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557 results for “demand”
Connectivity and succession of open structures as a key to sustaining light-demanding biodiversity in deciduous forests
<p>1. European forests are facing a rapid decline of light-demanding biota. This has prompted active interventions to re-establish and maintain partial habitat openness in protected areas. Managers of protected areas, however, need substantially more scientific evidence to support their decisions on where, when, and how to intervene.</p> <p>2. We investigated the importance of spatial continuity of open forest habitats in different years of succession, using six pairs of experimental clearings established in the formerly open, oak-dominated forests of the Podyji National Park (Czech Republic). In each pair, one clearing was connected to the forest edge, while the other was isolated in closed forest. We sampled butterflies (74 spp.), moths (435 spp.), saproxylic beetles (465 spp.), and vascular plants (567 spp.) on the 12 clearings during the first five years of succession. We then compared species richness, abundance, and composition of the four taxa between the two clearing types and along the succession.</p> <p>3. All studied insect groups were substantially more species-rich and more abundant in connected than in isolated clearings. Species composition of plants, moths, and butterflies differed between the clearing types.</p> <p>4. The number of species of all studied taxa generally increased from the first to the second or third year after cutting; species composition of all taxa differed among years. This suggests rapid changes in habitat quality and thus limited time for colonisation by light-demanding organisms.</p> <p>5. <i>Synthesis and applications</i>: Our results offer an evidence that spatial connectivity and rapid temporal dynamics are important habitat features for light-demanding insects. Attempts to create or restore habitats for light-demanding forest biota should take into account that: (i) Insects benefit from direct connection of new open patches to open habitats or flight corridors such as forest edges. (ii) Considering plants, the optimal solution is to connect newly created open forest habitats to existing habitats with established biota of high conservation value. (iii) Interventions should be carried out within short time intervals, i.e. within years rather than decades. (iv) A fine mosaic of interconnected<span>, open woodland patches in various successional stages is more beneficial than a single large patch with a single successional stage.</span></p>
Transportation demands of brazilian carrier in 2020 and 2021
<p>This dataset contians daily demands of the dispatch locations of a brazilian carrier, considering the order id, weight, volume, source location and item commodity.</p>
Spatial patterns of light-demanding tree species in the Yangambi rainforest (Democratic Republic of Congo)
<p>We are studying the factors of spatial distribution of light-demanding tree species in an undisturbed natural forest to contribute to the elucidation of the enigma of the persistence of light-demanding tree species in the canopy of the Congo Basin rainforests. Our objective was to analyze the current spatial distribution combined with the spatial autocorrelation of light-demanding stems species and to carry out a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to discuss the role that different factors may have played in determining the observed spatial pattern. These species were subdivided into three regeneration guilds, based on their growth speed and longevity: short-lived pioneer (SLP), long-lived pioneer (LLP), and non-pioneer light-demanding (NPLD) species. We also compared the distribution of these species to that of <i>Gilbertiodendron</i> <i>dewevrei</i>, a typical extremely aggregative and locally hyperdominant shade-tolerant species. For this purpose, we carried out a selective inventory of all stems (at least 10 cm DBH) of light-demanding species in the forest around the Moni River, an area rich in individuals of light-demanding species. This inventory was carried out along eight transects equidistant by 450 m. The total length of these transects was 50.125 km (an area of 250.625 ha). The sampling units consisted of contiguous plots (200 m x 50 m) centered on the transect (long side parallel to the transect). Each plot was divided into 8 sub-plots of 25 m x 50 m. The parameters directly measured in the field were diameter at breast height (DBH), wetland indicators, topography, and slope. The last three parameters were measured in each sub-plot. The wetland indicators were spring, stream (stream 1 to about 3 m wide that can be forded), river (stream more than 3 m wide and that cannot be forded), temporary or periodically flooded swamp, permanent swamp, and absence of wetland. The modalities of the topography parameter were ridge, plateau, slope break, upward slope, downward slope, and lowland. The slope was measured using the SUUNTO clinometer. The longitude and latitude were deduced from the Cartesian coordinates (X and Y) of each tree, which were measured directly during the inventory. The altitude and distance from the nearest watercourse were deduced from the Geographic Information System (GIS). The altitude was derived from the digital terrain model of the Yangambi region, while the distance to the nearest watercourse was derived from a distance to watercourses map of the Yangambi region.</p>
Ndoro village load demand dataset
<p>Dataset of Ndoro village hourly-resolution load demand data computed from aggregated data collected during on-field campagns in 2019-2020. The village of Ndoro is located along the national street, in the Administrative Post of Ndoro, District of Caia, Sofala Province, Mozambique, at coordinates 34°56'35.6''E 18°6'59.5''S.</p> <p>The dataset, built in excel, is structured as follows:</p> <ul> <li>The "Baseload demand" sheet reports the parameters of the appliances of the 69 users under the 14 classes. The parameters are defined according to the <a href="https://github.com/RAMP-project/RAMP/releases/tag/v0.3.1 ">v0.3.1</a> of <a href="https://rampdemand.org/">RAMP</a>, an open-source software for the stochastic simulation of a user-driven energy demand time series, with existing applications in off-grid rural electrification.</li> <li>The "Baseload results" sheet reports the RAMP simulation results for the first year of the modelling period, differentiating between residential demand, productive activities and public services.</li> <li>Four scenarios of demand evolution and associated results are considered in the following sheets, accounting for evolutions estimated from the on-field data collected.The scenarios, showing a progressive upscaling of load demand along the years, introduce: <ul> <li>New appliances in Scenario 1</li> <li>New appliances and new classes of users in Scenario 2</li> <li>New appliances, new classes of users and new appliances associated to the new classes in Scenario 3</li> <li>New energy intensive appliances, new classes of users and new appliances associated to the new classes in Scenario 4</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
ODYM-RECC Copper dataset, used for sector-level estimates for global future copper demand and the potential for resource efficiency
<p>Complete Model database with 105 parameter files used in the ODYM-RECC Copper model (github: https://github.com/SteffiKlose/ODYM-RECC-Copper.git) used for Sector-level estimates for global future copper demand and the potential for resource efficiency (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106941">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106941</a>)</p> <p>This dataset is based on the Database of the ODYM-RECC v2.4 model, used for the GLOBAL case study on material efficiency and climate change mitigation (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4671644)</p>
Data Collection and Manipulation Template for MAED (Model for Analysis of Energy Demand)
<p>A Data Collection and Manipulation Template for MAED (Model for Analysis of Energy Demand). </p>
Replication package for: DEMAND AND WELFARE ANALYSIS IN DISCRETE CHOICE MODELS WITH SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
<p>This replication package includes the dataset and stata code needed to produce the empirical results in the paper.</p>
When parents play favourites: Brood demand shapes parental preference for offspring UV colour
<p><span>Parents might initially produce more offspring than they might be able to raise. However, when offspring demand exceeds their parents´ rearing capacity, parents might shift care towards the offspring that yield greater fitness returns to </span><span>achieve their optimal brood size via brood reduction</span><span>. Such favoritism could rely on offspring signaling traits if these inform parents about offspring quality and hence about the pay-offs of their investment. Here we investigated whether favoritism of blue tit (<em>Cyanistes caeruleus</em>) parents for an offspring signal (i.e., ultraviolet (UV) plumage coloration) varies with brood demand. To test this, we experimentally blocked the UV reflectance of yellow breast feathers in half of the nestlings of each brood, and then we sequentially performed two opposing brood size manipulations </span><span>to vary nestling demand below or above parental rearing capacity</span><span>. In reduced broods, nestlings begged overall less intensely and gained more body mass, supporting that parental rearing capacities sufficed to satisfy brood demand. Moreover, in reduced broods, UV-blocked nestlings (i.e., low-quality offspring) were fed and prey-tested more often. Yet, they begged more than control nestlings, suggesting that they were perhaps treated differently by other family members or that they may exploit parental preferences beyond actual need (at least in reduced nests). Parents flexibly shifted their feeding rate and favoritism in response to short-term changes in family size, as there was no parental preference in enlarged broods. Such flexible parental feeding rules may allow parents to gain the upper hand in parent-offspring conflict. However, we did not find evidence that parental favoritism facilitated brood reduction, at least in conditions were demand was temporally enhanced.</span> </p>
2015/16 El Niño increased water demand and pushed plants from a Mesic tropical montane grassland beyond their hydraulic safety limits
<p>In 2015/16, a strong El Niño event caused anomalously high temperatures and reduced precipitation resulting in Pantropical drought‐induced diebacks and wildfires. Although many studies have documented the El Niño impacts on tropical forests, little we know about its effects on tropical grasslands. Here, we investigated plant drought responses during and after the 2015/16 El Niño event (Jun 2016 to Aug 2017) in 12 species with contrasting drought strategies (tolerance, avoidance and escape) in a Brazilian tropical montane grassland. We tested if (1) the El Niño event induced meteorological drought anomalies, (2) the atmospheric and/or soil drought led to plant water stress and (3) plants showed signs of drought recovery. In contrast to other tropical areas, we found that the 2015/16 El Niño event did not strongly affect precipitation in our study site. However, it increased air temperature and vapour pressure deficit, thus pushing all grassland species, even the most drought‐tolerant ones, beyond their hydraulic safety margins during the dry season. Most species showed signs of drought recovery, returning to positive hydraulic margins in the wet season after the El Niño. However, the finding that all evaluated species, regardless of their drought‐response strategy, are already operating close to their hydraulic safe thresholds for stomatal closure and turgor loss suggests that this cool–humid tropical montane grassland is especially vulnerable to meteorological extremes exacerbated by the additive effects of El Niño and climate change.</p>
Eighteen-year nitrogen addition does not increase plant phosphorus demand in a nitrogen-saturated tropical forest
<ol> <li><span>Nitrogen (N) deposition usually increases plant tissue N concentrations and thus phosphorus (P) demand in young and/or N-limited forests, but the N-deposition effect on plant P demand has rarely been assessed in N-saturated forests.</span></li> <li><span>Impacts of 18-year external N additions (Control: 0, Low N: 50, Moderate N:100, and High N: 150 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>) on leaf P of four plant life-forms (tree, shrub, herb, and liana), P fractions of bulk and rhizosphere soils were examined in a N-saturated mature tropical forest in southern China. </span></li> <li><span>Leaf N, P, and N: P ratios of all plant life-forms remained stable under three N-additions. Among soil P fractions, moderate labile organic P increased by 25-33% across three N-additions; and soil total P was increased by 11.76 % under Low N, and 8.87% under High N, compared with the control. The PLS-PM results showed that the path coefficient of microbial community to available P significantly increased and of inorganic P to available P significantly decreased under N additions than control. N additions improved soil P availability through microbe-mediated P transformation: Low N significantly increased soil microbial taxonomic diversity, and a higher microbial diversity could enlarge the sources of nutrient acquisition and stimulate decomposition of recalcitrant organic matters; while High N significantly decreased soil microbial taxonomic diversity, the remaining microorganisms that were screened by N-rich environments had the characteristics of resisting the N-addition effects and maintained efficient P acquisition.</span></li> <li> <span><em>Synthesis</em>.</span><span> Our findings provide a novel line of evidence that long-term N deposition did not increase plant P demand in a N-saturated mature tropical forest. The underlying mechanism is that plants did not increase N uptakes therefore nor increase P uptakes (a stable leaf N: P stoichiometry) in an already N-saturated ecosystem. Different N addition rates regulated soil P transformation via microbial community transition. These findings help improve the understanding of plant P acquisition and modeling of biogeochemical N-P cycling and vegetation productivity in N-rich forest ecosystems, particularly considering the fact that chronic N deposition may likely lead to soil N richness and even saturation of many forests in the future.</span> </li> </ol>
Nitrogen trade between plants that differ in their temporal demand of nutrients
<p>Primary data and to reproduce the analyses reported in the publication: </p> <p>Data S1 to S12 [Land_sp_feno2_18, Land_sp_feno2_19, Mypatches, Res2, PhenoWC2, INtran, INenrich, Npheno, Temp_var_pheno_N, land, phenoind, avgWC].</p> <p>A description of each item is provided in the file Metadata_Readme.doc included in the zip.file deposited</p> <p><br> </p>
Light-demanding tree species are more susceptible to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species in a subtropical secondary forest
<ol> <li> <span>Tree-tree competition has been widely studied as a mechanism responsible for maintaining forest plant species diversity</span><span>.</span><span> Other common plant types, such as lianas, may influence tree species competition. Previous studies reported the negative effects of lianas on trees; however, variation in susceptibility to lianas among tree species and the species-specificity of liana species for tree hosts remain unclear. If lianas have species-specific interactions with trees, based either on tree or liana species identity, then lianas may influence tree-tree interactions by altering tree species-specific competitiveness. </span> </li> <li> <span>We surveyed 5,676 lianas</span><span> (DBH </span><span>≥ </span><span>0.5 cm</span><span>)</span><span> and </span><span>61,538 trees </span><span>(DBH </span><span>≥ </span><span>1 cm</span><span>)</span><span> in a 12-ha subtropical secondary forest</span><span> plot to assess </span><span>liana-tree interactions</span><span>.</span><span> We</span><span> tested </span><span>variation among the 20 most common tree species in their </span><span>susceptibility to lianas,</span><span> including whether light-demanding and shade-tolerant tree species differed. </span><span>We</span><span> quantified liana-tree network structure and</span><span> evaluated the specificity between the 20 most common tree species and the 15 most common liana species. </span><span>We expected that: (1) </span><span>tree species would vary in their susceptibility to lianas, and the extent of this </span><span>variation</span><span> would be predicted by tree shade-tolerance; and (2) </span><span>liana species would have distinct species-specific interactions with host trees. </span> </li> <li> <span>Tree species differed greatly in their susceptibility to lianas, with some tree species accumulating many more lianas than others. Light-demanding tree species particularly had greater susceptibility to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species. Both the liana-tree network structure and the interaction </span><span>intensity</span><span> between the 15 liana species and 20 tree species showed distinct specialization of liana-tree interactions. </span> </li> <li><span><em>Synthesis</em>. Variation in tree species' susceptibility to lianas implies that lianas may alter tree species-specific competitive abilities by disproportionately affecting some tree species more than others. In contrast to studies in neotropical forests, light-demanding tree species were more susceptible to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species, suggesting that lianas could reduce light-demanding tree performance in this forest. The distinct species specialization between liana and tree species suggests that increases in the relative abundance of liana species, which is occurring in many forests, may alter the tree community by reducing the relative abundance of preferred host tree species. </span></li> </ol>
Data from: Task-evoked metabolic demands of the posteromedial default mode network are shaped by dorsal attention and frontoparietal control networks
<p><span>External tasks evoke characteristic fMRI BOLD signal deactivations in the default mode network (DMN). However, for the corresponding metabolic glucose demands both decreases and increases have been reported. To resolve this discrepancy, functional PET/MRI data from 50 healthy subjects performing Tetris® were combined with previously published data sets of working memory, visual and motor stimulation. We show that the glucose metabolism of the posteromedial DMN is dependent on the metabolic demands of the correspondingly engaged task-positive networks. Specifically, the dorsal attention and frontoparietal network shape the glucose metabolism of the posteromedial DMN in opposing directions. While tasks that mainly require an external focus of attention lead to a consistent downregulation of both metabolism and the BOLD signal in the posteromedial DMN, cognitive control during working memory requires a metabolically expensive BOLD suppression. This indicates that two types of BOLD deactivations with different oxygen-to-glucose index may occur in this region. We further speculate that consistent downregulation of the two signals is mediated by decreased glutamate signaling, while divergence may be subject to active GABAergic inhibition. The results demonstrate that the DMN relates to cognitive processing in a flexible manner and does not always act as a cohesive task-negative network in isolation.</span></p>
Continuous increase in evaporative demand shortened the growing season of European ecosystems in the last decade
<p><strong>Datasets provided above are processed data during the conducting analysis for our paper entitled "Continuous increase in evaporative demand shortened the growing season of European ecosystems in the last decade". </strong></p> <p><strong>Here is the abstract of the paper: </strong></p> <p><strong>Despite previous reports on European growing seasons lengthening due to global warming, evidence shows that this trend has been reversing in the past decade due to increased transpiration needs. We used an innovative method along with space-based observations to determine the timing of greening and dormancy and then to determine existing trends and causes. Early greening still occurs, albeit at slower rates than before. However, a recent (2011-2020) shift in the timing of dormancy has caused the season length to decrease back to 1980s levels. This shortening of season length is attributed primarily to higher atmospheric water demand in summer that suppresses transpiration even for soil moisture levels as of previous years. Transpiration suppression implies that vegetation is unable to meet the high transpiration needs. Our results have implications for future management of European ecosystems (e.g., net carbon balance and water and energy exchange with atmosphere) in a warmer world.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
On-Demand Inkjet Printed Hydrophilic Coatings for Flow Control in 3D-Printed Microfluidic Devices Embedded with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
<p>Dataset of the journal article "On-Demand Inkjet Printed Hydrophilic Coatings for Flow Control in 3D-Printed Microfluidic Devices Embedded with Organic Electrochemical Transistors", article DOI: 10.1002/admt.202300127</p>
Data from: Histone acetyltransferases and external demands influence task switching in Temnothorax ants
<p><span>In social hymenopterans, workers specialize on different tasks. Whether a worker nurses the brood or forages is influenced by the responsiveness for task-related cues which in turn is determined by gene expression. Task choice is dynamic and changes throughout a worker's life, e.g. with age or in response to increased demands for certain tasks. Behavioral switches require the ability to adjust gene expression but the mechanisms regulating such transcriptional adaptations remain elusive. We investigated the role of histone acetylation in task specialization and behavioral flexibility in <em>Temnothorax longispinosus</em> ants. By inhibiting p300/CBP histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and manipulating colony composition, we found that HAT inhibition impairs the ability of older workers to switch to brood care. Yet, HAT inhibition increased the ability of young workers to accelerate their behavioral development and switch to foraging. Our data suggest that HAT in combination with social signals indicating task demands play an important role in modulating behavior. Elevated HAT activity may contribute to keeping young brood carers from leaving the nest, where they would be exposed to high mortality. These findings shed light on the epigenetic processes underlying behavioral flexibility in animals and provide insight into the mechanisms of task specialization in social insects.</span></p>
fsmglobal: Global Faecal Sludge Emptying Services Demand
Global faecal sludge emptying demand data for 175 countries. Demand is quantified by population size receiving one of four emptying methods (mechanized, non-mechanized, unemptiable, no facility). The demand is disaggregated by rural and urban percentages of population.
Demand-Side Constraints in Development: The Role of Market Size, Trade, and (In)Equality
<p>Data and replication code package for the paper "Demand-Side Constraints in Development: The Role of Market Size, Trade, and (In)Equality"</p>
Norwegian hourly residential electricity demand data with consumer characteristics during the European energy crisis
<p>This dataset was collected to understand how Norwegian households responded to the electricity price shock due to the European energy crisis. It consists of consumer characteristics and their self-reported responses to the extraordinarily high electricity prices which were collected by a survey of 4,446 consumers. The consumer characteristics contain information about socio-demographics such as income, age, education, number of residents, residence type, residence size, and how conscious the respondents are about their electricity consumption. Furthermore, major electricity-consuming appliances are identified, such as whether the residents have an electric vehicle and how they heat their homes, and if they have a variable electricity tariff. In addition, hourly metered electricity consumption data covering October 2020 to March 2022 from a subset of 1,136 residential consumers of the surveyed households and the total hourly residential electricity consumption per Norwegian bidding area from July 2019 to July 2022as well as the hourly day-ahead electricity prices are included in the dataset. These data are interesting to researchers that aim to gain insight into the electricity consumption behaviour of the residential sector and the impact of different socio-demographic variables.</p> <p>A detailed description is available as a data article in Data in Brief: <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340923007667">Norwegian hourly residential electricity demand data with consumer characteristics during the European energy crisis - ScienceDirect</a></p> <p>Supplementary figures containing the survey results are available here: <a href="../records/11580541">Supplementary result diagrams from household surveys on implicit demand response (zenodo.org)</a></p> <p>Survey answers in Norwegian are available here: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/15063303">iFleks-prosjekt: Spørreundersøkelser med husholdninger og næringsliv om forbruksrespons på elektrisitetspriser</a></p>
Dataset for the publication: Flexible copper: exploring capacity-based energy demand flexibility in the industry
<p>This file contains the inputs for the study (currently under review) "Flexible copper: exploring capacity-based energy demand flexibility in the industry"</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.