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Figure 20 in Free-living marine nematodes in Andhra Pradesh Coast, India
Figure 20 Paracanthonchus heterodontus.
Figure 19 in Free-living marine nematodes in Andhra Pradesh Coast, India
Figure 19. Epsilonema pustulatum.
Figure 18 in Free-living marine nematodes in Andhra Pradesh Coast, India
Figure 18. Spirinia laevis (Anterior).
Figure 1 in Free-living marine nematodes in Andhra Pradesh Coast, India
Figure 1. Map showing sampling stations across the Andhra coastal waters.
Figure 1. Linhomoeus hirsutus Bastian, 1865 a in New distributional records of free-living marine Nematodes from Indian waters IV. Linhomids and Axanolaimids
Figure 1. Linhomoeus hirsutus Bastian, 1865 a) entire male, b) male head, c) male tail.
Data from: Split between two worlds: automated sensing reveals links between above- and belowground social networks in a free-living mammal
Many animals socialize in two or more major ecological contexts. In nature, these contexts often involve one situation in which space is more constrained (e.g. shared refuges, sleeping cliffs, nests, dens or burrows) and another situation in which animal movements are relatively free (e.g. in open spaces lacking architectural constraints). Although it is widely recognized that an individual's characteristics may shape its social life, the extent to which architecture constrains social decisions within and between habitats remains poorly understood. Here we developed a novel, automated-monitoring system to study the effects of personality, life-history stage and sex on the social network structure of a facultatively social mammal, the California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) in two distinct contexts: aboveground where space is relatively open and belowground where it is relatively constrained by burrow architecture. Aboveground networks reflected affiliative social interactions whereas belowground networks reflected burrow associations. Network structure in one context (belowground), along with preferential juvenile–adult associations, predicted structure in a second context (aboveground). Network positions of individuals were generally consistent across years (within contexts) and between ecological contexts (within years), suggesting that individual personalities and behavioural syndromes, respectively, contribute to the social network structure of these free-living mammals. Direct ties (strength) tended to be stronger in belowground networks whereas more indirect paths (betweenness centrality) flowed through individuals in aboveground networks. Belowground, females fostered significantly more indirect paths than did males. Our findings have important potential implications for disease and information transmission, offering new insights into the multiple factors contributing to social structures across ecological contexts.
Longitudinal evidence for immunosenescence and inflammaging in free-living great tits
<p>The first-line effector mechanisms of immune defence, including inflammation and oxidative burst, contribute significantly to host-pathogen resistance. Whether these immune responses undergo age-related changes in birds remains unknown. Here, we tracked selected inflammatory parameters in 54 free-living great tits (<i>Parus major</i>) of known age, captured repeatedly over three consecutive years, with the aims to investigate long-term repeatability and age-dependent changes in cellular oxidative burst responsiveness upon <i>in vitro</i> stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and to identify its relationships with leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels and haematological traits. In addition, we linked these immunological traits to selected physiological markers (antioxidants and oxidative stress markers). LTB4 levels increased with age and we have shown a similar non-significant tendency also for absolute granulocyte counts, indicating propagating chronic inflammation over the bird's lifetime, consistent with the <i>Inflammaging hypothesis</i>. In contrast, cellular oxidative burst followed a quadratic trend of dependency on age with a peak in midlife individuals, in line with the <i>Immunosenescence hypothesis</i>. Interestingly, LTB4 levels were positively associated with general oxidative damage, but negatively with antioxidant glutathione peroxidase activity, indicating links to redox balance. This longitudinal study demonstrates the contrasting patterns of age-related changes in background and acute markers of pro-inflammatory immunity contributing to immunosenescence in birds and thus provides basis for interpretation of the tested inflammatory markers in cross-cohort datasets.</p>
Body mass and triglycerides predict departure of free-living nomadic pine siskins
<p>1. Facultative migrations are observed across vertebrate taxa, include irruptive and nomadic movements, and occur in response to ephemeral and unpredictably variable resources. While the physiology underlying seasonal, obligate migrations is thoroughly studied, much less is known about the physiological mechanisms of facultative movements. We test two hypotheses in a free-living, nomadic bird, the pine siskin (Spinus pinus).</p> <p>2. The Prepare Hypothesis predicts that, like obligate migrants, siskins increase fuel stores to prepare for migratory movements and elevations of baseline corticosterone (CORT) support departure. The Escape Hypothesis predicts that siskins do not prepare for departure, body condition declines as food availability declines, and stress-related levels of CORT induce escape from resource-poor areas.</p> <p>3. Under the controlled lab conditions of previous studies, food restriction induces declines in body condition and increases in CORT and locomotor activity, supporting the Escape Hypothesis. This study evaluates the ecological relevance of these captive findings by testing the Prepare and Escape Hypotheses in the field for the first time.</p> <p>4. During two fall field seasons, we radio-tagged siskins and tracked their local movements using handheld and automated telemetry. We assess how body condition and CORT relate to feeding behavior (estimated via plasma triglycerides (TRIG)), space use, and departure.</p> <p>5. We do not find support for either the Prepare or Escape Hypothesis, but rather observe an intermediate pattern. Birds with higher TRIG, and therefore greater food intake, are more likely to depart. Birds in poor condition stay longer near the field site; however, above a threshold body mass, body condition does not predict departure.</p> <p>6. These findings suggest moderate energy stores are necessary for departure but movement decisions depend on other factors among birds with sufficient fuel. Siskin movements are physiologically distinct from both obligate and fugitive movements, and we discuss how food availability and body condition interact to drive different types of movement.</p>
Data from: Immune challenge reduces daily activity period in free-living birds for three weeks
<p>Non-lethal infections are common in free-living animals and the associated sickness behaviours can impact crucial life-history trade-offs. However, little is known about the duration and extent of such sickness behaviours in free-living animals, and consequently how this affects life-history decisions. Here, free-living Eurasian blackbirds <em>Turdus merula</em> were immune-challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic a bacterial infection, and their behaviour was monitored for up to 48 days using accelerometers. As expected, immune-challenged birds were less active than controls within the first 24 hours. Unexpectedly, this reduced activity remained detectable for 20 days, before both groups returned to similar activity levels. Furthermore, activity was positively correlated with a pre-experimental index of complement activity, but only in immune-challenged birds, suggesting that sickness behaviors are modulated by constitutive immune function. Differences in daily activity levels stemmed from immune-challenged birds resting earlier at dusk than control birds, while activity levels between groups were similar during core daytime hours. Overall, activity was reduced by 19% in immune-challenged birds and they were on average almost 1 hour less active per day for 20 days. This unexpected longevity in sickness behaviour may have severe implications during energy-intense annual-cycle stages (e.g., breeding, migration, winter). Thus, our data help to understand the consequences of non-lethal infections on free-living animals.</p>
Fig. 4 in Latitudinal Diversity Gradients in Free-living Microorganisms - Hoogenraadia a Key Genus in Testate Amoebae Biogeography
Fig. 4. Map showing biogeographically distribution of each species in genus Hoogenraadia.
Effects of Substituting Sitting With Standing and Light Intensity Activity in Free-living Conditions on Glycaemia in Overweight and Obese South Asian Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04645875. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
PortionSize Study 2 Free-Living Evaluation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05166226. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Immune challenge reduces daily activity period in free-living birds for three weeks
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Data from: Heritable variation in circulating glucocorticoids and endocrine flexibility in a free-living songbird
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Impacts of predation risk on learning and memory of free-living mice
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Body mass and triglycerides predict departure of free-living nomadic pine siskins
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Data from: Early-life exposure to artificial light at night elevates physiological stress in free-living songbirds
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Discovery of the closest free-living relative of the domesticated “magic mushroom” <em>Psilocybe cubensis</em> in Africa
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Data from: Extreme mitochondrial reduction in a novel group of free-living metamonads
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Data from: Split between two worlds: automated sensing reveals links between above- and belowground social networks in a free-living mammal
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.