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257 results for “composition changes”
Data from: Resilience of tropical dry forests – a meta-analysis of changes in species diversity and composition during secondary succession
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Changes in arthropod communities mediate the effects of landscape composition and farm management on pest control ecosystem services in organically managed strawberry crops
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The relative role of rivers, environmental heterogeneity and species traits in driving compositional changes in Southeastern Amazonian bird assemblages
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Data from: Regulation of fatty acid composition related to ontogenetic changes and niche differentiation of a common aquatic consumer
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Supplementary material 1 from: Wolf J, Haase D, Kühn I (2020) The functional composition of the neophytic flora changes in response to environmental conditions along a rural-urban gradient. NeoBiota 54: 23-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.54.38898
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"Shifts in Phytoplankton Composition and Stepwise Climate Change during the Middle Miocene" - Age-depth models and calcareous nannofossil census data
<p>This is a data supplement to the paper "Shifts in Phytoplankton Composition and Stepwise Climate Change during the Middle Miocene" (Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology).</p> <p><strong>Data Set S1</strong>. Age-depth models.</p> <p>This data set includes the file SI_Tables S2-S5_Henderiks_etal.xlsx containing raw age-depth tie point compilations for each site and sample age estimates, as well as the final, site-specific input files and output (age assignments) from the <em>Undatable </em>Matlab software Version 1.1 (Lougheed and Obrochta, 2019; https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003457). The age-depth models presented in this study can be reproduced by running the age-depth model input files in the <em>Undatable</em> graphical user interface (GUI), whereby the necessary settings for the specific number of Monte Carlo iterations, xfactor and bootstrapping are contained in the header of the input files. Note that input and output files are grouped in two zipped folders: a cm- and meter-depth scale version (the latter decreases computing time and produced the age-depth plots shown in Figures S1 and S2 of the paper).</p> <p><strong>Data Set S2</strong>. Calcareous nannofossil census data.</p> <p>The file SI_ds02_Henderiks_etal.xlsx consists of two separate data sheets:<br> 1. Middle Miocene nannofossil abundance estimates (N/g) and genus-level census counts (%, ±95% CI) at 5 different Atlantic deep-sea sites (Sites 982, 608, 925, 926 and 1264).<br> 2. Middle Miocene census counts (%, ±95% CI) of <em>Coccolithus</em> and <em>Reticulofenestra</em> morphospecies and size categories for Sites 982, 608, 925 and 926.</p>
Data from: Altered leaf elemental composition with climate change is linked to reductions in photosynthesis, growth and survival in a semiarid shrubland
Climate change will increase heat and drought stress in many dryland areas, which could reduce soil nutrient availability for plants and aggravate nutrient limitation of primary productivity. Any negative impacts of climate change on foliar nutrient contents would be expected to negatively affect the photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency and overall fitness of dryland vegetation. We conducted a four-year manipulative experiment using open top chambers and rainout shelters to assess the impacts of warming (~2ºC, W), rainfall reduction (~30%, RR) and their combination (W+RR) on the nutrient status and ecophysiological performance of six native shrub species of contrasting phylogeny in a semiarid ecosystem. Leaf nutrient status and gas exchange were assessed yearly, whereas biomass production and survival were measured at the end of the study. Warming (W and W+RR) advanced shoot growth phenology and reduced foliar macro- (N, P, K) and micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Zn) concentrations (by 8-18% and 14-56%, respectively), net photosynthetic rate (32%), aboveground biomass production (28-39%) and survival (23-46%). Decreased photosynthesis and growth in W and W+RR plants was primarily linked to enhanced nutritional constraints on carbon fixation. Poor leaf nutrient status in W and W+RR plants partly decoupled carbon assimilation from water flux and led to drastic reductions in water use efficiency (WUEi; ~41%) across species. The RR treatment moderately decreased foliar macro- and micronutrients (6-17%, except for Zn) and biomass production (22%). The interactive impacts of warming and rainfall reduction (W+RR treatment) on plant performance were generally smaller than expected from additive single‐factor effects. Synthesis: Large decreases in plant nutrient pool size and productivity combined with increased mortality during hotter droughts will reduce vegetation cover and nutrient retention capacity, thereby disrupting biogeochemical processes and accelerating dryland degradation with impending climate change. Increased macro- and micronutrient co-limitation of photosynthesis with forecasted climate change conditions may offset any gains in WUEi and productivity derived from anthropogenic CO2 elevation, thereby increasing dryland vegetation vulnerability to drought stress in a warmer and drier climate. The generalized reduction in leaf nutrient contents with warming compromises plant nutritional quality for herbivores, with potential cascading negative effects across trophic levels.
Data from: Producers and scroungers: feeding type composition changes with group size in a socially foraging spider
In groups of socially foraging animals, feeding behaviour may change with group size in response to varying cost-benefit trade-offs. Numerous studies have described group size effects on group-average feeding behaviour, particularly emphasizing an increase in scrounging incidence for larger groups, where individuals (scroungers) feed from the food sources others (producers) discovered. However, individual variation in feeding behaviour remains unconsidered in the vast majority of these studies even though theoretical models presume individuals to specialize in feeding tactic and anticipate higher scrounger-type frequencies in larger groups. We combined group-level and individual-level analyses of group size effects on social foraging in the subsocial spider Australomisidia ergandros. Lending novel experimental support to model predictions, we found that individuals specialize in feeding tactic and that higher scrounging and lower producing incidence in larger groups were mediated through shifts in the ratio of feeding types. Further, feeding type specialization was not explained by innate individual differences in hunting ability as all feeding types were equally efficient in prey capture when foraging alone. Context adaptivity of feeding behaviour might allow this subsocial species to succeed under varying socioecological conditions.
Data from: Incorporating existing thermal tolerance into projections of compositional turnover under climate change
Aim: Observed, realized niche space often underestimates species' physiological tolerances due to interactions with other species, dispersal constraints, and because some combinations of influential environmental factors do not currently exist in the real world. Conversely, correlative ecological niche models rely on the assumption that the range of environmental conditions encompassed by a species' geographic distribution accurately reflects their environmental tolerances, including community-level approaches like Generalised Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM). We extend GDM to better understand what effect broader environmental tolerances could have on compositional turnover under climate change. Innovation: We show how GDM can be adjusted as a function of best-available estimates of the average ratio between realized and potential niche widths to modify projected temporal turnover. We demonstrate this approach by using the estimated niche ratios of Australian plant species (n=7184) relative to thermal extremes, and the rate at which this ratio varied with temperature. The modified GDMs showed existing thermal tolerance could reduce the turnover predicted by standard models under climate change by up to 11%. We further show how the reduction in expected turnover by 2090 will influence where a greater proportion of the current community will persist in a region. Main conclusions: We suggest that standard spatial GDMs and their modified versions represent the extremes of ecological niche perspectives (i.e. realized and potential) and the range of tolerance communities may have when responding to environmental change. GDM projections therefore identify the range of uncertainty associated with a critical model assumption, and as climate change continues, ongoing community monitoring could be used to validate the balance between the two possibilities.
Data from: Abrupt changes in the composition and function of fungal communities along an environmental gradient in the High Arctic
Fungi play a key role in soil-plant interactions, nutrient cycling, and carbon flow and are essential for the functioning of arctic terrestrial ecosystems. Some studies have shown that the composition of fungal communities is highly sensitive to variations in environmental conditions, but little is known about how the conditions control the role of fungal communities (i.e. their ecosystem function). We used DNA metabarcoding to compare taxonomic and functional composition of fungal communities along a gradient of environmental severity in Northeast Greenland. We analysed soil samples from fell fields, heaths, and snowbeds, three habitats with very contrasting abiotic conditions. We also assessed within-habitat differences by comparing three widespread microhabitats (patches with high cover of Dryas, Salix, or bare soil). The data suggest that, along the sampled mesotopographic gradient, the greatest differences in both fungal richness and community composition are observed among habitats, while the effect of microhabitat is weaker, although still significant. Furthermore, we found that richness and community composition of fungi are shaped primarily by abiotic factors and to a lesser, though still significant extent, by floristic composition. Along this mesotopographic gradient, environmental severity is strongly correlated with richness in all fungal functional groups: positively in saprotrophic, pathogenic, and lichenised fungi, and negatively in ectomycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi. Our results suggest complex interactions amongst functional groups, possibly due to nutrient limitation or competitive exclusion, with potential implications on soil carbon stocks. These findings are important in light of the environmental changes predicted for the Arctic.
Fig. 3 in Aquatic Coleoptera In The Subtropical-Pampasic Ecotone (Argentina, Buenos Aires): Species Composition And Temporal Changes
Fig. 3. Percentage of species per family in each sampling station.
Fig. 12 in Aquatic Coleoptera In The Subtropical-Pampasic Ecotone (Argentina, Buenos Aires): Species Composition And Temporal Changes
Fig. 12. Cluster analysis of sampling stations according to: A—Taxonomic similarity
Hydrodynamic-driven changes in the source and composition of sedimentary organic matter via grain size distribution in shallow lakes
<p>Sediment organic matter (SOM) differs in composition and function in different size fractions in relation to material and energy flows. The hydrodynamic effects on a lake's autochthonous (terrestrial plants) and allochthonous (microalgae, aquatic plants and bacteria) inputs and transformation, and the components of SOM are still far from clear. To elucidate the SOM composition as driven by the hydrodynamic conditions associated with sedimentary grain size, we performed an ecosystem-level investigation in the shallow lake Izunuma, Japan, measuring source-specific fatty acids and the current velocity. High organic matter concentrations occurred in the finer fractions. Bacteria were dominant in the <32 µm fraction, microalgae were mainly present in the <32 and 63-125 µm fractions, aquatic plants appeared to be evenly distributed in all size fractions and terrestrial plants mainly comprised the >125 µm fraction. Although the linear correlation between current velocity and sedimentary total organic carbon (TOC) was not statistically significant, the relationship between current velocity frequency and sedimentary TOC was significant. The highest Pearson coefficient occurred at a current velocity of 6 cm/s in sand. The relationship between allochthonous inputs and current velocity frequency was similar to that of TOC. Autochthonous organics had the greatest coefficient with two peaks at 4.5 and 8 cm/s. The threshold for sand resuspension varied with organic sources, while this phenomenon was absent in cohesive mud. Hydrodynamic forces affected the grain size of sediments and drove the gradient distribution of the SOM sources, which should be considered when managing freshwater lakes in light of future climate change.</p>
Urbanization buffers seasonal change in composition of bird communities: a multi-continental meta-analysis
<p>Aim: Urbanization buffers the seasonality of climate conditions and food availability and, therefore, may cause a seasonal homogenization of animal communities. However, the global effect of urbanization on the seasonal dynamics of animal communities remains unexplored. Our aim was to study the multi-continental relationship between urbanization and the seasonal change in bird composition and explore the influence of climatic factors on the urban-induced reduction of seasonality of bird composition.<br> <br> Location: Multi-continental<br> <br> Methods: We performed a literature review and a meta-analysis. The risk ratio effect size (here referred to as urban seasonality index, USI) was used, considering the number of species seen either in the breeding (spring and/or summer) or the non-breeding (autumn and/or winter) season, and the number of species seen during both seasons between urban and less urbanized sites. Low USI values indicated a decrease in the seasonal change in bird composition in urban areas.<br> <br> Results: A total of 38 USIs were obtained from 34 cities of six continents. Multi-continentally, there are fewer differences in bird composition between seasons in urban than in less urbanized areas, indicating seasonal homogenization due to urbanization. The USI decreased in areas with the lowest maximum temperature and the highest latitude, suggesting the highest decrease in the seasonality of bird composition in urban areas located in regions near the poles and with high seasonal change in temperature. Moreover, studies in the Northern Hemisphere and those that compared suburban versus natural and urban versus rural habitats had a significant decrease of seasonality of bird community in urban areas. <br> <br> Main conclusions: Urbanization induces a seasonal homogenization of bird composition, and this impact seems more pronounced in temperate areas with broad annual temperature range, and located in the Northern Hemisphere. Results indicate that efforts to restore seasonal dynamics in habitats and resources should be made in urban areas of temperate regions.</p>
Data from: Changes in ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition and declining diversity along a 2-million-year soil chronosequence
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities covary with host plant communities along soil fertility gradients, yet it is unclear whether this reflects changes in host composition, fungal edaphic specialization or priority effects during fungal community establishment. We grew two co-occurring ECM plant species (to control for host identity) in soils collected along a 2-million-year chronosequence representing a strong soil fertility gradient and used soil manipulations to disentangle the effects of edaphic properties from those due to fungal inoculum. Ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition changed and richness declined with increasing soil age; these changes were linked to pedogenesis-driven shifts in edaphic properties, particularly pH and resin-exchangeable and organic phosphorus. However, when differences in inoculum potential or soil abiotic properties among soil ages were removed while host identity was held constant, differences in ECM fungal communities and richness among chronosequence stages disappeared. Our results show that ECM fungal communities strongly vary during long-term ecosystem development, even within the same hosts. However, these changes could not be attributed to short-term fungal edaphic specialization or differences in fungal inoculum (i.e. density and composition) alone. Rather, they must reflect longer-term ecosystem-level feedback between soil, vegetation and ECM fungi during pedogenesis.
Fig. 4 in Vegetation of Paektu Mt. alpine tundra and changes of species composition in its ecotone
Fig. 4. Timber-line on Paektu Mt. – transition zone between alpine tundra and light-park larch forest (Larix olgensis) (photo I. Jarolímek).
Figure 5 from: Riley K, Browne R (2011) Changes in ground beetle diversity and community composition in age structured forests (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys 147: 601-621. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2102
Figure 5 - Relative abundance across the forest age gradient for a representative species from each of the indicator classes (see text for definitions of indicator classes).
Figure 4 from: Riley K, Browne R (2011) Changes in ground beetle diversity and community composition in age structured forests (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys 147: 601-621. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2102
Figure 4 - Proportions of carabid populations brachypterous and macropterous for five forest age classes. Significant differences occurred for all forest age classes except the zero age class (χ2 < 0.05).
Figure 3 from: Riley K, Browne R (2011) Changes in ground beetle diversity and community composition in age structured forests (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys 147: 601-621. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2102
Figure 3 - Results of Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis for 33 study sites. The analysis was based on the 17 most common carabid beetle species from five forest age classes (0, 10, 50, 85, and 150 years). Each the five polygons represent different forest age classes, as indicated by different symbols.
Figure 2 from: Riley K, Browne R (2011) Changes in ground beetle diversity and community composition in age structured forests (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys 147: 601-621. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2102
Figure 2 - Carabid beetle species accumulation curves for five forest age classes. Vertical line indicates species richness of each curve at n = 233 individuals.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.