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10,735 results for “dependence”
Distance functions of carabids in crop fields depend on functional traits, crop type and adjacent habitat: a synthesis
<p>Natural pest and weed regulation are essential for agricultural production, but the spatial distribution of natural enemies within crop fields and its drivers are mostly unknown. Using 28 datasets comprising 1,204 study sites across eight Western and Central European countries, we performed a quantitative synthesis of carabid richness, activity densities and functional traits in relation to field edges (i.e. distance functions). We show for the first time that distance functions of carabids strongly depend on carabid functional traits, crop type and, to a lesser extent, adjacent non-crop habitats. Richness of both predators and granivores and activity densities of small and granivorous species decreased towards field interiors, whereas the densities of large species increased. We found strong distance decays in maize and vegetables whereas richness and densities remained more stable in cereals, oilseed crops and legumes. We conclude that carabid assemblages in agricultural landscapes are driven by the complex interplay of crop types, adjacent non-crop habitats and further landscape parameters with great potential for targeted agroecological management. In particular, our synthesis indicates that a higher edge-interior ratio can counter the distance decay of carabid richness per field and thus likely benefits natural pest and weed regulation, hence contributing to agricultural sustainability.</p>
Per capita sperm metabolism is density-dependent
<p>From bacteria to metazoans, higher-density populations have lower <em>per capita</em> metabolic rates than lower-density populations. This relationship between density and metabolism was actually first proposed 100 years ago and was focused on spermatozoa but contemporary studies of sperm metabolism specifically assume that sperm concentration has no effect on metabolism. We did a systematic review to estimate the relationship between sperm aerobic metabolism and sperm concentration, for 203 estimates spanning 49 species, from protostomes to humans from 89 studies. We found strong evidence that <em>per capita </em>metabolic rates are concentration-dependent: both within- and among-species, sperm have lower metabolisms in dense ejaculates but increase their metabolism when diluted. On average, a 10-fold decrease in sperm concentration increased <em>per capita</em> metabolic rate by ~60%. Metabolic plasticity in sperm may be an adaptive response but this requires further testing.</p>
Data from: Exploring polymorphism in a palatable prey: Predation risk and frequency-dependence in relation to distinct levels of conspicuousness
<p>Camouflage and warning signals are different anti-predator strategies, which offer an excellent opportunity to study the evolutionary forces acting on prey appearance. Edible prey often escape detection via camouflage, which usually leads to apostatic selection favoring rare morphs. By contrast, defended prey often display conspicuous coloration acting as warning signals to predators, which usually leads to positive frequency-dependence and signal uniformity. However, when two morphs of the same species vary greatly in conspicuousness, the maintenance of both cryptic and conspicuous forms in profitable prey populations remains enigmatic. Using the white and melanic morphs of the invasive box tree moth (<em>Cydalima perspectalis</em>) presented at three different frequencies, we investigate a) the palatability of caterpillars and adult moths to birds, b) predation rates on the less conspicuous melanic morph, and c) the role of frequency-dependence in balancing morph frequencies. Our results show that caterpillars are distasteful for birds but not adult moths, which are fully palatable. We found that the less conspicuous, melanic morph, benefits from reduced predation due to its lower detectability. The more conspicuous, white morph, instead, is more predated and is best off when common, suggesting positive-frequency dependence. These results offer new insights into the evolution of color polymorphism and prey defenses in a polymorphic moth species. Further investigation is required to understand the role of different predation regimes on the maintenance of the polymorphism in this species, and test if additional selection pressures operate in natural populations.</p>
Data from: Mean landscape-scale incidence of species in discrete habitats is patch size dependent
<p>Contains data and code for the manuscript 'Mean landscape-scale incidence of species in discrete habitats is patch size dependent'.</p> <p>Raw data consist of 202 published datasets collated from primary and secondary (e.g., government technical reports) sources. These sources summarise metacommunity structure for different taxonomic groups (birds, invertebrates, non-avian vertebrates or plants) in different types of discrete metacommunities including 'true' islands (i.e., inland, continental or oceanic archipelagos), habitat islands (e.g., ponds, wetlands, sky islands) and fragments (e.g., forest/woodland or grass/shrubland habitat remnants). </p> <p>The aim of the study was to test whether the size of a habitat patch influences the mean incidences of species within it, relative to the incidence of all species across the landscape. In other words, whether high-incidence (widespread) or low-incidence (narrow-range) species are found more often than expected in smaller or larger patches. To achieve this, a new standardized effect size metric was developed that quantifies the mean observed incidence of all species present in every patch (the geometric mean of the number of patches in which all species were observed) and compares this with an expectation based on re-sampling the incidences of all species in all patches. Meta-regression of the 202 datasets was used to test the relationship between this metric, the 'mean species landscape-scale incidences per patch' (MSLIP), and the size of habitat patches, and for differences in response among metacommunity types and taxonomic groups. </p>
Image quantification data for: Activity-dependent mitochondrial ROS signaling regulates recruitment of glutamate receptors to synapses
<p>Our understanding of mitochondrial signaling in the nervous system has been limited by the technical challenge of analyzing mitochondrial function <em>in vivo</em>. In the transparent genetic model <em>Caenorhabditis elegans, </em>we were able to manipulate and measure mitochondrial ROS (reactive oxygen species) signaling of individual mitochondria as well as neuronal activity of single neurons <em>in vivo</em>. Using this approach, we provide evidence supporting a novel role for mitochondrial ROS signaling in dendrites of excitatory glutamatergic <em>C. elegans</em> interneurons. Specifically, we show that following neuronal activity, dendritic mitochondria take up calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) via the mitochondrial Ca<sup>2+</sup> uniporter MCU-1 which results in an upregulation of mitochondrial ROS production. We also observed that mitochondria are positioned in close proximity to synaptic clusters of GLR-1, the <em>C. elegans</em> ortholog of the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors that mediate neuronal excitation. We show that synaptic recruitment of GLR-1 is upregulated when MCU-1 function is pharmacologically or genetically impaired but is downregulated by mitoROS signaling. Thus, signaling from postsynaptic mitochondria may regulate excitatory synapse function to maintain neuronal homeostasis by preventing excitotoxicity and energy depletion.</p>
Data from: Repeated sensitization of mice with microfilariae of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces pulmonary eosinophilia in an IL-33-dependent manner
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Eosinophilia is a hallmark of helminth infections and eosinophils are essential in the protective immune responses against helminths. Nevertheless, the distinct role of eosinophils during parasitic filarial infection, allergy and autoimmune disease-driven pathology is still not sufficiently understood. In this study, we established a mouse model for microfilariae-induced eosinophilic lung disease (ELD), a manifestation caused by eosinophil hyper-responsiveness within the lung.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice were sensitized with dead microfilariae (MF) of the rodent filarial nematode <em>Litomosoides sigmodontis </em>three times at weekly intervals and subsequently challenged with viable MF to induce ELD. The resulting immune response was compared to non-sensitized WT mice as well as sensitized eosinophil-deficient dblGATA mice using flow cytometry, lung histology and ELISA. Additionally, the impact of IL-33 signaling on ELD development was investigated using the IL-33 antagonist HpARI2.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> ELD-induced WT mice displayed an increased type 2 immune response in the lung with increased frequencies of eosinophils, alternatively activated macrophages and group 2 innate lymphoid cells, as well as higher peripheral blood IgE, IL-5 and IL-33 levels in comparison to mice challenged only with viable MF or PBS. ELD mice had an increased MF retention in lung tissue, which was in line with an enhanced MF clearance from peripheral blood. Using eosinophil-deficient dblGATA mice we demonstrate that eosinophils are essentially involved in driving the type 2 immune response and retention of MF in the lung of ELD mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-33 drives eosinophil activation <em>in vitro</em> and inhibition of IL-33 signaling during ELD induction reduces pulmonary type 2 immune responses, eosinophil activation and alleviates lung lacunarity.</p> <p>In conclusion, we demonstrate that IL-33 signaling is essentially involved in MF-induced ELD development.</p>
Context-dependent multimodal behaviour in a coral reef fish: Stage 1 & 2 total duration and count data in behaviour trials
<p>Animals are expected to respond flexibly to changing circumstances, with multimodal signalling providing potential plasticity in social interactions. Whilst numerous studies have documented context-dependent behavioural trade-offs in terrestrial species, far less work has considered such decision-making in fish, especially in natural conditions. Coral reef ecosystems host 25% of all known marine species, making them hotbeds of competition and predation. We conducted experiments with wild Ambon damselfish (<em>Pomacentrus amboinensis)</em> to investigate context-dependent responses to a conspecific intruder; specifically, how nest defence is influenced by an elevated predation risk. We found that nest-defending male Ambon damselfish responded aggressively to a conspecific intruder, spending less time sheltering and more time interacting, as well as signalling both visually and acoustically. In the presence of a model predator compared to a model herbivore, males spent less time interacting with the intruder, with a tendency towards reduced investment in visual displays compensated for by an increase in acoustic signalling instead. We therefore provide ecologically valid evidence that the context experienced by an individual can affect its behavioural responses and multimodal displays towards conspecific threats.</p>
Experimental absorption spectra used in "Spectral profile of ro-vibrational transitions of HCl broadened by He, Ar and SF6: testing the β-correction to the Hartmann-Tran profile and the speed dependent (complex) hard collision model"
<p>Experimental absorption spectra used in the article entitled <strong>"Spectral profile of ro-vibrational transitions of HCl broadened by He, Ar and SF<sub>6</sub>: testing the β-</strong><strong>correction to the Hartmann-Tran profile and the speed dependent (complex) hard collision model", </strong>to be published in the Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. Accepted 19 March 2024.</p> <div> <div> <div> <div> <h3><a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2024.108977" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2024.108977</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p> <p>Comma separated ASCII files with 1 header line.</p> <p>First column is wavenumber in cm-1</p> <p>The rest of the columns contain the napierian absorbance at the total pressure given in the header. </p> <p>Mind the units!: pressure of Ar-mixtures is expressed in Torr, pressure of He- and SF6-mixtures is expressed in mbar</p> <p> </p>
When does antimicrobial resistance increase bacterial fitness? Effects of dosing, social interactions and frequency dependence on the benefits of AmpC β-lactamases in broth, biofilms and a gut infection model.
<p><span>One of the longstanding puzzles of antimicrobial resistance is why the frequency of resistance persists at intermediate levels.<span> </span>Theoretical explanations for the lack of fixation of resistance include cryptic costs of resistance or negative frequency-dependence but are seldom explored experimentally. <span> </span><em>β</em>-lactamases, which detoxify penicillin-related antibiotics, have well-characterized frequency-dependent dynamics driven by cheating and cooperation.<span> </span>However, bacterial physiology determines whether <em>β</em>-lactamases are cooperative and we know little about the sociality or fitness of <em>β</em>-lactamase producers in infections.<span> </span>Moreover, media-based experiments constrain how we measure fitness, and ignore important parameters such as infectivity and transmission among hosts.<span> </span>Here, we investigated the fitness effects of broad-spectrum AmpC <em>β</em>-lactamases in <em>Enterobacter cloacae</em> in broth, biofilms and gut infections in a model insect. <span> </span>We quantified frequency- and dose-dependent fitness using cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin.<span> </span>We predicted that infection dynamics would be similar to those observed in biofilms, with social protection extending over a wide dose range.<span> </span>We found evidence for the sociality of <em>β</em>-lactamases in all contexts with negative frequency-dependent selection ensuring the persistence of wild-type bacteria although cooperation was less prevalent in biofilms, contrary to predictions.<span> </span>While competitive fitness in gut infections and broth had similar dynamics, incorporating infectivity into measurements of fitness in infections<em> </em>significantly affected conclusions. <span> </span>Resistant bacteria had reduced infectivity which limited the fitness benefits of resistance to infections challenged with low antibiotic doses and having low initial frequencies of resistance. <span> </span>The fitness of resistant bacteria in more physiologically tolerant states (in biofilms, in infections) could be constrained by the presence of wild-type bacteria, high antibiotic doses and limited availability of <em>β</em>-lactamases.<span> </span>One conclusion is that increased tolerance of <em>β</em> -lactams does not necessarily increase selection pressure for resistance.<span> </span>Overall, both cryptic fitness costs and frequency-dependence curtailed the fitness benefits of resistance in this study.<span> </span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p>
Fig 1 in Different responses of epigeic beetles to heavy metal contamination depending on functional traits at the family level
Fig 1. Diagram of non-metric multidimensional scaling of beetle assemblages classified to three groups of contamination (square- almost uncontaminated sites, circle- moderately contaminated sites, diamond- highly contaminated sites)
Fig 2 in Different responses of epigeic beetles to heavy metal contamination depending on functional traits at the family level
Fig 2. Mean total density ± SE of the most frequently occurring groups of beetles in three classes of contaminations along the season (circle- almost uncontaminated sites, square- moderately contaminated sites, triangle- highly contaminated sites).
Data from: Transcriptome analysis of apical meristem enriched bud samples for size dependent flowering commitment in Crocus sativus reveal role of sugar and auxin signalling
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>Cultivation of <em>Crocus sativus</em> (saffron) faces challenges due to inconsistent flowering patterns and variations in yield. Flowering takes place in a graded way with smaller corms unable to produce flowers. Enhancing the productivity requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that govern this size based flowering initiation and commitment. Therefore, samples enriched with non-flowering and flowering apical buds from small (<6g) and large (>14g) corms were sequenced. </p> <p><strong>Methods and Results</strong></p> <p>Apical bud enriched samples from small and large corms were collected immediately after break of dormancy in July. RNA sequencing was performed using Illumina Novaseq 6000. <em>De-novo</em> transcriptome assembly and analysis using flowering committed buds from large corms at post-dormancy and their comparison with vegetative shoot primordia from small corms pointed out the major role of Auxin and ABA hormonal regulation. Many genes with known dual responses in flowering development and circadian rhythm like Flowering locus T and Cryptochrome 1 along with a transcript showing homology with small auxin upregulated RNA (SAUR) exhibited induced expression in flowering buds. Thorough prediction of <em>Crocus sativus</em> non-coding RNA repertoire has been carried out for the first time. Enolase was found to be acting as a major hub with protein-protein interaction analysis using Arabidopsis counterparts.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>Transcripts belong to key pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, hormone signaling and carbon metabolism were found significantly modulated. KEGG assessment and protein-protein interaction analysis confirm the expression data. Findings unravel the genetic determinants driving the size-dependent flowering in <em>Crocus sativus</em>.</p>
Time dependent interaction modification generated from plant-soil feedback
<p>Pairwise interactions between species can be modified by other community members, leading to emergent dynamics contingent on community composition. Despite the prevalence of such higher-order interactions, little is known about how they are linked to the timing and order of species' arrival. We generate population dynamics from a mechanistic plant-soil feedback model, then apply a general theoretical framework to show that the modification of a pairwise interaction by a third plant depends on its germination phenology. These time-dependent interaction modifications emerge from concurrent changes in plant and microbe populations and are strengthened by higher overlap between plants' associated microbiomes. The interaction between this overlap and the specificity of microbiomes further determines plant coexistence. Our framework is widely applicable to mechanisms in other systems from which similar time-dependent interaction modifications can emerge, highlighting the need to integrate temporal shifts of species interactions to predict the emergent dynamics of natural communities.</p>
F I G U R E 3 in Scaling of fast-start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus
F I G U R E 3 Relationships between fast-start performance, body size (standard length), acclimation temperature, and test temperature in adult mummichogs. Graphs are arranged by performance variable in rows and by test temperature (24, 30, and 36 C) in columns. Colors indicate acclimation temperatures (blue is 24 C, purple is 30 C, and red is 36 C). Lines are the fitted performance–size relationships based on parameter estimates from best-fit mixed-effects models or model-averaged parameter estimates from supported models (see Table 1 and Table S3.). Effects of size on performance are apparent as nonzero slopes within individual graphs; effects of test temperature are evident as variation in average intercepts across test temperature graphs (i.e., comparing average intercepts for acclimation temperature–specific lines across columns within each row of graphs); effects of acclimation temperature are seen as differences in intercepts between acclimation temperature–specific lines within graphs; and interactions between size and temperature are apparent as variations in average slopes (i.e., averaged over acclimation-specific slopes) across test temperature graphs and as differences in acclimation temperature–specific slopes within graphs.
F I G U R E 1 in Scaling of fast-start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus
F I G U R E 1 Morphological scaling in mummichog ranging from YOY to larger adults. Morphological variables are body dimensions (top row) and median fin areas (bottom row), and standard length is a measure of the overall body size. All data were log transformed. Sample sizes for fin areas were reduced because individuals with damaged fins were not measured. Estimates for scaling coefficients (i.e., the slope of the scaling relationship, b1) ± 1 S.E. are given for each morphological variable. Isometric expectations for scaling coefficients are 1.0 for body dimensions and 2.0 for fin areas; only the caudal fin area deviates significantly from isometry.
F I G U R E 2 in Scaling of fast-start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus
F I G U R E 2 Representative kinematics for fast-starts in small (41 mm SL) and large (66 mm SL) adult mummichogs controlling for temperature. The top panel shows frames from high-speed videos at 10 ms intervals. To facilitate interpretation, original videos have been cropped to the same spatial dimensions and rotated to standardize starting orientation and escape direction (but note that digitization used unmodified videos). The graph in the bottom panel shows the angular displacement of the head (triangles) and the linear displacement of the fish center of mass (circles) for the trials depicted in the video frames, which were maximum performance trials for the small (filled shapes) and large (open shapes) fish tested at their acclimation temperature (24 C). The curve for head rotation was truncated at its maximum value to highlight the difference in time to form the initial C-bend. The curve for linear displacement continued until the end of stage 2 of the fast-start. Whereas small fish had higher rotation rates and executed the fast-start in less time, small and large fish moved their bodies over similar distances given equal amounts of time.
FIGURE 2 in The thermal dependence of the protein-sparing effect in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792)
FIGURE 2 Ammonia quotient (AQ) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed three isonitrogenous diets with different energy contents [high energy (HE) = 20.50 MJ kg 1, medium energy (ME) = 18.76 MJ kg 1, low energy (LE) = 17.35 MJ kg 1) at five temperatures (12 C, 14 C, 16 C, 18 C, 20 C). A quadratic dependency model was used to analyse the data. Parabolas describe the quadratic dependency of AQ values on temperature. Calculated lowest AQ values for each parabola are marked with a cross (). Each data point represents the measurement of one tank with rainbow trout at each respective diet and temperature. (n = 3)
FIGURE 1 in The thermal dependence of the protein-sparing effect in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792)
FIGURE 1 Percentage of retainable energy (RE) relative to gross energy intake (GEI) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed three isonitrogenous diets with different energy contents [high energy (HE) = 20.50 MJ kg 1, medium energy (ME) = 18.76 MJ kg 1, low energy (LE) = 17.35 MJ kg 1) at five temperatures (12 C, 14 C, 16 C, 18 C, 20 C). Each data point represents measurement of one tank with rainbow trout at each respective diet and temperature (n = 3)
Genetically identical mice express alternative reproductive tactics depending on social conditions in the field
<p>In many species, establishing and maintaining a territory is critical to survival and reproduction, and an animal's ability to do so is strongly influenced by the presence and density of competitors. Here we manipulate social conditions to study the alternative reproductive tactics displayed by genetically identical, age-matched laboratory mice competing for territories under ecologically realistic social environmental conditions. We introduced adult males and females of the laboratory mouse strain (C57BL/6J) into a large, outdoor field enclosure containing defendable resource zones under one of two social conditions. We first created a low-density social environment, such that the number of available territories exceeded the number of males. After males established stable territories, we introduced a pulse of intruder males and observed the resulting defensive and invasive tactics employed. In response to this change in social environment, males with large territories invested more in patrolling but were less effective at excluding intruder males as compared to males with small territories. Intruding males failed to establish territories and displayed an alternative tactic featuring greater exploration as compared to genetically identical territorial males. Alternative tactics did not lead to equal reproductive success—males that acquired territories experienced greater survival and had greater access to females.</p>
Рис. 5. Зависимость начала нереста приморского гребешка и тихоокеанской устрицы в Зал. Петра Великого от суммы поверхностных температур (март–июнь): 1 – начало нереста приморского гребешка; 2 – начало нереста тихоокеанской устрицы; 3 – сумма поверхностных температур За период с марта по июнь. Fig. 5. Dependence of start of spawning of the Japanese scallop and Pacific (giant) oyster in Peter the Great Bay on the sum of sea surface temperatures (March–June): 1 – beginning of spawning of the Japanese scallop; 2 – beginning of spawning of the Pacific oyster; 3 – sum of sea surface temperatures for the period from March to June. in Review of methods for the forecast of mollusk's spat productivity in sea-farms of Primorye and probable ways of their enhancement
Рис. 5. Зависимость начала нереста приморского гребешка и тихоокеанской устрицы в Зал. Петра Великого от суммы поверхностных температур (март–июнь): 1 – начало нереста приморского гребешка; 2 – начало нереста тихоокеанской устрицы; 3 – сумма поверхностных температур За период с марта по июнь. Fig. 5. Dependence of start of spawning of the Japanese scallop and Pacific (giant) oyster in Peter the Great Bay on the sum of sea surface temperatures (March–June): 1 – beginning of spawning of the Japanese scallop; 2 – beginning of spawning of the Pacific oyster; 3 – sum of sea surface temperatures for the period from March to June.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.