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opennotspecifiedNov 2019View details →

Figure 1 in New damselfly hosts and species identification of an aquatic parasitoid Hydrophylita emporos (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Taiwan

Figure 1. Hydrophylita emporos stands near the base of the abdomen of damselflies (a) Coeliccia cyanomelas and (b) Psolodesmus mandarinus dorothea. (c) Map of Taiwan shows the type locality (Shimen) of Hydrophylita emporos and the two field sites (Fushan & Lienhuachih) in this study. (d) CO1 gene tree of Hydrophylita emporos samples collected from Coeliccia cyanomelas, Psolodesmus mandarinus dorothea and Psolodesmus mandarinus mandarinus. Numbers above the branches are support values of the Bayesian Posterior Probability (BPP). Branches without support values have values <50%.

opennotspecifiedMar 2020View details →

FIGURE 2 in The first damselfly (Odonata, Lestidae) from the upper Eocene of Monteils (Gard, France)

FIGURE 2. Lestes regina Théobald, 1937, UBGD 32320, Monteils. (A) Fore wing; (B) Hindwing, arrow supplementary row of cells between MP and CuA. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURES 73–76 in Damselflies of the genus Argia (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from Ecuador with descriptions of five new species

FIGURES 73–76. Female mesostigmal plates. (a) dorsal view; (b) detail of mesostigmal lobe, dorsal view; (c) frontal (anterior) view; (d) detail of mesostigmal lobe, anteromedial view; (e) laterodorsal view; (f) detail of mesostigmal lobe, anterior view; (g) detail of mesostigmal lobe, posterior view; (h) posterior view.

FIGURES 123–127 in Damselflies of the genus Argia (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from Ecuador with descriptions of five new species

FIGURES 123–127. Male caudal appendages (123–126) and wings ♂ (127). (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view.

FIGURES 77–83 in Damselflies of the genus Argia (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from Ecuador with descriptions of five new species

FIGURES 77–83. Female mesostigmal plates. (a) dorsal view; (b) laterodorsal view; (c) lateral view; (d) detail of mesostigmal lobe, dorsal view; (e) detail of mesostigmal lobe, medial view; (f) frontal (anterior) view; (g) detail of mesostigmal lobe, posterior view; (h) posterior view.

FIGURES 103–106 in Damselflies of the genus Argia (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from Ecuador with descriptions of five new species

FIGURES 103–106. Male caudal appendages. (a) lateral view; (b) dorsal view; (c) mediodorsal view; (d) posterior view; (e) ventral view.

FIGURES 119–122 in Damselflies of the genus Argia (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from Ecuador with descriptions of five new species

FIGURES 119–122. Male caudal appendages. (a) lateral view; (b) dorsal view; (c) mediodorsal view; (d) ventral view.

FIGURES 131–135 in Damselflies of the genus Argia (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from Ecuador with descriptions of five new species

FIGURES 131–135. Type labels (131–133) and reproduced illustrations (134, 135). The penciled "♀" and "T or D?" accompanying the labels for Fig. 133 (A. augustana) were probably written by L. K. Gloyd.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Seasonal time constraints shape life history, physiology and behaviour independently, and decouple a behavioural syndrome in a damselfly

The integration of traits into 'syndromes' has been suggested as a useful framework to advance insights in trait responses to environmental stressors. Yet, how stressors shape the consistency ('repeatability') of traits and their covariation at the individual level remains debated. We studied how seasonal time constraints shape trait repeatability and integration of life-history, behavioural, and physiological traits along a fast-slow continuum, using the 'pace-of-life syndrome' as a framework. We manipulated the photoperiod during the larval development of the damselfly Ischnura elegans, generating a time-relaxed early, a control, and a time-constrained late group. The photoperiod treatment did not seem to affect the voltinism of the larvae. As predicted, late-period larvae accelerated development and growth, yet this acceleration was no longer detectable for growth and metabolic rate during the final instar, possibly due to costs of the initial life-history acceleration. This warrants caution when inferring a species' pace-of-life based on a specific developmental stage. The late-period larvae were as predicted more active (only during the later stages of the final instar) and bolder than the control larvae, but not different from the early-period larvae. Most studies on time constraints only compared late and control animals, thereby potentially wrongly concluding adaptive responses to time constraints. Activity, boldness, and body mass were repeatable, while growth and metabolic rates were not. Notably, repeatabilities did not change under time constraints. There was no support for an overall trait integration in a pace-of-life syndrome, yet activity and boldness covaried positively as expected. Importantly, this 'behavioural syndrome' was decoupled in the late-period larvae, which might be adaptive to enhance energy acquisition to fuel the accelerated development rate. Our results suggest that besides the predicted plastic acceleration of life-history, plastic changes in behavioural trait integration may also be an important but overlooked adaptive aspect of responding to time constraints.

FIGURE 8 in A review of the damselfly genus Megalestes Selys, 1862 (Insecta: Odonata Zygoptera: Synlestidae) using integrative taxonomic methods

FIGURE 8. Molecular and morphology-based species delimitation of Megalestes. M: morphological character method; lg: genital ligula; app: caudal appendages, including cerci and paraprocts; GD: genetic distance; TC: traditional classification.

FIGURE 7 in A review of the damselfly genus Megalestes Selys, 1862 (Insecta: Odonata Zygoptera: Synlestidae) using integrative taxonomic methods

FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic reconstruction from ITS data modified based on BI and ML trees, with both posterior probabilities (right) and bootstrap values (left) shown.

FIGURE 5 in A review of the damselfly genus Megalestes Selys, 1862 (Insecta: Odonata Zygoptera: Synlestidae) using integrative taxonomic methods

FIGURE 5. Genital ligula of males (lateral view) (a–m) and ventral view (n–ab). a) australis; b) distans; c) heros; d) omeiensis, paratype; e) major; f) irma, paratype; g) "palaceus"; h) haui; i) "Chengi"; j) maai; k) riccii; l) tuska; m) micans; n) australis, Hr: horn; o) distans, Tlb: terminal lateral lobe; p) heros; q) omeiensis, paratype; r) major; s) irma, paratype; t) kurahashii; u) "palaceus"; v) haui; w) micans, from Jinping, Yunnan; x) "Chengi"; y) maai; z) riccii, Blb: basal lateral lobe; aa) tuska, Mlb: middle lateral lobe; ab) micans, from Fengyangshan, Zhejiang. (Scale bar = 0.2 mm).

FIGURE 6 in A review of the damselfly genus Megalestes Selys, 1862 (Insecta: Odonata Zygoptera: Synlestidae) using integrative taxonomic methods

FIGURE 6. Line drawing of male paraprocts (lateral view). a) australis; b) distans; c) gyalsey; d) kurahashii; e) major; f) haui; g) heros; h) omeiensis; i) micans; j) micans; k) riccii; l) irma.

FIGURE 4 in A review of the damselfly genus Megalestes Selys, 1862 (Insecta: Odonata Zygoptera: Synlestidae) using integrative taxonomic methods

FIGURE 4. Caudal appendages of males (lateral view). a) australis; b) irma, paratype; c) distans, from Yaan, Sichuan; d) distans from Qingchengshan, Chengdu, Sichuan; e) heros; f) omeiensis, paratype; g) kurahashii; h) major; i) haui; j) "palaceus"; k) micans; l) "Chengi," paratype; m) riccii; n) maai; o) tuska, from Damingshan, Guangxi; p) tuska, from Jinxiu, Guangxi. (Scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 3 in A review of the damselfly genus Megalestes Selys, 1862 (Insecta: Odonata Zygoptera: Synlestidae) using integrative taxonomic methods

FIGURE 3. Caudal appendages of males (dorsal view). a) australis; b) irma, paratype; c) distans, from Yaan, Sichuan; d) distans from Dashahe, Guizhou; e) heros; f) omeiensis, paratype; g) kurahashii; h) major; i) haui; j) "palaceus"; k) micans, bd: basal disk; l) "chengi"; m) riccii; n) "maai"; o) "tuska," from Damingshan, Guangxi; p) "tuska," from Jinxiu, Guangxi. (Scale bar = 0.5 mm).

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Size-mediated priority and temperature effects on intra-cohort competition and cannibalism in a damselfly

1. A shift in the relative arrival of offspring, e.g., a shift in hatching time, can affect competition at the intraspecific level through size-mediated priority effects, where the larger individuals gain more resources. These priority effects are likely to be affected by climate warming and the rate of intraspecific predation, i.e., cannibalism. 2. In a laboratory experiment, we examined size-mediated priority effects in larvae of the univoltine damselfly, Lestes sponsa, at two different temperatures (21°C and 23°C). We created three size groups of larvae by manipulating hatching time: early hatched with a large size (extra-advanced), intermediate hatched with an intermediate size (advanced) and late hatched with a small size (non-advanced). Thereafter we reared the larvae from these groups in non-mixed and mixed groups of 12 larvae. 3. We found strong priority and temperature effects. First, extra-advanced larvae most often had higher survival, growth and development rates than non-advanced larvae in mixed groups, compared to groups that consisted of only extra-advanced larvae. Second, temperature increased growth and development rates and cannibalism. 4. However, the strength of priority effects did not differ between the two experimental temperatures, because there was no statistical interaction between temperature and treatments. That is, the mixed and non-mixed groups of non-advanced, advanced and extra-advanced larvae showed the same relative change in life history traits across the two temperatures. 5. Non-advanced and advanced larvae had similar or higher growth rate and mass in mixed groups compared to non-mixed groups, suggesting that predation from advanced larvae in the mixed group released resources for the non-advanced and advanced larvae that survived despite cannibalism risk. Thus, a thinning effect occurred due to cannibalism caused by priority effects. 6. The results suggest that a shift in the relative arrival of offspring can cause temperature-dependent priority effects, mediated through cannibalism, growth and development, which may change the size distribution and abundance of emerging aquatic insects.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Dispersal barriers and climate determine the geographic distribution of the helicopter damselfly Mecistogaster modesta

Species' ranges are typically constrained by the interplay of physical barriers to dispersal, environmental requirements such as suitable climatic conditions and biotic constraints such as from predation or competition. However, teasing apart the relative importance of these constraints in determining species distributions still represents a major challenge for ecologists. The Neotropical damselfly Mecistogaster modesta (Coenagrionidae: Odonata) inhabits wet and moist forests in mainland Central America and north-western South America. This habitat specialist spends its larval development exclusively in tank bromeliads, where it acts as a keystone predator within the aquatic food web. Although tank-forming bromeliads occur from the southern United States throughout most of South America, M. modesta is absent from the Caribbean islands and South America south-east of the Andes mountain chain. We employed species distribution models to explore the relative importance of physical barriers (Andes mountain range and oceanic barriers), climate (mean annual temperature and annual precipitation) and biotic interactions (competition from other bromeliad-dwelling odonates) in limiting the geographic distribution of M. modesta. We found that dispersal barriers strongly limit the geographic distribution of M. modesta. In addition, its range is restricted by low temperatures and low precipitation. Competition from other bromeliad-dwelling odonates was not important in limiting the damselfly's range. Because of the physical barriers to dispersal, M. modesta does not occupy its full potential geographic range. Specifically, our model predicted suitable habitat on the Caribbean islands and throughout most of South America, where the species is currently absent. These findings have important conservation implications, particularly as the aridification of rainforests and subsequent localised extinctions due to climate change continue. On the other hand, the species may respond to warming temperatures by tracking climate to higher elevations, with subsequent effects on naïve high-elevation bromeliad food webs. An upwards migration could also increase the probability of M. modesta overcoming the dispersal barrier presented by the Andes, enabling the damselfly to invade large areas of suitable habitat in South America.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Support for the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis in the wild: hormonal manipulation decreases survival in sick damselflies

The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) states that hormones enhance sexual trait expression but impair immunity. Previous tests of the ICHH have been hampered by experimental design problems. Here we report on an experimental test of the ICHH that includes manipulations of both hormones and infections in males of the territorial damselfly, Hetaerina americana, with accurate survival measurements. We conducted a fully factorial experiment subjecting each individual to one of three topical treatments: methoprene (a juvenile hormone analog), acetone, or control, and one of three injection treatments: bacteria, PBS, or control. We measured survival of manipulated males in both the wild and in captivity. As predicted, survival was most heavily impaired in methoprene-bacteria males than in the other groups in the wild, and no survival differences emerged in captive animals. This result confirms that survival is one cost an animal pays for increased hormonal levels. This corroborates theoretical predictions of the ICHH.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Temperature- and latitude-specific individual growth rates shape the vulnerability of damselfly larvae to a widespread pesticide

1. Freshwater ecosystems are especially vulnerable to climate change and pollution. One key challenge for aquatic toxicology is to determine and manage the combined effects of temperature increase and contaminants across species' ranges. 2. We tested how thermal adaptation and life-history evolution along a natural temperature gradient influence the vulnerability of an aquatic insect to a pesticide under global warming. We applied a space-for-time substitution approach to study the effect of warming on the vulnerability of Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae to the pesticide chlorpyrifos in a common garden warming experiment (20 and 24 °C) with replicated populations from three latitudes spanning >1500 km in Europe. 3. Chlorpyrifos was more toxic to damselfly larvae at the higher temperature: mortality only occurred at 24 °C and the reductions in growth rate were stronger at 24 °C. This could partly be explained by parallel reductions in food intake but not by the activities of two widespread enzymatic biomarkers, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). 4. There was some evidence that the increased toxicity of the high chlorpyrifos concentration at 24 °C was stronger in terms of growth reduction in the faster-growing larvae from the low-latitude populations. This is consistent with energy allocation trade-offs between growth rate and pesticide tolerance, but suggests that local thermal adaptation does not play a role in coping with pesticide stress. 5. Synthesis and applications. Damselfly larvae from populations in lower latitudes were more vulnerable to a common pesticide at higher temperatures and pesticide concentrations, whereas evidence for the influence of local thermal adaptation on the vulnerability of larvae was weak. These results emphasize the need for spatially explicit bioassessment and conservation tools. Management practices aimed at mitigating pesticide run-off into aquatic ecosystems are particularly important in agricultural areas at low latitudes.