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opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIGURE 15 in Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Actisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology

FIGURE 15. Exechonella brasiliensis Canu & Bassler, 1928. Atlantic Ocean, Brazil (A‒E: holotype USNM 8547; F‒H: USMN 8582). A, C, D, general view of holotype from above. B, close-up of autozooid, showing shape of primary orifice; E, close-up of frontal shields with two foramina bearing avicularia (arrowheads). F, view of central part of colony from above (some lateralmost foramina with avicularia shown by arrows). G, close-up of autozooid showing shape of primary orifice and lateralmost foramina with avicularium (arrowhead). H, close-up of lateralmost foramina with avicularium. Scale bars: A, B, E = 100 µm; C, D, G = 200 µm; F = 500 µm; H = 50 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Supplementary data and codes for ammonoids morphological complexity and evolutionary rates

The "code" folder contains the code for calculating evolutionary rates and analysing the data, and the input and output data. We used the Bayesian framework implemented within the program PyRate, the per capita boundary-crosser rate, per-taxon rate, and Van Valen metric to calculate extinction and origination rates for early Pliensbachian species and Cretaceous genera datasets. The Pyrate method is implemented in python, all other methods use R code. The "obj" folder includes 292 three-dimensional models of 146 specimens. The "Expanded Data" file containing supplementary tables, original data, processed data and specimen tables.

Figure 4. Gyrostigma rhinocerontis, first instar larva. A in Three-dimensional characterization of first instar horse and rhinoceros stomach bot fly larvae (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus, Gyrostigma): novel morphology and evolutionary implications

Figure 4. Gyrostigma rhinocerontis, first instar larva. A, habitus, ventral view. B, pseudocephalon and thoracic segments, ventral view. C, magnification of pseudocephalon and thoracic segments in ventral view, with depth coding. D, anal division, ventral view. E, pseudocephalon and thoracic segments, right lateral view. Scale bars: A, D = 100 µm; B–C, E = 50 µm. Abbreviations: aI–aVII, abdominal segments I–VII; adI–adIII, subdivisions I, II and III of anal division; is, intermediate sclerite; lb, labrum; mh, mouthhook; pb, parastomal bar; pc, pseudocephalon; tI–tIII, thoracic segments I–III.

Figure 3 in Three-dimensional characterization of first instar horse and rhinoceros stomach bot fly larvae (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus, Gyrostigma): novel morphology and evolutionary implications

Figure 3. Gasterophilus pecorum, first instar larva, ultrastructural details on thoracic (A–F) and abdominal (G) segments and anal division (H–M). A, anterior end, dorsal view. B, trichoid sensillum I and II, and a pit. C, a trichoid sensillum I and a pit. D, Keilin's organ. E, a trichoid sensillum I and Keilin's organ. F, body spines on third thoracic segment. G, body spines on first abdominal segment. H, arrangement of coeloconic and trichoid sensilla on dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) surface of anal subdivision II. I, a coeloconic sensillum IV on anal subdivision II. J, a trichoid sensillum I and a coeloconic sensillum IV on anal sudivision II. K, posterior spiracles, posterior view. L, left posterior spiracle. M, serrated margins of a posterior spiracular slit, with the the pores shown in the box. Scale bars: A = 20 µm; B, D, J = 2.5 µm; C, M = 2 µm, 0.5 µm in the box; E, L = 5 µm; F–G = 25 µm; H = 15 µm; I–J = 1.5 µm; K = 30 µm. Abbreviations: adII, subdivision II of anal division; Ko, Keilin's organ; scIV, sensillum coeloconica IV; p, pit; TrI–II, trichoid sensillum I–II.

Figure 1. Gasterophilus pecorum, first instar larva. A in Three-dimensional characterization of first instar horse and rhinoceros stomach bot fly larvae (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus, Gyrostigma): novel morphology and evolutionary implications

Figure 1. Gasterophilus pecorum, first instar larva. A, habitus, ventral view. B, pseudocephalon and thoracic segments, dorsal view. C, E, pseudocephalon and thoracic segments, ventral view, with cephaloskeleton emphasized in E. D, F, pseudocephalon and thoracic segments, right lateral view, with depth coding; mouthhooks and labrum exposed in F. G, anal division, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–G = 50 µm. Abbreviations: aI–aVII, abdominal segments I–VII; adI– adIII, subdivisions I, II and III of anal division; dc, dorsal cornua; is, intermediate sclerite; lb, labrum; mh, mouthhook; pb, parastomal bar; pc, pseudocephalon; tI–tIII, thoracic segments I–III.

Figure 5 in Three-dimensional characterization of first instar horse and rhinoceros stomach bot fly larvae (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus, Gyrostigma): novel morphology and evolutionary implications

Figure 5. Gyrostigma rhinocerontis, first instar larva, ultrastructural details. A, habitus, ventral view. B, anterior end, ventral view. C, pseudocephalon, ventral view. D, pseudocephalon, anterior view. E, antennomaxillary sensory complex. F, mouthhooks, labrum and arrangement of the denticles. G, three thoracic segments, ventral view, showing arrangement of Keilin's organs and trichoid sensilla I. H, abdominal segments, ventral view. Scale bars: A = 0.3 mm; B = 68 µm; C, G–H = 20 µm; D = 19 µm; E–F = 10 µm. Abbreviations: aI–aVII, abdominal segments I–VII; adI–adIII, subdivisions I, II and III of anal division; and, antennal dome; ap, additional pit; asI–III, additional sensillum coeloconicum I–III; den, denticles; Ko, Keilin's organ; mp, maxillary palp; pc, pseudocephalon; sbI–II, sensilla basiconica I–II; scI–IV, sensilla coeloconica I–IV; tI–tIII, thoracic segments I–III; TrI, trichoid sensillum I.

Figure 7 in Three-dimensional characterization of first instar horse and rhinoceros stomach bot fly larvae (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus, Gyrostigma): novel morphology and evolutionary implications

Figure 7. Ancestral state reconstruction of the shape of first instar mouthhooks in Oestridae based on parsimony. Cladogram used for reconstruction follows Pape (2001, 2006).

Figure 6 in Three-dimensional characterization of first instar horse and rhinoceros stomach bot fly larvae (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus, Gyrostigma): novel morphology and evolutionary implications

Figure 6. Gyrostigma rhinocerontis, first instar larva, ultrastructural details of thoracic segments (A–C) and anal division (D–H). A, a trichoid sensillum I. B, a pair of Keilin's organs. C, a trichoid sensillum I and a Keilin's organ. D, posterior spiracles, dorsolateral view. E, coeloconic sensilla IV and a trichoid sensillum I on ventral side of anal subdivision II. F, posterior spiracles, ventral view. G, posterior spiracles, dorsal view. H, a coeloconic sensillum IV and a trichoid sensillum I. I, a coeloconic sensillum IV. Scale bars: A = 2 µm; B–C = 10 µm; D, G = 75 µm; E–F = 10 µm; H = 2.5 µm; I = 1 µm. Abbreviations: adI–adII, subdivisions I and II of anal division; Ko, Keilin's organ; scIV, sensilla coeloconica IV; TrI, trichoid sensillum I.

Figure 9 in Multiple convergences in the evolutionary history of the testate amoeba family Arcellidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Sphaerothecina): when the ecology rules the morphology

Figure 9. Netzelia lobostoma and Cucurbitella mespiliformis: scanning electron micrographs of oral and lateral view of the test. The images on the right represent details of the collar. On the left, a photograph of a typical habitat for these species, and original drawings of Netzelia lobostoma (Leidy, 1874) and of Cucurbitella mespiliformis (Penard, 1902).

Figure 8 in Multiple convergences in the evolutionary history of the testate amoeba family Arcellidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Sphaerothecina): when the ecology rules the morphology

Figure 8. Arcella guadarramensis: scanning electron micrographs of the aboral and oral sides of the test. The images on the right represent a detail of the test and the structure of the aperture. On the left, a photograph of a typical habitat for this species, and original drawing of the closest resembling species, Galeripora artocrea (Leidy, 1879).

Figure 7 in Multiple convergences in the evolutionary history of the testate amoeba family Arcellidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Sphaerothecina): when the ecology rules the morphology

Figure 7. Arcella conica: scanning electron micrographs of the aboral, oral and lateral sides of the test. The images on the right represent a detail of the test and the structure of the aperture. On the left, photographs of a typical habitat for the species, and original drawing of Arcella conica (Playfair, 1918).

Figure 5 in Multiple convergences in the evolutionary history of the testate amoeba family Arcellidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Sphaerothecina): when the ecology rules the morphology

Figure 5. Galeripora naiadis, Galeripora bathystoma and Galeripora polypora: scanning electron micrographs of the aboral and oral sides of the test, for G. naiadis the images correspond with pictures of Arcella discoides in Todorov & Bankov (2019). The images on the right represent a detail of the test and the structure of the aperture. On the left, a photograph of a typical habitat for each species, original drawing of the closest resembling species Galeripora discoides (Ehrenberg, 1843), and original drawing of Galeripora bathystoma (Deflandre, 1928) and Galeripora polypora (Penard, 1890).

Figure 4 in Multiple convergences in the evolutionary history of the testate amoeba family Arcellidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Sphaerothecina): when the ecology rules the morphology

Figure 4. Galeripora galeriformis, Galeripora bufonipellita, Galeripora sitiens and Galeripora balari: scanning electron micrographs of the aboral and oral sides of the test. The images on the right represent detail of the test and the structure of the aperture. On the left, a photograph of a typical habitat for each species, original drawing of the closest resembling species Galeripora arenaria (Greef, 1866), and original drawings of the synonymized species Arcella microstoma Penard, 1890 and Arcella aureola Maggi, 1888.

Figure 2. A in Multiple convergences in the evolutionary history of the testate amoeba family Arcellidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Sphaerothecina): when the ecology rules the morphology

Figure 2. A, scatterplot of the scores of linear discriminants with x-axis representing discriminant function 1 (LD1) and y-axis representing discriminant function 2 (LD2). Colours represent the different mitochondrial clades and symbols refer to the different sections after Deflandre (1928): squares are for Section 1 'Vulgares', circles for Section 2 'Carinatae' and triangles for Section 3 'Aplanatae'. The drawings represent the different morphotypes. B, the table represents the results of a linear discriminant analysis which determines the relationship between predicted and observed specimens cells for each mitochondrial clade.

Figure 6 in Multiple convergences in the evolutionary history of the testate amoeba family Arcellidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Sphaerothecina): when the ecology rules the morphology

Figure 6. Galeripora catinus: scanning electron micrographs of the aboral and oral sides of the test. The images on the right represent a detail of the test and the structure of the aperture. On the left, a photograph of a typical habitat for the species, a peat bog and original drawing of Galeripora catinus (Penard, 1890).

Figure 1 in Multiple convergences in the evolutionary history of the testate amoeba family Arcellidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Sphaerothecina): when the ecology rules the morphology

Figure 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on 52 partial sequences COI mtDNA data, 618-nucleotide position alignment. The posterior probability values (Bayesian analysis) and bootstrap values (maximum-likelihood) are represented at each node, with a letter representing the different mitochondrial clades along the branches. The colours represent the mitochondrial clades that compose the different figures. Next to each species name is the original habitat (freshwater/Sphagnum/terrestrial mosses) and the section according to Deflandre (1928). The drawings show the tests of illustrative species in lateral and oral side views. Drawings by CSZ.

Figure 6 in Taxonomic challenges posed by discordant evolutionary scenarios supported by molecular and morphological data in the Amazonian Synallaxis rutilans group (Aves: Furnariidae)

Figure 6. Specimens of the Synallaxis omissa showing the absence of correlation between plumage variation and geography, from left to right, lateral and ventral views: MPEG 38616, collected at Alto Turiaçu, Maranhão, Brazil, on 2 October 1986, with rufous present on the breast, abdomen and back; MPEG 36916, from Carutapera, river Curupi, Maranhão, Brazil, collected on 5 November 1984, with rufous present on the breast, abdomen and back; MPEG 38618, collected at Alto Turiaçu, Maranhão, Brazil, on 2 October 1986, the same day of MPEG 38616, without any trace of rufous.

Figure 4 in Taxonomic challenges posed by discordant evolutionary scenarios supported by molecular and morphological data in the Amazonian Synallaxis rutilans group (Aves: Furnariidae)

Figure 4. Plumage distribution and geographic variation in the Synallaxis rutilans group. Dark grey circles, specimens with grey-patterned plumage; pale grey circles, specimens with olive-patterned plumage; black circles, specimens with rufous-patterned plumage. Concerning intermediate individuals, any specimen with rufous present on the upperparts was classified in the 'specimens with rufous-patterned plumage' group. *Illustrations of birds with the typical plumage of: S. caquetensis (on the left); S. dissors (centre above); S. omissa (right). Area of endemism (AE) and distribution of species of the Synallaxis rutilans group: purple, Guiana EA, S. dissors; red, Napo EA, S. caquetensis; orange, Xingu EA, S. rutilans; yellow, Belém EA, S. omissa; and green, Inambari EA, blue, Rondônia EA and turquoise, Tapajós EA, S. amazonica. *Illustrations from del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E, eds. 2017. Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions (retrieved on 10.11.2017 from http://www.hbw.com).

Figure 1 in Taxonomic challenges posed by discordant evolutionary scenarios supported by molecular and morphological data in the Amazonian Synallaxis rutilans group (Aves: Furnariidae)

Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of sequenced individuals, phylogenetic time tree and plumage analyses for the Synallaxis rutilans group. The areas of endemism recognized by Silva et al. (2005) are highlighted on the map, and distribution points are numbered in accordance with individuals in the tree. The phylogenetic time tree is based on 1539 bp of concatenated ND2 and COI genes. Posterior probability values and the 95% HPD are indicated at each node. Thr, throat; Rec, rectrices; For, forehead; Sup, supercilium; Fac, face; Win, wing-coverts; Rem, remiges; 1st, first colour (main colour); 2nd, second colour (variation ±); 36 (e.g.), colours in Smithe's catalogue; *, specimen damaged or immature; **, specimen analysed without Smithe's catalogue; MPEG A, spirit collection specimen; dark grey circles in map and patches in table, specimens with grey plumage pattern; light grey circles and patches, specimens with olive plumage pattern; black circles and patches, specimens with rufous plumage pattern; purple star, type locality of S. r. dissors; red star, type locality of S. r. caquetensis; red star with white spot, type locality of S. r. confinis; blue star, type locality of S. r. amazonica; blue star with a white spot, type locality of S. r. tertia; orange star, type locality of S. r. rutilans; yellow star, type locality of S. r. omissa.

Figure 5 in Taxonomic challenges posed by discordant evolutionary scenarios supported by molecular and morphological data in the Amazonian Synallaxis rutilans group (Aves: Furnariidae)

Figure 5. Specimens of the Synallaxis rutilans group showing the grey (left-hand bird in each image) and olive patterns in juvenile plumage, from left to right, ventral, lateral and dorsal views: MZUSP 44653, Capim, Pará, Brazil; and MZUSP 93965, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil.