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FIGURE 3 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 3. Fossils referred to Limnonectes namiyei (1–4) and Babina holsti (5–11). 1–3, left female humerus lacking the proximal and distal parts and the crista ventralis (YMHF-MA 001) in ventral (1), medial (2) and dorsal (3) views; 4, left ilium lacking the anterior part (RUMF-GF-04000) in lateral view; 5–7, right female humerus (one of six registered as RUMF-GF-04003) in ventral (5), medial (6) and dorsal (7) views; 8–10, right male humerus lacking the proximal part (one of two registered as RUMF-GF-04004) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; and 11, right ilium lacking the anterior part (one of nine registered as RUMF-GF-04005) in lateral view. Abbreviations: acet, acetabulum; acet.m, acetabular margin; cr.dors, crista dorsalis; cr.lat, crista lateralis; cr.med, crista medialis; cr.par, crista paraventralis; cr.ven, crista ventralis; e.cap, eminentia capitata; ep.rad, epicondylus radialis; ep.ul, epicondylus ulnaris; fo.div, fossula dividens; il.sh, ilial shaft; ol.sc, olecranon scar; p.asc, pars ascendens; stm, spina tuberculi medialis; supr.fo, supracetabular fossa; tub.sup, tuber superior. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 1. Maps of the Ryukyu Archipelago (1, 2) and Okinawajima Island (3). The map of Okinawajima shows topography, distribution of the Pleistocene limestone, and study sites. Geological data were obtained from Kizaki (1985).

FIGURE 4 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 4. Fossils referred to Odorrana ishikawae (1–7) and Odorrana narina (8–14), 1–3, right female humerus (one of 10 registered as RUMF-GF-04009) in ventral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) views; 4–6, right male humerus (one of three registered as RUMF-GF-04010) in ventral (4), medial (5), and dorsal (6) views; 7, right ilium lacking the anterior part with part of the ischium (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04011) in lateral view; 8–10, right female humerus (one of eight registered as RUMF-GF-04014) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; 11–13, right male humerus lacking the proximal part of the shaft and the distal part of the epicondylus ulnaris (RUMF-GF-04015) in ventral (11), medial (12), and dorsal (13) views; and 14, pelvic girdle (fused right and left ilia [lacking anterior parts] with the ischium and the pubis: RUMF-GF-04016) in right lateral view. Abbreviations are the same as Figure 3. Arrows indicate the proximal ends of the crista paraventralis. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 5. Fossils referred to Rana ulma (1–7) and Microhyla okinavensis (8). 1–3, right female humerus (one of 176 registered as RUMF-GF-04019) in ventral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) views; 4–6, right male humerus (one of 87 registered as RUMF-GF-04020) in ventral (4), medial (5), and dorsal (6) views; 7, right ilium (one of 93 registered as RUMF-GF-04021) in lateral view; and 8, right ilium (one of two registered as RUMF-GF-04023) in lateral view. Abbreviations are the same as Figure 3. Arrows indicate the proximal ends of the crista paraventralis. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

Figure 19 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 19. Mainland Rufous-backed Robin Turdus rufopalliatus far from the Tres Marías, with an anomalous grey breast-band resembling T. r. graysoni and note the prominent throat streaks and warm-coloured back, wing-coverts and flanks, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, June 2017 (Juan Manuel Ramos Merino)

Figure 20. Presumed Rufousbacked Robin Turdus rufopalliatus graysoni with mainly narrow throat streaks, a in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 20. Presumed Rufousbacked Robin Turdus rufopalliatus graysoni with mainly narrow throat streaks, a strong salmon wash on the breast, and wing-coverts and back colours close to those of non-graysoni T. rufopalliatus, Isla María Cleofas, November 2015 (Javier Cruz Nieto)

Figure 15 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 15. Back patern, size and intensity of orange in Streak-backed Oriole Icterus pustulatus specimens from Nayarit, from left to right: two typical microstictus / yaegeri, two presumed hybrids (with Phillips' specimen at right) and a typical graysoni; note the similar overall size of graysoni and Phillips' specimen, which is, however, more orange overall (especially the head), while the other presumed hybrid (which appears almost as long due to specimen preparation) has back streaks intermediate between graysoni and typical mainland Nayarit orioles (Héctor Gómez de Silva)

Figure 11 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 11. Pair of Mexican Parrotlets Forpus cyanopygius insularis copulating, Isla María Cleofas, May 2016; note the male's pale malachite-green underparts, neck-sides and postocular region contrasting with the yellower green cheeks, throat, forehead and forecrown, and that the male's undertail-coverts are not concolorous with the breast and belly (contra Grant 1965a) (Javier Cruz Nieto)

Figure 12 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 12. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México specimens of Mexican Parrotlet Forpus cyanopygius from Nayarit; the two specimens on the right are adult male insularis, their malachitegreen breast and belly contrasts strongly with the throat, unlike in cyanopygius specimens (Héctor Gómez de Silva)

Figure 8 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 8. Presumed hybrid Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus lawrencei × magicus specimen, Isla María Cleofas, April 2016 (Héctor Gómez de Silva)

Figure 7 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 7. Presumed hybrid Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus lawrencei × magicus specimen in the Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México collection; note magicus-like blue throat and lawrencei-like white-edged grey undertail-coverts (Héctor Gómez de Silva)

Figure 5 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 5. Two specimens of male Broad-billed Hummingbirds Cynanthus latirostris with similarly grey anterior undertailcoverts and white or whitish posterior undertail-coverts; above C. l. magicus, below, C. l. lawrencei (Héctor Gómez de Silva)

Fig. 4 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Fig. 4. Typical undertail-coverts colour of male Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris magicus (two specimens at left) and C. l. lawrencei (two specimens at right), from specimens in the Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México collection (Héctor Gómez de Silva)

Figure 14 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 14. Cinnamon underwing-coverts of Happy Wren Pheugopedius felix pallidus (above) compared to the contrasting white underwing-coverts of the warmest-breasted P. f. lawrencii specimen in the Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México collection (right) (Héctor Gómez de Silva)

Figure 1 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Tres Marías Islands with respect to the adjacent mainland (modified from Wilson 1991). The arrows show the two closest routes between the islands and the mainland. The approximate locations of the cities Mazatlán and Puerto Vallarta are indicated. Numbers indicate mainland localities mentioned in the text where Tres Marías taxa or hybrids have been recorded: 1. 'Labrados' (based on Fig. 1 in McLellan 1927), 2. 'Novilleros, west of Acaponeta' = Playa Novillero, 3. Santiago Ixcuintla, 4. Sauta, 5. San Blas and 1 3/4 km north of Singaíta, 6. Chacala, 7. Las Varas, 8. La Peñita de Jaltemba, 9. El Oro, and 10. Todos Santos.

Figure 10 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 10. Comparison of the nape and presence / absence of the white hindcollar in male Red-breasted Chat Granatellus venustus: above, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México specimen of G. v. venustus (Héctor Gómez de Silva); below, G. v. francescae, Isla María Cleofas, May 2016 (Mónica G. Pérez Villafaña)

Figure 3 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 3. Throat colours of Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris specimens in the Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México collection, on left: two C. l. magicus, right: two C. l. lawrencei; the apparently larger size and bills of the lawrencei specimens are an artefact of the photograph (Héctor Gómez de Silva)

Figure 9 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 9. Two specimens of Cinnamon Hummingbird Amazilia rutila graysoni (below) compared with two specimens of A. r. rutila (above); note the considerable difference in size. The second specimen from the top is the darkest-throated A. r. rutila at Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; the right side of its throat is paler than the left, and thus more like the typical colour of the subspecies (Héctor Gómez de Silva)

Figure 13 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 13. Left: typical underparts colour and cheek patern in Happy Wren Pheugopedius felix pallidus, Laguna El Chumbeño, Francisco Villa, Nayarit, Mexico, May 2016 (Amy McAndrews); right: P. f. lawrencii, Isla María Cleofas, April 2016 (Mónica G. Pérez Villafaña)

Figure 18 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?

Figure 18. Typical Rufous-backed Robin Turdus rufopalliatus graysoni with broad grey breast-band concolorous with head and nape, pale salmon flanks, brown back and wing-coverts with very litle back / nape contrast, and rather narrow throat streaks, Isla María Cleofas, May 2016 (Héctor Gómez de Silva)