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FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic notes on Recent Foraminifera from the Continental Shelf-Slope Region of Southwestern Bay of Bengal, East Coast of India
FIGURE 1. Map showing study area with sample locations. Solid yellow circles equals surface sample locations with sample numbers. TI–TVIII equals Eight traverses (I, Off Mahabalipuram; II, Off Palar River; III, Off Edierthittu; IV, Off Kazhikuppam; V, Off Muthialpet; VI, Off Gingee River; VII, Off Ponnaiyar River; VIII, Off Cuddalore) undertaken during the ROV Sagar Paschimi cruise 05/2012 ranging from a water depth of 10–300 m. Solid red polygons equals core sample locations with core numbers.
FIGURE 3. 1 in Taxonomic notes on Recent Foraminifera from the Continental Shelf-Slope Region of Southwestern Bay of Bengal, East Coast of India
FIGURE 3. 1, Fissurina laevigata Reuss, 1850 in dorsal view (scale equals 400 μm). 2, Fissurina orbignyana Seguenza, 1862 in lateral view (scale equals 100 μm). 3-4, Glandulina ovula d'Orbigny, 1846 in dorsal view (scale equals 300 μm) (3) and in apertural view (scale equals 200 μm) (4). 5, Pseudopolymorphina sp. in dorsal view (scale equals 500 μm). 6, Sigmoidella elegantissima (Parker and Jones, 1865) in dorsal view (scale equals 300 μm). 7, Ammobaculites agglutinans (d'Orbigny, 1846) in dorsal view (scale equals 500 μm). 8, Ammobaculites exiguus Cushman and Brönnimann, 1948 in dorsal view (scale equals 300 μm). 9-10, Ammobaculites persicus Lutze, 1974 in dorsal view (scale equals 200 μm) (9) and in ventral view (scale equals 200 μm) (10). 11, Ammoscalaria pseudospiralis (Williamson, 1858) in dorsal view (scale equals 300 μm). 12, Labrospira crassimargo (Norman, 1892) in dorsal view (scale equals 200 μm). 13, Spiroplectammina sagittula (Defrance, 1824) in dorsal view (scale equals 400 μm). 14, Spiroplectinella wrightii (Silvestri, 1903) in dorsal view (scale equals 500 μm). 15, Spirotextularia floridana (Cushman, 1922a) in dorsal view (scale equals 500 μm). 16, Eggerelloides scaber (Williamson, 1858) in dorsal view (scale equals 100 μm). 17-18, Asterorotalia pulchella (d'Orbigny, 1839) in dorsal view (scale equals 500 μm) (17) and in dorsal view with long spines (scale equals 500 μm) (18).
FIGURE 2. 1-3 in Taxonomic notes on Recent Foraminifera from the Continental Shelf-Slope Region of Southwestern Bay of Bengal, East Coast of India
FIGURE 2. 1-3, Amphicoryna scalaris (Batsch, 1791) in dorsal view (scale equals 200 μm) (1); in apertural view (scale equals 100 μm) (2); and macrospheric form in dorsal view (scale equals 300 μm) (3). 4, Lenticulina cultrata (de Montfort, 1808) in dorsal view (scale equals 500 μm). 5, Lenticulina gibba (d'Orbigny, 1826) in dorsal view (scale equals 500 μm). 6-7, Lenticulina orbicularis (d'Orbigny, 1826) in dorsal view (scale equals 300 μm) (6) and in apertural view (scale equals 300 μm) (7). 8-9, Lenticulina suborbicularis Parr, 1950 in dorsal view (scale equals 100 μm) (8) and in apertural view (scale equals 100 μm) (9). 10, Marginulinopsis costata (Batsch, 1791) in dorsal view (scale equals 1 mm). 11, Dentalina ittai Loeblich and Tappan, 1953 in dorsal view (scale equals 200 μm). 12, Pyramidulina catesbyi (d'Orbigny, 1839) in dorsal view (scale equals 200 μm). 13-14, Pseudolingulina bradii (Silvestri, 1903) in dorsal view (scale equals 400 μm) (13) and in apertural view (scale equals 100 μm) (14). 15, Lagena aspera Reuss, 1861 in dorsal view (scale equals 300 μm). 16, Lagena perlucida (Montagu, 1803) in dorsal view (scale equals 300 μm). 17, Lagena semistriata Williamson, 1848 in dorsal view (scale equals 200 μm). 18, Lagena striata (d'Orbigny, 1839) in dorsal view (scale equals 100 μm). 19, Lagena strumosa Reuss, 1858 in dorsal view (scale equals 200 μm). 20, Hyalinonetrion gracillima (Seguenza, 1862) in dorsal view (scale equals 300 μm). 21, Lagena substriata Williamson, 1848 in dorsal view (scale equals 200 μm). 22, Procerolagena gracilis (Williamson, 1848) in dorsal view (scale equals 200 μm). 23, Procerolagena sp. in dorsal view (scale equals 100 μm). 24, Reussoolina laevis (Montagu, 1803) in dorsal view (scale equals 100 μm). 25, Favulina hexagona (Williamson, 1848) in dorsal view (scale equals 50 μm).
Figure 7 in Systematic taxonomy of middle Miocene Sphaeroidinellopsis (planktonic foraminifera)
Figure 7. Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi: A, B, NHMUK PM PF 75170; C, D, NHMUK PM PF 75171, umbilical and spiral views from sample 159/959B 17H-6 (87–89 cm), Zone M10 middle Miocene, east equatorial Atlantic; E, F, NHMUK PM PF 75172; G, H, NHMUK PM PF 75173; J, K, NHMUK PM PF 75174; I, L, NHMUK PM PF 75175, from sample 159/959B 17H-6 (36–38 cm), Zone M10 middle Miocene, east equatorial Atlantic; M, N, NHMUK PM PF 75176; O, P, NHMUK PM PF 75177, from sample 154/925A 4R-2 (65–67 cm), Zone M7 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic. Scale bars = 100 Mm.
Figure 8 in Systematic taxonomy of middle Miocene Sphaeroidinellopsis (planktonic foraminifera)
Figure 8. Sphaeroidinellopsis phylogeny. Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta appeared from Globoturborotalita woodi in the early Miocene, giving rise to two different lineages. With a progressive elongation of the last chamber, the transition to S. kochi took place at the end of the early Miocene. The second lineage arose from the three-chambered populations giving rise to S. seminulina, leading to the Sphaeroidinella lineage. Globoturborotalita woodi is provisionally retained as the ancestor according to the literature and in the absence of transitional individuals between G. druryi or G. labiacrassata and S. disjuncta.
Figure 4 in Systematic taxonomy of middle Miocene Sphaeroidinellopsis (planktonic foraminifera)
Figure 4. Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi: A–C, NHMUK PM PF 75151, umbilical, edge and spiral views from sample 154/925A 4R-3 (60–62 cm), Zone M6 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic; D, H, L, NHMUK PM PF 75152, from sample 159/959B 17H-6 (36–38 cm), Zone M10 middle Miocene, east equatorial Atlantic; P, wall texture detail in 50 × 50 Mm surface from specimen D; E–G, NHMUK PM PF 75153; J–I, NHMUK PM PF 75154; M–O, NHMUK PM PF 75155, from sample 154/925A 4R-2 (65–67 cm), Zone M7 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic. Scale bars: A–O = 100 Mm; P = 10 Mm.
Figure 1 in Systematic taxonomy of middle Miocene Sphaeroidinellopsis (planktonic foraminifera)
Figure 1. Locations of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 925 and 959 in the Atlantic Ocean. Image made using Ocean Data View (Schlitzer 2018).
Figure 6 in Systematic taxonomy of middle Miocene Sphaeroidinellopsis (planktonic foraminifera)
Figure 6. Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi: A, B, NHMUK PM PF75162; C, D, NHMUK PM PF 75163; E, F, NHMUK PM PF 75164; G, H, NHMUK PM PF 75165; J, K, NHMUK PM PF 75166; I–L, NHMUK PM PF 75167; M, N, NHMUK PM PF 75168; O, P, NHMUK PM PF 75169, umbilical and spiral views from sample 159/959B 17H-6 (87–89 cm), Zone M10 middle Miocene, east equatorial Atlantic. Scale bars = 100 Mm.
Figure 3 in Systematic taxonomy of middle Miocene Sphaeroidinellopsis (planktonic foraminifera)
Figure 3. Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta: A, B, NHMUK PM PF 75143; C, D, NHMUK PM PF 75144; E, F, NHMUK PM PF 75145; G, H, NHMUK PM PF 75146, umbilical and spiral views from sample 159/959B 17H-6 (87–89 cm), Zone M10 middle Miocene, east equatorial Atlantic; G, H, from sample 159/959B 17H-6 (36–38 cm), Zone M10 middle Miocene, east equatorial Atlantic; Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta–Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi: J, K, NHMUK PM PF 75147; I–L, NHMUK PM PF 75148; M–O, NHMUK PM PF 75149; P, Q, NHMUK PM PF 75150, transitional individuals from sample 154/925A 4R-3 (60–62 cm), Zone M6 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic; O, wall texture detail in 50 × 50 Mm surface of specimen shown in M, N. Scale bars: A–N, P, Q = 100 Mm; O = 10 Mm.
Figure 2. A–H in Systematic taxonomy of middle Miocene Sphaeroidinellopsis (planktonic foraminifera)
Figure 2. A–H, Dentoglobigerina altispira; A, NHMUK PM PF 75178; B, NHMUK PM PF 75179, umbilical view from sample 159/959B 17H-6 (87–89 cm), Zone M10 middle Miocene, east equatorial Atlantic; Dentoglobigerina venezuelana: C, NHMUK PM PF 75180; D, NHMUK PM PF 75181, from sample 159/959B 17H-6 (36–38 cm), Zone M10 middle Miocene, east equatorial Atlantic; Globigerinoides cf. altiaperturus: E, NHMUK PM PF 75182; F, G, NHMUK PM PF 75183, umbilical, spiral views and wall detail on 50 × 50 Mm, from sample 154/925A 4R-2 (65–67 cm), Zone M7 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic; Globoquadrina dehiscens: H, NHMUK PM PF 75184, umbilical view, from sample 154/925A 4R-2 (65–67 cm), Zone M7 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic; Clavatorella bermudezi: J, NHMUK PM PF 75185; K, NHMUK PM PF 75186; L, M, NHMUK PM PF 75187; N, NHMUK PM PF 75188, umbilical, edge and spiral views, and wall detail; from sample 154/925A 4R-2 (65–67 cm), Zone M7 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic; Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta–Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi: O, NHMUK PM PF 75189, transitional specimen umbilical view from sample 154/925A 4R-2 (65–67 cm), Zone M7 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic; Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi: P, NHMUK PM PF 75190, umbilical view from sample 154/925A 4R-2 (65–67 cm), Zone M7 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic; Orbulina suturalis: Q, NHMUK PM PF 75191, from sample 159/959B 17H-6 (87–89 cm), Zone M10 middle Miocene, east equatorial Atlantic. Scale bars: A–F, H–L, N–Q = 100 Mm; G, M = 10 Mm.
Figure 5 in Systematic taxonomy of middle Miocene Sphaeroidinellopsis (planktonic foraminifera)
Figure 5. Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi: A–C, NHMUK PM PF 75156; D, H, L, NHMUK PM PF 75157; E–G, NHMUK PM PF 75158; J–I, NHMUK PM PF 75159; M–O, NHMUK PM PF 75160; P, NHMUK PM PF 75161, from sample 154/925A 4R-2 (65–67 cm), Zone M7 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic; D, H, L, P from sample 154/925A 4R-3 (60–62 cm), Zone M6 middle Miocene, western equatorial Atlantic. Scale bars = 100 Mm.
Fig. 5 in Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Murgeina Apula (Luperto Sinni, 1968): A Methusalem And Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Survivor Taxon
Fig. 5 Possible post-Triassic fusulinanids Protopeneroplis striata Weynschenk (a-c), Upper Jurassic of Romania and Murgeina apula (Luperto Sinni), Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of Croatia (d). a Axial section. Note the irregular coiling, the alternating dark and bright layers in the umbo, and the presence of an outer hyaline-calcitic layer (arrow). b-c Equatorial sections. Note the double-layered septum (s) and wall (arrow). d Slightly oblique axial section. Note the alternating dark and bright layers in the umbo (compare to P. striata in a).
→ Fig. 10. FESEM images of the test structure in lagenid foraminifers from Recent, Admiralty Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica (A) and from the Jurassic of Gnaszyn, Poland (B, C). A. Unilocular Procerolagena gracilis Williamson, 1848, MWGUW ZI/67/44/02. B. Unilocular Lagena globosa Montagu, 1803, MWGUW ZI/67/61/09. C. Uniserial Nodosaria pulchra Franke, 1936, MWGUW ZI/67/61/26. Oblique cross-sectional views (A1, A2, A4, B1, B2, C); transverse cross-sectional views, showing single-crystal interlocked bundle structures, inner pores which extend along the entire length of the bundles as well as prominent calcite cleavage (A3, B3). Abbreviations: c, prominent calcite cleavage; ip, inner pore. in Chamber arrangement versus wall structure in the high-rank phylogenetic classification of Foraminifera
→ Fig. 10. FESEM images of the test structure in lagenid foraminifers from Recent, Admiralty Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica (A) and from the Jurassic of Gnaszyn, Poland (B, C). A. Unilocular Procerolagena gracilis Williamson, 1848, MWGUW ZI/67/44/02. B. Unilocular Lagena globosa Montagu, 1803, MWGUW ZI/67/61/09. C. Uniserial Nodosaria pulchra Franke, 1936, MWGUW ZI/67/61/26. Oblique cross-sectional views (A1, A2, A4, B1, B2, C); transverse cross-sectional views, showing single-crystal interlocked bundle structures, inner pores which extend along the entire length of the bundles as well as prominent calcite cleavage (A3, B3). Abbreviations: c, prominent calcite cleavage; ip, inner pore.
Fig. 9 in Chamber arrangement versus wall structure in the high-rank phylogenetic classification of Foraminifera
Fig. 9. FESEM images of "monocrystalline" test structure in Spirillinata → foraminifers from the Jurassic of Gnaszyn, Poland (A) and Recent from Ronsard Bay, Western Australia (B). A. Paalzowella pazdroe Bielecka and Styk, 1969, MWGUW ZI/67/61/27; view of the test cross-section (A1); significantly magnified view of the test cross-section (A2, A4, A5); oblique cross-sectional view of the test showing "monocrystalline" test structure (A3); oblique cross sections of the test showing test composed of a few layers (A6, A7). B. Patellina sp., MWGUW ZI/67/61/22; oblique cross sections of the test showing prominent calcite cleavage (B1, B2).
Fig. 8 in Chamber arrangement versus wall structure in the high-rank phylogenetic classification of Foraminifera
Fig. 8. FESEM images of the test structure in Tubothalamea from the Jurassic of Gnaszyn, Poland. A. Ophthalmidium carinatum Pazdro, 1958, MWGUW → ZI/67/08/5.03; front views of the abraded test surface, showing the extrados and porcelain (A1, A2). B.?Cornuspira radiata (Terquem, 1886), MWGUW ZI/67/55/11; front view of the test surface (B1, B3); oblique view of the test cross section, showing the test as being entirely composed of needle-shaped crystallites (B2, B4). C. Planiinvoluta sp., MWGUW ZI/67/57/13; view of the inner test surface (C1); side view of the test cross section, showing irregular meshwork of needle-shaped crystallites (C2). Abbreviations: e, extrados; p, porcelain.
Fig. 7 in Chamber arrangement versus wall structure in the high-rank phylogenetic classification of Foraminifera
Fig. 7. FESEM images of the test structure in Recent calcareous cemented agglutinated textulariid (Globothalamea; A, B) and miliolid (Tubothalamea; C) → foraminifers from Ronsard Bay, Western Australia. A. Textularia sp., MWGUW ZI/67/55/24, front view of the test, showing agglutinated grains and the calcareous nanogranular matrix (A1); details of test wall (A2, A3). B. Gaudryina sp., MWGUW ZI/67/61/16, front view of the test, showing agglutinated grains and the matrix (B1); details of nanogranular matrix (B2, B3). C. Quinqueloculina arenata Said, 1949, MWGUW ZI/67/57/02, front view of the test (C1); oblique cross-sectional view of test showing foreign particle partially embedded in the irregular meshwork of needle-shaped crystallites (C2). Abbreviations: g, foreign particle; m, calcareous matrix. Arrows indicate pores.
Data from: Drivers of global pre-industrial patterns of species turnover in planktonic foraminifera
<p>Anthropogenic climate change is altering global biogeographical patterns. However, it remains difficult to quantify how bioregions are changing because pre-industrial records of species distributions are rare. Marine microfossils, such as planktonic foraminifera, are preserved in seafloor sediments and allow the quantification of bioregions in the past. Using a recently compiled data set of pre-industrial species composition of planktonic foraminifera in 3802 worldwide seafloor sediments, we employed multivariate and statistical model-based approaches to study spatial turnover in order to 1) quantify planktonic foraminifera bioregions and 2) understand the environmental drivers of species turnover. Four latitudinally banded bioregions emerge from the global assemblage data. The polar and temperate bioregions are bi-hemispheric, supporting the idea that planktonic foraminifera species are not limited by dispersal. The equatorial bioregion shows complex longitudinal patterns and overlaps in sea surface temperature (SST) range with the tropical bioregion. Compositional-turnover models (Bayesian bootstrap generalised dissimilarity models) identify SST as the strongest driver of species turnover. The turnover rate is constant across most of the SST gradient, showing no SST threshold values with rapid shifts in species composition, but decelerates above 25°C, suggesting SST is less predictive of species composition in warmer waters. Other environmental predictors affect species turnover non-linearly, and their importance differs across regions. In the Pacific ocean, net primary productivity below 500 mgC m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> drives fast compositional change. Water depth values below 3000 m (which affect calcareous microfossil preservation) increasingly drive changes in species composition among death assemblages in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Together, our results suggest that the dynamics of planktonic foraminifera bioregions are expected to be highly responsive to climate change; however, at lower latitudes, environmental drivers other than SST may affect these dynamics.</p>
FIG. 3. — A-N in Two poorly known species of Foraminifera: Polystomella minuta Reuss, 1865 from the Oligocene of Germany (Bavaria) and P. falunica Allix, 1913 from the Miocene of western France (Touraine). Designation of a neotype for P. falunica
FIG. 3. — A-N, Elphidiella falunica (Allix, 1913); A, B, Saucats; C, D, Sallespisse; E, F, Saint-Selve; G, H, Étang des Charmes; I-L, Carry-le-Rouet, lateral and oral views; M, sutural canal; N, section; O, P, Elphidiella hannai (Cushman & Grant, 1927), lateral and oral views. Scale bars: A-L, N-P, 200 mm; M, 50 mm.
FIG. 2. — A in Two poorly known species of Foraminifera: Polystomella minuta Reuss, 1865 from the Oligocene of Germany (Bavaria) and P. falunica Allix, 1913 from the Miocene of western France (Touraine). Designation of a neotype for P. falunica
FIG. 2. — A, Polystomella falunica Allix, 1913; B-P, Elphidiella falunica (Allix, 1913), Thenay (les Gandes); B, C, lateral and oral views; D, sutural pores; F-H, Thenay (le Piziou); A, B, lateral and oral views; C, enlargement of the oral part; I, J, Thenay (la Rangère), lateral and oral views; K, L, Chemillé, lateral and oral views; M, N, Mirebeau, lateral and oral views; O, P, Noyant, lateral and oral views. Scale bars: A-C, I-P, 200 mm; F, G, 100 mm; H, 50 mm; D, 20 mm; E, 5 mm.
FIG. 1 in Two poorly known species of Foraminifera: Polystomella minuta Reuss, 1865 from the Oligocene of Germany (Bavaria) and P. falunica Allix, 1913 from the Miocene of western France (Touraine). Designation of a neotype for P. falunica
FIG. 1. — Geographical areas: A, Touraine: Pontlevoy, le Piziou, le Mincé, les Gandes, la Rangère, Château Gabillon, Savigné-sur-Lathan – Anjou (Chemillé) – Poitou: Mirebeau; B, Aquitaine: Saucats, Saint-Selve, Étang des Charmes at southern Saint-Selve, Saubrigues, Sallepisse, Baudignan, Lafaurie; C, Provence: Carry-le-Rouet; D, France, general map with the localization of the geographical zones A-C.
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