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1,737 results for “host data”
Data and Code for: Resistance is futile: Weaker selection for resistance by abundant parasites increases prevalence and depresses host density
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Data from: Disease from leaves to landscapes: Viral hotspots are determined by spatial arrangement and phytochemistry of host plants in specialist caterpillars
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Data from: Extreme heat reduces host and parasite performance in a butterfly-parasite interaction
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Data from: Host disease tolerance predicts transmission probability for a songbird pathogen
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Data from: Parasite-mediated changes in host traits alter food web dynamics
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Data from: Order among chaos: high throughput MYCroplanters can distinguish interacting drivers of host infection in a highly stochastic system
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Data from: Temporal distribution of endophytic and exophytic insect guilds responds to host plant phenology in the Brazilian Savannah
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Data from Globally Consistent Drivers of Plant Microbiome Diversity Across Hosts and Continents
We experimentally manipulated two potential mediators of plant microbiome diversity (soil nutrient supply and herbivore density) at 23 grassland sites spanning global-scale gradients in soil nutrients, climate, and plant biomass. This work used sites that are part of the Nutrient Network Experiment (NutNet; www.nutnet.org), a globally replicated experiment manipulating elemental nutrient supplies and herbivore density in grasslands worldwide. Using amplicon sequencing, we measured relative abundances of fungal (ITS1) and prokaryotic (16S) diversity in the leaves of the most widespread grass at each of 23 grassland sites (focal hosts included 18 grass species from 15 genera).
Open anonymous repo hosting code and data for our submission in ASE 2020
<p>This repository presents sample publicly available anonymous source code and data for our submission in ASE 2020 conference.</p> <p>ProgressDroid source code is provided.</p> <p>Data for 10 top apps with the highest number of installs from our dataset are presented.</p> <p>For each app, we provide the following information:</p> <p>- The original APK file for the examined app.</p> <p>- The instrumented APK file using the extended Instrumenter module</p> <p>- Complete trace from running the extended AndroidSlicer tool on each app</p> <p>- Complete list of all UI update points in each specific app</p> <p>- List of slicing criteria for dynamic slicing </p> <p>- List of slices from the automated dynamic slicing analysis </p> <p>- List of all progress indicator occurrences for each trace </p> <p>- Complete runtime trace info including all events and states (including screenshots) </p> <p>Upon acceptance, we’ll complete the data sharing for all our dataset.</p>
Data from: Oecanthus nigricornis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) as the first known host of Stylogaster neglecta (Diptera: Conopidae)
<p>The conopid fly Stylogaster neglecta Williston (Diptera: Conopidae) is a parasitoid with no known host. We report this species as the first recorded dipteran parasitoid of Oecanthus nigricornis Walker (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) (black-horned tree crickets). We reared field-collected O. nigricornis juveniles over several months in 2017 and found that larval S. neglecta emerged from them during late July into August. We estimated the incubation period for S. neglecta larvae to be around 30 days based on the length of time it took for them to emerge from the host and pupate (subsequently all hosts died). We documented several cases of multiple parasitism. In 2018, we dissected O. nigricornis sampled from four sites across southern Ontario, Canada and upstate New York, United States of America and found that the percentage of juvenile O. nigricornis parasitised ranged 2–39%. Further sampling will be necessary to determine whether this variation represents consistent population differences or between-year variation in parasitism.</p>
Cloud-hosted DBMS Performance, Scalability and Availability Evaluation Data
<p>These data sets contain evaluation data for the evaluation objectives performance, scalability and availability of different cloud-hosted, distributed DBMS. </p> <p>The data sets contain the raw performance metrics, monitoring data and evaluation metadata. For the higher-level evaluation objectives scalability and availability, supportive plots are provided.</p> <p><br> The performance and scalability evaluations have been carried out with the <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3297663.3310303">Mowgli framework</a> and the availability evaluation have been carried out with the <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3341105.3373968">King Louie framework</a>.</p>
Data from: Phenological synchrony shapes pathology in host–parasite systems
<p>A key challenge surrounding ongoing climate shifts is to identify how they alter species interactions, including those between hosts and parasites. Because transmission often occurs during critical time windows, shifts in the phenology of either taxa can alter the likelihood of interaction or the resulting pathology. We quantified how phenological synchrony between vulnerable stages of an amphibian host (<i>Pseudacris regilla</i>) and infection by a pathogenic trematode (<i>Ribeiroia ondatrae</i>), determined infection prevalence, parasite load, and host pathology. By tracking hosts and parasite infection throughout development between low- and high-elevation regions (San Francisco Bay Area and the Southern Cascades [Mt. Lassen]), we found that when phenological synchrony was high (Bay Area), each established parasite incurred a 33% higher probability of causing severe limb malformations relative to areas with less synchrony (Mt. Lassen). As a result, hosts in the Bay Area had up to a 50% higher risk of pathology even while controlling for mean infection load. Our results indicate that host-parasite interactions and the resulting pathology were the joint product of infection load and phenological synchrony, highlighting the sensitivity of disease outcomes to forecasted shifts in climate.</p>
Data from: Tradeoffs with growth limit host range in complex life cycle helminths
Parasitic worms with complex life cycles have several developmental stages, with each stage creating opportunities to infect additional host species. Using a dataset for 973 species of trophically transmitted acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes, we confirmed that worms with longer life cycles (i.e. more successive hosts) infect a greater diversity of host species and taxa (after controlling for study effort). Generalism at the stage level was highest for 'middle' life stages, the second and third intermediate hosts of long life cycles. By simulating life cycles in real food webs, we found that middle stages had more potential host species to infect, suggesting that opportunity constrains generalism. However, parasites usually infected fewer host species than expected from simulated cycles, suggesting generalism also has costs. There was no tradeoff in generalism from one stage to the next, but worms spent less time growing and developing in stages where they infected more taxonomically diverse hosts. Our results demonstrate that life cycle complexity favors high generalism, and host use across life stages is determined by both ecological opportunity and life history tradeoffs.
Data from: Comparing the indirect effects between exploiters in predator-prey and host-pathogen systems
DataS1 <p>These files are Maple and Matlab scripts for analyzing the predator-prey and host-pathogen models in "Comparing the indirect effects between exploiters in predator-prey and host-pathogen systems" and generating the figures in that study. </p>
Data from: Spatial scale, neighbouring plants and variation in plant volatiles interactively determine the strength of host-parasitoid relationships
Species-specific responses to the environment can moderate the strength of interactions between plants, herbivores and parasitoids. However, the ways in which characteristics of plants, such as genotypic variation in herbivore induced volatiles (HIPVs) that attract parasitoids, affect trophic interactions in different contexts of plant patch size and plant neighbourhood is not well understood. We conducted a factorial field experiment with white cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) accessions that differ in the attractiveness of their HIPVs for parasitoids, in the context of different patch sizes and presence or absence of surrounding <i>Brassica nigra</i> plants. Parasitism rates of experimentally introduced <i>Pieris brassicae</i> caterpillars and the presence of naturally occurring <i>Pieris</i> spp. caterpillars in the plots were assessed throughout the growing season. The abundance of <i>Pieris</i> caterpillars was neither affected by cabbage accession nor plot size. Later in the season, when <i>B. nigra</i> plants had senesced, fewer caterpillars were found on cabbage plants in plots with a <i>B. nigra</i> border. Parasitism rates fluctuated over the season, and were not affected by plot size. However, the <i>B. nigra</i> border negatively affected parasitism rates on the accession that is less attractive to the parasitoid <i>Cotesia glomerata</i>, but not on the more attractive accession. Our results show that plant variation in HIPVs can differentially influence herbivores and parasitoids depending on characteristics of the surrounding vegetation context. These findings underscore the importance of considering the interaction between focal plant traits and neighbourhood context to reliably predict trophic cascades.
Data from: Multimodal mimicry of hosts in a radiation of parasitic finches
<p>Brood parasites use the parental care of others to raise their young and sometimes employ mimicry to dupe their hosts. The brood-parasitic finches of the genus <i>Vidua</i> are a textbook example of the role of imprinting in sympatric speciation. Sympatric speciation is thought to occur in <i>Vidua</i> because their mating traits and host preferences are strongly influenced by their early host environment. However, this alone may not be sufficient to isolate parasite lineages, and divergent ecological adaptations may also be required to prevent hybridisation collapsing incipient species. Using pattern recognition software and classification models, we provide quantitative evidence that <i>Vidua</i> exhibit specialist mimicry of their grassfinch hosts, matching the patterns, colours and sounds of their respective host's nestlings. We also provide qualitative evidence of mimicry in postural components of <i>Vidua</i> begging. Quantitative comparisons reveal small discrepancies between parasite and host phenotypes, with parasites sometimes exaggerating their host's traits. Our results support the hypothesis that behavioural imprinting on hosts has not only enabled the origin of new <i>Vidua</i> species, but also set the stage for the evolution of host-specific, ecological adaptations.</p>
Data from: Introduced bees (Osmia cornifrons) collect pollen from both coevolved and novel host-plant species within their family-level phylogenetic preferences
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Studying the pollen preferences of introduced bees allows us to investigate how species utilize host-plants when establishing in new environments. <i>Osmia cornifrons</i> is a solitary bee introduced into North America from East-Asia for pollination of crops in the Rosaceae. We investigated whether <i>O. cornifrons</i> 1) more frequently collected pollen from host-plant species they coevolved with from their geographic origin, or 2) prefer hosts-plant species of specific plant taxa independent of origin. To address this question, using pollen metabarcoding we examined the identity and relative abundance of pollen in larval provisions from nests located in different habitats with varying abundance of East-Asian and non-Asian plant species. Our results show that <i>O. cornifrons</i> disproportionately, yet not exclusively, collected pollen from their native range. Plants in the family Rosaceae were their most preferred pollen hosts, where they differentially collected species native to East-Asia, Europe, or North America depending on the landscape. Our results suggest that while <i>O. cornifrons</i> more frequently collect pollen of East-Asian origin, the collection of pollen from novel species within their phylogenetic familial affinities can facilitate pollinator establishment. This phylogenetic preference highlights the effectiveness of <i>O. cornifrons</i> as crop pollinators of a variety of Rosaceae crops from different geographic origins. Ourresults imply that globalization of non-native plant species may ease the naturalization of their coevolved pollinators outside of their native range. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: The evolution of parasite host range in heterogeneous host populations
<p>Theory on the evolution of niche width argues that resource heterogeneity selects for niche breadth. For parasites, this theory predicts that parasite populations will evolve, or maintain, broader host ranges when selected in genetically diverse host populations relative to homogeneous host populations. To test this prediction, we selected the bacterial parasite Serratia marcescens to kill Caenorhabditis elegans in populations that were genetically heterogeneous (50% mix of two experimental genotypes) or homogeneous (100% of either genotype). After 20 rounds of selection, we compared the host range of selected parasites by measuring parasite fitness (i.e. virulence, the selected fitness trait) on the two focal host genotypes and on a novel host genotype. As predicted, heterogeneous host populations selected for parasites with a broader host range: these parasite populations gained or maintained virulence on all host genotypes. This result contrasted with selection in homogeneous populations of one host genotype. Here, host range contracted, with parasite populations gaining virulence on the focal host genotype and losing virulence on the novel host genotype. This pattern was not, however, repeated with selection in homogeneous populations of the second host genotype: these parasite populations did not gain virulence on the focal host genotype, nor did they lose virulence on the novel host genotype. Our results indicate that host heterogeneity can maintain broader host ranges in parasite populations. Individual host genotypes, however, vary in the degree to which they select for specialization in parasite populations.</p>
Data from: Ecology of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) as a host for Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) infection in Ethiopia
<p>The global programme for the eradication of Guinea worm disease, caused by the parasitic nematode <i>Dracunculus medinensis</i>, has been successful in driving down human cases, but infections in non-human animals, particularly domestic dogs (<i>Canis familiaris</i>), now present a major obstacle to further progress. Dog infections have mainly been found in Chad and, to a lesser extent in Mali and Ethiopia. While humans classically acquire infection by drinking water containing infected copepods, it has been hypothesised that dogs might additionally or alternatively acquire infection via a novel pathway, such as consumption of fish or frogs as possible transport or paratenic hosts. We characterised the ecology of free-ranging dogs living in three villages in Gog woreda, Gambella region, Ethiopia in April–May 2018. We analysed their exposure to potential sources of Guinea worm infection, and investigated risk factors associated with infection histories. The home ranges of 125 dogs and their activity around water sources were described using GPS tracking, and the diets of 119 dogs were described using stable isotope analysis. Unlike in Chad, where Guinea worm infection is most frequent, we found no ecological or behavioural correlates of infection history in dogs in Ethiopia. Unlike in Chad, there was no effect of variation among dogs in their consumption of aquatic vertebrates (fish or frogs) on their infection history, and we found no evidence to support hypotheses for this novel transmission pathway in Ethiopia. Dog owners had apparently increased the frequency of clean water provision to dogs in response to previous infections. Variations in dog ranging behaviour, owner behaviour and the characteristics of natural water bodies all influenced the exposure of dogs to potential sources of infection. This initial study suggests that the classical transmission pathway should be a focus of attention for Guinea worm control in non-human animals in Ethiopia.</p>
Data from: Lousy grouse: comparing evolutionary patterns in Alaska galliform lice to understand host evolution and host-parasite interactions
Understanding both sides of host-parasite relationships can provide more complete insights into host and parasite biology in natural systems. For example, phylogenetic and population genetic comparisons between a group of hosts and their closely associated parasites can reveal patterns of host dispersal, interspecies interactions, and population structure that might not be evident from host data alone. These comparisons are also useful for understanding factors that drive host-parasite coevolutionary patterns (e.g., codivergence or host switching) over different periods of time. However, few studies have compared the evolutionary histories between multiple groups of parasites from the same groups of hosts at a regional geographic scale. Here, we used genomic data to compare phylogenomic and population genomic patterns of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse species (Aves: Tetraoninae) and two genera of their associated feather lice: Lagopoecus and Goniodes. We used whole-genome sequencing to obtain hundreds of genes and thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the lice and double digest restriction associated DNA sequences to obtain SNPs from Alaska populations of two species of ptarmigan. We found that both genera of lice have some codivergence with their galliform hosts, but these relationships are primarily characterized by host switching and phylogenetic incongruence. Population structure was also uncorrelated between the hosts and lice. These patterns suggest that grouse, and ptarmigan in particular, share habitats and have likely had historical and ongoing dispersal within Alaska. However, the two genera of lice also have sufficient dissimilarities in the relationships with their hosts to suggest there are other factors, such as differences in louse dispersal ability, that shape the evolutionary patterns with their hosts.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.