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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Rapid Land Cover Change

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Rapid Land Cover Change provides data and information on global and regional land cover change in raster format for agriculture (cropland increase and disease), deforestation (forest mask and hotspots), desertification (hotspot areas of degraded land and degradation types), and fires (most frequent and exceptional fires). Urbanization data are in vector format for cities with the highest rate of change (1995-2015), largest cities (2000), and the overlay of these two data layers for the year 2000. This assessment identified the need to synthesize what is known about areas of rapid land cover change around the world in order to evaluate how the provision of ecosystem goods and services has changed.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Population

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Population provides data and information on baseline population as one of the drivers of ecosystem change. The data was used in estimating the magnitude of regional pressures on ecosystems. The MA Population data sets include Gridded Population of the World (GPW) Version 3, population grids from the Alpha version of the Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP), Global Subnational Infant Mortality Rates (Alpha version), and Global Subnational Prevalence of Child Malnutrition (Alpha version).

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Scenarios

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Scenarios provides data and information on population, income, cereal production and consumption, meat production and consumption, land cover, water stress, water availability, acidification and nitrogen deposition. These scenarios provide useful insight into the complex factors that drive ecosystem change, estimating the magnitude of regional pressures on ecosystems and critical uncertainties that could undermine sustainable development. They also provide an understanding of the importance of institutions and values as the long-range outlook for the world's ecosystems depends on the course taken by global and regional development in the coming decades. The integration of changing ecosystem conditions into the global scenarios was taken as both effects and causes.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Biodiversity

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Biodiversity provides data and information on amphibians, disease agents (extent and distribution of infectious and parasitic diseases), drylands (cattle, sheep and goats, and pasture), islands (fishing pressure, sewage pollution index and tourism), loss of natural land cover (biomes and realms), polar population, species distribution models, and terrestrial ecoregions and realms. Biodiversity is defined as the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part. The original information was received from multiple sources that include the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, formerly the World Conservation Union), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) of Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on-board NASA satellites Terra and Aqua. Through the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and the Convention on Migratory Species, the data were also designed to meet the needs of stakeholders in the business, civil and native commUnities.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Ecosystems

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Ecosystems provides data and information on the extent and classification of ecosystems circa 2000, including coastal, cultivated, forest and woodlands, inland water bodies, islands, marine, mountains (elevation), polar, and urban. The data set also includes socioeconomic reporting Units and the location of regional MA projects. The data were used in a number of different ways in the assessment, contributing to an understanding of how humans have altered ecosystems, how changes in ecosystem services have affected human well-being, and how ecosystem changes may affect people in future decades.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Climate and Land Cover

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: MA Climate and Land Cover provides data and information on global gridded climatological variables, global land cover maps, and national and international protected areas. The climatological data include the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) monthly terrestrial surface temperature and precipitation grids at 0.5 degree resolution from 1901-1996, along with temperature and precipitation grids at 10-minute resolution from the CRU and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC2000) was produced by an international partnership of 30 research groups coordinated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC), which contained two levels of land cover information; detailed and regionally optimized land cover for each continent, and a less thematically detailed global land cover that harmonizes regions into one consistent product. The maps were based on daily data from the Vegetation 1 sensor on-board SPOT 4, though mapping of regions required the use of data from additional Earth observing sensors to resolve specific issues. The international and national protected areas were generated from the World Database of Protected Areas for the year 2000.

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Assessing and mapping the potential development of forest ecosystems, link to research data and scientific software

Research data and scientific software related to: Schröder W. Nickel S, Jenssen M, Riediger J 2015. Methodology to assess and map the potential development of forest ecosystems exposed to climate change and atmospheric nitrogen deposition: a pilot study in Germany. Science of the Total Environment 521-522:108-122

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Abbreviations: ILK: indigenous and local knowledge; IPLCs: indigenous peoples and local communities; NBSAPs: national biodiversity strategies and action plans. a Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020. Figure 6. Summary of progress towards the Aichi Targets. Scores are based on quantitative analysis of indicators, a systematic review of the literature, fifth National Reports to the CBD, and available information on countries' stated intentions to implement additional actions by 2020. Progress towards target elements is scored as "Good" (substantial positive trends at a global scale relating to in Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services - unedited advance version

Abbreviations: ILK: indigenous and local knowledge; IPLCs: indigenous peoples and local communities; NBSAPs: national biodiversity strategies and action plans. a Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020. Figure 6. Summary of progress towards the Aichi Targets. Scores are based on quantitative analysis of indicators, a systematic review of the literature, fifth National Reports to the CBD, and available information on countries' stated intentions to implement additional actions by 2020. Progress towards target elements is scored as "Good" (substantial positive trends at a global scale relating to

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Figure 2 in Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services - unedited advance version

Figure 2. Examples of global declines in nature, emphasizing declines in biodiversity, that have been and are being caused by direct and indirect drivers of change. The direct drivers (land/sea use change; direct exploitation of organisms; climate change; pollution; and invasive alien species) 5 result from an array of underlying societal causes6. These causes can be demographic (e.g. human population dynamics), sociocultural (e.g. consumption patterns), economic (e.g. trade), technological or relating to institutions, governance, conflicts and epidemics; these are called indirect drivers7, and are underpinned by societal values and behaviors. The colour bands represent the relative global impact of direct drivers on (from top to bottom) terrestrial, freshwater and marine nature as estimated from a global systematic review of studies published since 2005. Land and sea use change and direct exploitation account for more than 50 per cent of the global impact on land, in fresh water and in the sea, but each driver is dominant in certain contexts {2.2.6}. The circles illustrate the magnitude of the negative human impacts on a diverse selection of aspects of nature over a range of different time scales, based on a global synthesis of indicators {2.2.5, 2.2.7}.