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Fig. 1 in CCDC 204627: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

Fig. 1. Thaumastosaurus sulcatus sp. nov., partial left maxilla, holotype (MSUVP 1976), Late Eocene "Mammal Bed", Hordle Cliff Locality, Hampshire, England. A, B. Lingual view. C. Enlarged view of tooth indicated by arrow at B. D, E. Labial views.

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Fig. 2 in CCDC 651299: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

Fig. 2. Nemestrinid fly Ahirmoneura neimengguensis Zhang, Yang, and Ren, gen. et sp. nov., holotype CNU−B−NN2006003, from the Daohugou Village, Inner Mongolia, China; Aalenian−Bajocian Jiulongshan Formation, Middle Jurassic. A. Body with wings photograph in dorsal view. B. Camera lucida drawing, based on the original photograph, in dorsal view. C. Camera lucida drawing, base of vein C details.

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Fig. 1 in CCDC 651299: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

Fig. 1. Location of the type locality of Ahirmoneura neimengguensis Zhang, Yang, and Ren, gen. et sp. nov. Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. A. Outlined location. B. Detailed location. Abbreviations: Chc, Changchougou Formation; Chch, Chuanlinggou Formation; Chd, Dahongyu Formation; Cht, Tuanshanzi Formation; J2j, Jiulongshan Formation; J2t, Tiaojishan Formation; Ky, Yixian Formation; Q, Quaternary; Dms, Dalaiyingzi erosion surface; Mgn, Maanshan gneiss.

Fig. 4 in CCDC 615855: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

Fig. 4. Distribution of Cenozoic marsupials in North−Africa and Eurasia. Peradectidae: 1, Chambi, Tunisia (early Eocene); 2, Fayum, Egypt (early Oligocene); 3, Taqah, Oman (early Oligocene); 4, Li Basin, Thailand (middle Miocene); 5, Sonlinzhuang, China (early Miocene). Herpetotheriidae: 6, Zaissan Basin, Kazakhstan (late Eocene – early Oligocene); 7, Vastan lignite mine, India (early Eocene); 8, Bugti Hills, Pakistan (early Oligocene); 9, Shanghuang fissure fillings B and C, Jiangsu, China (middle Eocene). Localities that yielded remains of disputable marsupial affinity (see text): 7, Vastan lignite mine, India (early Eocene); 10, Kartal Formation, Turkey (Eocene).

Fig. 1 in CCDC 615855: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

Fig. 1. Geographic location of the marsupial−bearing locality of Paali Nala−DBC2 (denoted by an asterisk), the lowermost part of the Chitarwata Formation (Bugti Member, Oligocene), in the Bugti Hills (Central Pakistan, eastern Balochistan).

Fig. 2 in CCDC 615855: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

Fig. 2. Asiadidelphis akbarbugtii sp. nov. from Paali Nala−DBC2 (Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan). A. Holotype PMNH−DBC2−2180, left M2 in labial (A1), occlusal (A2), and mesial (A3) views. B. PMNH−DBC2−2179, left M2 in labial (B1), occlusal (B2), and mesial (B3) views. C. PMNHDBC2−2223, right M4 in occlusal view. Original drawings by Laurence Meslin, copyright CNRS−Meslin.

Fig. 3 in CCDC 615855: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

Fig. 3. Asiadidelphis akbarbugtii sp. nov. from Paali Nala−DBC2 (Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan). A. PMNH−DBC2−2179, left M2 in occlusal view. B. PMNH−DBC2−2180 (holotype), left M2 in occlusal view. Stereo pairs.

Fig. 8 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 8. Scleractinian Trochocyathus egeri (White 1879), Upper Campanian to Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous), Pierre shale (upper part), Dry Creek, Black Hills (South Dakota, USA); USNM 75221. Polished and etched (formic acid, 1%, 20s) septum with aragonite fibers; two enlargements (A, B). AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (C, E), and deflection (D, F) images of 2×2 µm (C, D) and 500×500 nm (E, F) skeletal surface. Nanograins ca. 40–100 nm in diameter. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.

Fig. 11. Scleractinian Pachysolenia cylindrica Cuif, 1975 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 11. Scleractinian Pachysolenia cylindrica Cuif, 1975, lower Norian (Upper Triassic), Alakir Çay, Turkey; ZPAL V.31/7. Polished and etched (formic acid, 1%, 20s) pachythecal wall consisted of aragonite fibers; two enlargements (A, B). AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (C, E), and deflection (D, F) images of 2×2 µm (C, D) and 500×500 nm (E, F) skeletal surface. Skeletal regions that show effects of oxidizing solution action (upper part of images) do not exhibit distinct nanogranular pattern. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.

Fig. 15 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 15. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767), skeleton and calicoblastic layer interface. A. FESEM image (reproduced after Clode and Marshall 2003a: figs. 1, 2) of frozen−hydrated specimen showing: nanogranular structure (B, close−up) of calcareous fibers at their entire length (non−etched state), cross−sections of spindle ectodermal cells with spherical intercellular vesicles, and fibrillar organic matrix (asterisk). C. Close−up of mesh−like, fibrillar organic matrix at skeleton−ectoderm interface with attached small nodular structures (white arrows) that, most likely, correspond to calcium enriched regions indicated by X−ray analysis.

Fig. 1 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 1. Synthetic aragonite crystals. Seven day old cluster of acicular aragonite crystals, overall (A) and close−up (B) views. Two day old cluster of acicular aragonite (C) with growth steps (D). No distinct nanograins are recognizable on crystal surface before and after (E–H) treatment with oxidizing solution. AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (E, G), and deflection (F, H) images of 1×1 µm (E, F) and 500×500 nm (G, H) crystal face. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.

Fig. 7 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 7. Scleractinian Rennensismilia complanata (Goldfuss, 1826), Santonian (Upper Cretaceous), Lower Gosau beds, near Gosau, Austria; USNM 499247. Polished and etched (formic acid, 1%, 20s) septum with bundles of aragonite fibers enveloped by structures with positive etching relief interpreted by Sorauf (1999) as sheaths of proteinaceous matrix (A, C, same skeletal regions in different magnifications); in places skeletal etched fibers show regular discontinuities similar to that of extant zooxanthellates (B). AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (D, F), and deflection (E, G) images of 2×2 µm (D, E) and 500×500 nm (F, G) skeletal surface. Nanograins ca. 50–100 nm in diameter. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.

Fig. 4 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 4. Calcareous sponge Petrobiona massiliana Vacelet and Lévi, 1958, Recent, Marseille, submarine cave, "Grotte du Figuier", depth 10 m; ZPAL V.31/3. Polished and etched (formic acid, 1%, 20s) basal skeleton (spherulites) with calcite fibers; two enlargements (A, B). AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (C, E), and deflection (D, F) images of 2×2 µm (C, D) and 500×500 nm (E, F) skeletal surface. Nanograins ca. 50–100 nm in diameter. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.

Fig. 6. Scleractinian Paracyathus cupula Reuss, 1871 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 6. Scleractinian Paracyathus cupula Reuss, 1871, Miocene (Neogene), Korytnica, Holy Cross Mts, Poland; ZPAL V.31/5. Polished and etched (formic acid, 1%, 20s) septum with aragonite fibers; two enlargements (A, B). AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (C, E), and deflection (D, F) images of 2×2 µm (C, D) and 500×500 nm (E, F) skeletal surface. Nanograins ca. 50–100 nm in diameter. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.

Fig. 16 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 16. Main nanostructural patterns of calcium carbonate crystals and their possible diagenetic pathways. Nanostructural spectrum encompasses: crystals without nanograins (A, based on synthetically produced CaCO3 crystals, Fig. 1); crystals composed entirely of nanograins (C, based on Recent biocrystals formed in hydro−organic gel); and crystals with intermediate nanostructural pattern, having a bumpy texture representing degraded/ fused nanograins (B, based on P. cylindrica skeleton, Fig. 11).

Fig. 3 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 3. Scleractinian Goniastrea retiformis (Lamarck, 1816), Recent, Saipan (Cloud Locality A−12, Northern Mariana Islands, Pacific Ocean); ZPAL V.31/2. Polished and etched (formic acid, 1%, 20s) septum with aragonite fibers in two (A, B) enlargements; note negative relief of etched organic components within fibers. AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (C, E), and deflection (D, F) images of 2×2 µm (C, D) and 500×500 nm (E, F) skeletal surface. Nanograins ca. 50–100 nm in diameter. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.

Fig. 14 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 14. Thermograms showing direct thermogravimetrical (TG; milligrams), differential thermogravimetrical (DTG; arbitrary units), and differential thermo−analytical (DTA; arbitrary units) curves of synthethic aragonite (A) and three samples with two different nanostructural patterns: Triassic Pachysolenia cylindrica (B) without distinct nanograins; Jurassic Isastraea cf. bernensis (C) and Recent Favia stelligera (C) with well developed nanograins. Assumed amount of intraskeletal hydrated organic components was calculated based on distinct weight loss of 400 mg sample that occurred at ca. 300–450°C.

Fig. 2 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 2. Scleractinian Favia stelligera (Dana, 1846), Recent, Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, Pacific Ocean), depth 5–10 m; ZPAL V.31/1 (fragment of colony collected by Ann Budd). Polished and etched (formic acid, 1%, 20s) septum with aragonite fibers in two (A, B) enlargements; note negative relief of etched organic components in dRAF zone (upper A) and between fiber's layers. AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (C, E), and deflection (D, F) images of 2×2 µm (C, D) and 500×500 nm (E, F) skeletal surface. Nanograins ca. 50–100 nm in diameter. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.

Fig. 5. Stylasterid Adelopora fragilis Cairns, 1991 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 5. Stylasterid Adelopora fragilis Cairns, 1991, Recent, New Caledonia, ORSTOM 5, DW 490, 18°54.9'S/163°24,3'E, depth 230 m; ZPAL V.31/4. Polished and etched (formic acid, 1%, 20s) coenosteum with aragonite fibers; two enlargements (A, B). AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (C, E), and deflection (D, F) images of 2×2 µm (C, D) and 500×500 nm (E, F) skeletal surface. Nanograins ca. 50–100 nm in diameter. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.

Fig. 9 in Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals

Fig. 9. Scleractinian Isastraea cf. bernensis Étallon in Thurmann and Étallon, 1864. Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic), Ostromice, western Pomerania, Poland; ZPAL H.IV/303. Polished and etched (formic acid, 1%, 20s) septum with aragonite fibers; two enlargements (A, B). AFM (contact mode; buffered pH = 8, ammonium persulfate 1%, 10 min.): height−2D projection (C, E), and deflection (D, F) images of 2×2 µm (C, D) and 500×500 nm (E, F) skeletal surface. Nanograins ca. 60 (commonly 80) –100 nm in diameter. Grayscale bars (left) show z−scale (height) of 2D projection images.