; see text for explanation.

Figs. 5, 6 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 5, 6. SEM micrographic of mature oocyte of Stelis murina. 5. Anterior end, rectangle identifying position of micropyle. 6. Close-up of micropyle identified by rectangle in fig. 5.

Fig. 39 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Fig. 39. Microphotograph of labium of cleared postdefecating fourth instar of Sapyga luteomaculata, showing narrow but pronounced premental sclerite, labial palpi, and articulating arms of stipites.

Figs. 37, 38 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 37, 38. SEM micrographs of postdefecating fourth instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 37. Posterior part of abdomen, lateral view, showing dorsal divisions of segments into cephalic and caudal annulets. 38. Spiracle.

Figs. 41–43 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 41–43. SEM micrographs of larval instars of Sapyga luteomaculata. 41. Second instar head, lateral view with hypostomal groove no longer deep or with pores. 42. Head of same, ventrolateral view. 43. Right antennal papilla and slitlike anterior tentorial pit of third instar, oblique frontal view.

Figs. 25–30 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 25–30. SEM micrographs of first instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 25. Head, approximate frontoventral view. 26. Close-up of left maxilla identifying low maxillary palpus and galea. 27. Close-up of apex of left antenna, lateral view. 28. Abdominal segment 10, showing laterally branched pygopod, caudal view. 29. Spiracle of first abdominal segment. 30. Spiracle of metathorax to same scale as fig. 29.

Figs. 21–24 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 21–24. SEM micrographs of first instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 21. Entire larva, lateral view. 22. Head, lateral view. 23. Head, ventrolateral view, to show pronounced hypostomal groove, gular bridge, stipital sclerites. 24. Close-up of anterior part of hypostomal groove identified by rectangle in fig. 23, showing pores of unknown function.

Figs. 17–20 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 17–20. Diagrams of right mandible, dorsal views, drawn to approximately same scale; those of first three instars from cast skins attached to a fourth instar, which was not the fourth postdefecating form. 17. First instar. 18. Second instar. 19. Third instar. 20. Fourth instar (postdefecating form).

Figs. 11, 12 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 11, 12. Macrophotographs of preserved cocoons, side view, taken from nests of Osmia submicans, all to same scale. 11. Four cocoons of Sapyga luteomaculata; left one perhaps not complete, accounting for pale coloration; second from left opened and larva removed; note fecal pellets. 12. Two cocoons of Stelis murina with larvae removed.

Figs. 8–10 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 8–10. SEM micrographs of egg and mature oocyte of Sapyga luteomaculata. 8. Anterior end of egg showing chorion obscured by flaking coating; micropyle thought to be at center of picture. 9, 10. Anterior end of mature oocyte showing micropyle at anterior pole and close-up of micropyle, respectively.

Figs. 13–16 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 13–16. Diagrams of right mandible with apices in maximum profile, outer views, drawn to approximately same scale; those of first three instars from cast skins attached to a fourth instar, which was not the postdefecating form. 13. First instar. 14. Second instar. 15. Third instar. 16. Fourth instar (postdefecating form).

Fig. 40 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Fig. 40. Diagram of abdominal apex of mature larva of Sapyga luteomaculata before cocoon spinning, lateral view, showing small but projecting abdominal segment 10 bearing remnants of pygopod.

Figs. 1–4 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)

Figs. 1–4. Macrophotographs of live eggs and larvae of Sapyga luteomaculata. 1. Two eggs of cleptoparasite floating on provisions in host cell with host egg at bottom of picture. 2. Same cell as in fig. 1, later, first cleptoparasite egg now hatched leaving chorion behind and first instar attacking other cleptoparasite, which has hatched or is about to hatch; host egg not yet killed. 3. First instar in another cell attacking host egg that is already flaccid. 4. Second instar, showing navicular shape and scalloped lateral outline. 5. Third instar, showing well-defined, opaque yellowish meconial mass at rear of body. 6. Fecal pellets on abdominal apex of feeding fourth instar, showing their shape, darkness in coloration, and, on some, taillike process at apices; note small but projecting apical abdominal segment 10 of actively feeding, defecating larva.

Figs. 22–25 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 22–25. Diagrams of postdefecating larva of Parammobatodes minutus. 22. Entire larva, lateral view. 23. Close-up of terminal abdominal segments, lateral view. 24, 25. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. PTP 5 posterior tentorial pit. Scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to fig. 22.

Figs. 18–21 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 18–21. Oocytes of Parammobatodes minutus. 18. Entire oocyte, anterior end toward right, lateral view, with chorion too badly damaged to demonstrate transverse dorsal folds. 19. Close-up of operculum, showing flange draped over and clinging to rest of oocytes; flange almost certainly outstretched and continuous with surface of operculum after deposition in host cell, as in Pasites maculatus (see Rozen, 1986: figs. 5, 6), presumably an adaptation to obscure seam in cell wall so that returning host female will not detect parasite egg. 20. Close-up of another oocytes, end view, showing texture of surface and micropyle on left. 21. Close-up of micropyle.