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4,683 results for “embryonic”
Data from: Evaluation of cross-generational exposure to microplastics and co-occurring contaminants on embryonic and larval behavior in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas
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Dynamical forces drive cell and organ morphology changes during embryonic development
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Data from: Pay up or die: Tradeoffs between costly telomere maintenance, somatic growth, and body condition in embryonic and adult sand lizards
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Data from: fish (eggs) out of water: evolutionary divergence in terrestrial embryonic plasticity in Trinidadian killifish
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RNA seq data set of chick, quail, and duck mandibular primordia at embryonic stage (HH) 37
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The post-embryonic ontogeny of the early Cambrian trilobite Estaingia bilobata from South Australia: trunk development and phylogenetic implications
<p>Trilobites are one of the most diverse and abundant fossil groups from the early Palaeozoic, and as such are useful for answering important questions about early animal evolution, including developmental processes. Ontogenetic information for a large number of trilobite species has been published, but cases where multiple articulated specimens are known across the full range of developmental stages are rare. The early Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 4) Emu Bay Shale biota from Kangaroo Island (South Australia) is numerically dominated by trilobites, particularly articulated specimens of the ellipsocephaloid <i>Estaingia bilobata</i>, which are present in densities of >600 individuals per square metre on certain bedding planes. Here we describe the essentially complete post-embryonic ontogenetic series of <i>E. bilobata</i> from the Emu Bay Shale, and investigate patterns of growth relating to articulation and segmentation in this early Cambrian arthropod. <i>Estaingia bilobata</i> exhibits the hypoprotomeric mode of growth, with the epimorphic phase (the cessation of trunk segment generation) reached prior to the onset of the holaspid period. The meraspid pygidium had an extended equilibrium period where anterior segment release into the thorax was matched by sub-terminal segment generation. Previously undocumented morphological features of <i>E. bilobata</i>, including the hypostome and bispinose pleural tips in holaspides, are also described. The growth characteristics and morphological features of <i>E. bilobata </i>documented herein strengthen close phylogenetic relationships between the Estaingiidae, Ellipsocephalidae and Xystriduridae.</p>
Data from: Young but not defenseless: antifungal activity during embryonic development of a social insect
Termites live in environments heavily colonized by diverse microbial communities, including pathogens. Eggs laid within the nest likely experience similar pathogenic pressures as their older nestmates. Consequently, they may have also been under selective pressures to be immune-competent. Through in vitro experiments, we tested the ontogeny, location and strength of embryos' antifungal activity against the fungus Metarhizium brunneum. Extraembryonic washes and intraembryonic components were incubated with fungal conidia, which was then scored for viability. Fungistatic activity was location- and stage-dependent. Extraembryonic washes had relatively weak antifungal activity. Conversely, intraembryonic contents were highly antifungal, exhibiting increased potency through development. Boiling both embryonic washes and intraembryonic contents rescued conidia viability, indicating the antifungal agent(s) is (are) likely proteinaceous. Embryonic protein profiles shifted from putative vitellogenins in young embryos to multiple proteins in subsequent stages, suggesting that the increase in fungistatic activity may be due to the expression of endogenous proteins during embryogenesis. This study is the first to address embryonic antifungal activity in a hemimetabolous eusocial taxon. Our results support the hypothesis that microbes have been significant agents of selection, fostering the evolution of antifungal properties even in the most immature and supposed, most vulnerable stage of development.
Post-embryonic development of Fritzolenellus suggests the ancestral morphology of the early developmental stages in Trilobita
<p>Trilobite development has been intensively explored during past decades, but information about ancestral character combinations in the early developmental stages of trilobites remains virtually unknown. Trilobites of the superfamily Olenelloidea are one of the earliest diverging groups. Study of their development coupled with the development of other early diverging trilobite groups can provide crucial information about the ancestral morphology of trilobite early stages. Herein we describe numerous well-preserved specimens of the olenelloid trilobite <em>Fritzolenellus lapworthi</em>. The earliest stages have circular cephala bearing intergenal spines and lacking genal spines. During subsequent development, morphological changes comprise the modification of the cephalic shape from circular to semi-circular, expansion of LA, gradual shortening of intergenal spines and origin and prolongation of genal spines. Trunk development of <em>Fritzolenellus</em> suggest that the development of macropleurae and macrospines are two independent processes and that origin of the opistotrunk is linked with the onset of phase 5 of cephalic development. The morphology of the early developmental stages of <em>Fritzolenellus</em> and some related taxa differs in many aspects from the morphology of equivalent stages of some other members of Olenelloidea. Consequently, two basic morphotypes are recognized during the early development of Olenelloidea – the <em>Fritzolenellus</em> and the <em>Olenellus</em> morphotypes. Comparison with Fallotaspidoidea and Redlichiina reveals that early developmental stages of these taxa share character combinations that are typical for <em>Fritzolenellus</em> morphotype. Such a comparison suggests that characters defining <em>Fritzolenellus</em> morphotype are ancestral for Trilobita. The <em>Olenellus</em> morphotype is likely a derived condition within Olenelloidea and might be related to predator deterrence.</p>
Roundup causes embryonic development failure, alters metabolic pathways and gut microbiota functionality in non-target species
<p><b>Background: </b>Research around the weedkiller Roundup is among the most contentious of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. Scientists have provided inconclusive evidence that the weedkiller causes cancer and other life-threatening diseases, while industry-paid research reports that the weedkiller has no adverse effect on humans or animals. Much of the controversial evidence on Roundup is rooted in the approach used to determine safe use of chemicals, defined by outdated toxicity tests.We apply a system biology approach to the biomedical and ecological model species <i>Daphnia</i> to quantify the impact of Glyphosate and of its commercial formula, Roundup, on fitness, genome-wide transcription and gut microbiota, taking full advantage of clonal reproduction in <i>Daphnia. </i>We then <span>apply </span>machine learning-based statistical analysis to identify and prioritize correlations between genome-wide transcriptional and microbiota changes.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>We demonstrate that chronic exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of Glyphosate and Roundup at the approved regulatory threshold for drinking water in the US induce embryonic developmental failure, significant DNA damage (genotoxicity), and interfere with signaling. Furthermore, chronic exposure to the weedkiller alters the gut microbiota functionality and composition interfering with carbon and fat metabolism, as well as homeostasis. Using the 'Reactome', we identify conserved pathways across the Tree of Life, which are potential targets for Roundup in other species, including liver metabolism, inflammation pathways and collagen degradation, responsible for the repair of wounds and tissue remodeling.</p> <p><b>Conclusions: </b>Our results show that chronic exposure to concentrations of Roundup and Glyphosate at the approved regulatory threshold for drinking water causes embryonic development failure, and alteration of key metabolic functions via direct effect on the host molecular processes and indirect effect on the gut microbiota. The ecological model species <i>Daphnia</i> occupies a central position in the food web of aquatic ecosystems, being the preferred food of small vertebrates and invertebrates as well as a grazer of algae and bacteria. The impact of the weedkiller on this keystone species has cascading effects on aquatic food webs, affecting their ability to deliver critical ecosystem services.</p>
Data from: Adult mortality probability and nest predation rates explain parental effort in warming eggs with consequences for embryonic development time
Parental behavior and effort vary extensively among species. Life history theory suggests that age-specific mortality could cause this interspecific variation, but past tests have focused on fecundity as the measure of parental effort. Fecundity can cause costs of reproduction that confuse whether mortality is the cause or consequence of parental effort. We focus on a trait, parental time and effort in warming embryos, which varies widely among species of diverse taxa and is not tied to fecundity. We conducted studies on songbirds of four continents and show that time spent warming eggs varies widely among species and latitudes, and is not correlated with clutch size. Adult and offspring (nest) mortality explained most of the interspecific variation in time and effort that parents spend warming eggs measured by average egg temperatures. Parental effort in warming eggs is important because embryonic temperature can influence embryonic development period and, hence, exposure time to predation risk. We show through correlative evidence and experimental swapping of embryos between species that parentally induced egg temperatures cause interspecific variation in embryonic development period. The strong association of age-specific mortality with parental effort in warming eggs and the subsequent effects on embryonic development time are unique results that can advance understanding of broad geographic patterns of life history variation.
Data from: Early evolutionary trends in ammonoid embryonic development
During the Devonian Nekton Revolution, ammonoids show a progressive coiling of their shell just like many other pelagic mollusk groups. These now extinct, externally shelled cephalopods derived from bactritoid cephalopods with a straight shell in the Early Devonian. During the Devonian, evolutionary trends toward tighter coiling and a size reduction occurred in ammonoid embryonic shells. In at least three lineages, descendants with a closed umbilicus evolved convergently from forms with an opening in the first whorl (umbilical window). Other lineages having representatives with open umbilici became extinct around important Devonian events while only those with more tightly coiled embryonic shells survived. This change was accompanied by an evolutionary trend in shape of the initial chamber, but no clear trend in its size. The fact that several ammonoid lineages independently reduced and closed the umbilical window more or less synchronously indicates that common driving factors were involved. A trend in size decrease of the embryos as well as the concurrent increase in adult size in some lineages likely reflects a fundamental change in reproductive strategies toward a higher fecundity early in the evolutionary history of ammonoids. This must have played an important role in their subsequent success as well as in their demise.
Data from: Loss of genetic diversity and increased embryonic mortality in non-native lizard populations
Many populations are small and isolated with limited genetic variation and high risk of mating with close relatives. Inbreeding depression is suspected to contribute to extinction of wild populations, but the historical and demographic factors that contribute to reduced population viability are often difficult to tease apart. Replicated introduction events in non-native species can offer insights into this problem because they allow us to study how genetic variation and inbreeding depression are affected by demographic events (e.g. bottlenecks), genetic admixture and the extent and duration of isolation. Using detailed knowledge about the introduction history of 21 non-native populations of the wall lizard Podarcis muralis in England, we show greater loss of genetic diversity (estimated from microsatellite loci) in older populations and in populations from native regions of high diversity. Loss of genetic diversity was accompanied by higher embryonic mortality in non-native populations, suggesting that introduced populations are sufficiently inbred to jeopardize long-term viability. However, there was no statistical correlation between population-level genetic diversity and average embryonic mortality. Similarly, at the individual level, there was no correlation between female heterozygosity and clutch size, infertility or hatching success, or between embryo heterozygosity and mortality. We discuss these results in the context of human-mediated introductions and how the history of introductions can play a fundamental role in influencing individual and population fitness in non-native species.
Data from: Measuring embryonic heart rate of wild birds: an opportunity to take the pulse on early development
Embryonic heart rate has the potential to provide great insight into physiological variation and ontogenic status in early development. The availability of a relatively inexpensive and portable piece of equipment – the Buddy egg monitor (Vetronic Services, UK), provides the opportunity to measure embryonic heart rate non-invasively in the field. Here we demonstrate the application of this equipment in the climatically harsh Australian outback. We characterize variation in embryonic heart rate in the zebra finch with respect to a range of abiotic and biotic variables. Heart rate increased throughout embryonic development and was positively correlated with ambient temperature. There was a strong effect of the nest of origin but no clear effect of laying order, or egg size, on embryonic heart rate. Our results demonstrate the sensitivity of embryonic heart rate to environmental conditions, and/or natal origin. We review studies that have used the digital egg monitor, and in discussing our own results identify areas of avian biology that could benefit from embryonic heart rate measurements in the future.
Data from: Distinct mesoderm migration phenotypes in extra-embryonic and embryonic regions of the early mouse embryo
In the gastrulation mouse embryo, epiblast cells delaminate at the primitive streak to form mesoderm and definitive endoderm, through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mosaic expression of a membrane reporter in nascent mesoderm enabled recording cell shape and trajectory through live imaging. Upon leaving the streak, cells changed shape and extended protrusions of distinct size and abundance depending on the neighboring germ layer, as well as the region of the embryo. Embryonic trajectories were meandrous but directional, while extra-embryonic mesoderm cells showed little net displacement. Embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm transcriptomes highlighted distinct guidance, cytoskeleton, adhesion, and extracellular matrix signatures. Specifically, intermediate filaments were highly expressed in extra-embryonic mesoderm, while live imaging for F-actin showed abundance of actin filaments in embryonic mesoderm only. Accordingly, RhoA or Rac1 conditional deletion in mesoderm inhibited embryonic, but not extra-embryonic mesoderm migration. Overall, this indicates separate cytoskeleton regulation coordinating the morphology and migration of mesoderm subpopulations.
Data from: Altered embryonic development in northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) induced by pre-incubation oscillatory thermal stresses mimicking global warming predictions
Global warming is likely to alter reproductive success of ground-nesting birds that lay eggs normally left unattended for days or even weeks before actual parental incubation, especially in already warm climates. The native North American bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) is such a species, and pre-incubation quail eggs may experience temperatures >45°C. Yet, almost nothing is known about embryonic survival after such high pre-incubation temperatures. Freshly laid bobwhite quail eggs were exposed during a 12 day pre-incubation period to one of five thermal regimes: low oscillating temperatures (25-40°C, mean=28.9°C), high oscillating temperatures (30-45°C, mean=33.9°C), low constant temperatures (28.85°C), high constant temperatures (mean=33.9°C), or commercially employed pre-incubation temperatures (20°C). After treatment, eggs were then incubated at a standard 37.5°C to determine subsequent effects on embryonic development rate, survival, water loss, hatching, and embryonic oxygen consumption. Both quantity of heating degree hours during pre-incubation and specific thermal regime (oscillating vs. non-oscillating) profoundly affected important aspects of embryo survival and indices of development and growth Pre-incubation quail eggs showed a remarkable tolerance to constant high temperatures (up to 45°C), surviving for 4.5±0.3 days of subsequent incubation, but high oscillating pre-incubation temperature increased embryo survival (mean survival 12.2±1.8 days) and led to more rapid development than high constant temperature (maximum 38.5ºC), even though both groups experienced the same total heating degree-hours. Oxygen consumption was ~200-300 μl O2.egg.min-1 at hatching in all groups, and was not affected by pre-incubation conditions. Oscillating temperatures, which are the norm for pre-incubation quail eggs in their natural habitat, thus enhanced survival at higher temperatures. However, a 5°C increase in pre-incubation temperature, which equates to the predicted long-term increases of 5°C or more, nonetheless reduced hatching rate by approximately 50%. Thus, while pre-incubation bobwhite eggs may be resiliant to moderate oscillating temperature increases, global warming will likely severely impact wild bobwhite quail populations, especially in their strongholds in southern latitudes.
Data from: Female lizards choose warm, moist nests that improve embryonic survivorship and offspring fitness
1. The fitness consequence of maternal nest-site choice has attracted increasing scientific attention, but field studies identifying the long-term effects of nest-site choice on offspring survival and reproductive success are still rare in vertebrates. 2. To investigate the consequences of nest-site choice in lizards, we quantified the thermal and hydric conditions of nest sites that were chosen by female toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus przewalskii) in the desert steppe of northern China. We also determined the effect of nest-site choice on embryonic development and survival and on offspring growth, survival, and maturity by comparing the embryos and offspring from maternally and randomly chosen nest sites. 3. We found that female toad-headed agama chose warm and moist nest sites that improved the developmental rate and survivorship of embryos and promoted the post-hatching growth, sexual maturity, reproduction, and fitness of offspring, thereby improving their reproductive success. 4. Such studies on short-lived lizards across multiple stages of embryonic and postembryonic ontogeny are critical for fully understanding the fitness consequences of nest-site choice.
Data from: Bacterial community dynamics during embryonic and larval development of three confamilial echinoids
Development of some animals is influenced by and, in some cases, dependent on the associated microbiota. The timing of when associated bacterial communities are established during the development of marine invertebrates and their subsequent dynamics across stages are known for only a few species. Here, we compared the bacterial communities of 3 confamilial echinoids from egg to juvenile using sequence-based approaches. Bacterial communities are established on unfertilized eggs and change gradually during embryonic and larval development. Despite the differences amongst these pre-metamorphic stages, approximately 30% of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified in association with unfertilized eggs were present in the juveniles. During embryonic development, host-associated communities diverged from the environmental microbiota but later converged following the onset of larval feeding. Taken together, the data presented here support the hypothesis that bacterial communities are established prior to fertilization and community composition shifts gradually thereafter, all the while remaining distinct from the environment. Future work will need to determine the relative influence of the host and bacteria–bacteria interactions in shaping the associated bacterial community to more broadly determine the potential functional importance of bacteria during the development of larval sea urchins and benthic marine invertebrates.
Transcription Factor Co-Expression Mediates Lineage Priming for Embryonic and Extra-Embryonic Differentiation
<p>In early mammalian development, cleavage stage blastomeres and inner cell mass (ICM) cells co-express embryonic and extra-embryonic transcriptional determinants. Using a double protein-based reporter we identify an embryonic stem cell (ESC)population that co-expresses the extra-embryonic factor GATA6 alongside the embryonic factor SOX2. Based on single cell transcriptomics, we find this population resembles the unsegregated ICM, exhibiting enhanced differentiation potential for endoderm while maintaining epiblast competence. To relate transcription factor binding in these to future fate, we describe a complete enhancer set in both ESCs and naïve extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells and assess SOX2 and GATA6 binding at these elements in the ICM-like ESC sub-population. Both factors support cooperative recognition in these lineages, with GATA6 bound alongside SOX2 on a fraction of pluripotency enhancers and SOX2 alongside GATA6 more extensively on endoderm enhancers, suggesting that cooperative binding between these antagonistic factors both supports self-renewal and prepares progenitor cells for later differentiation.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763
Supplementary material 2 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763
Supplementary material 1 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763
Supplementary material 1 from: Srygley RB, Senior LB (2024) Illustrated review of Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex (Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae) embryonic development. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98763
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.