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Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen surface showing fine striate ornamentation; c–e) Pollen grains showing broad distal colpus with distinct granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; note the very different sizes of pollen grains in the same pollen clump. Specimen, TV44-S174620. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen surface showing fine striate ornamentation; c–e) Pollen grains showing broad distal colpus with distinct granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; note the very different sizes of pollen grains in the same pollen clump. Specimen, TV44-S174620. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (b).
Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dejaxia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump (possible single pollen sac) that yielded the pollen in this Textfigure; b, c) Group of almost spherical pollen grains showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum and abundant orbicules; d–g) Pollen grains showing the short colpi with a granular aperture membrane (d, f) and the irregularly undulating psilate tectum with scattered small perforations; note abundant orbicules (g); h) Pollen grain in proximal view showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum resulting from the depressions around the perforations in the pollen wall. Specimen, TV44-S137909 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dejaxia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump (possible single pollen sac) that yielded the pollen in this Textfigure; b, c) Group of almost spherical pollen grains showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum and abundant orbicules; d–g) Pollen grains showing the short colpi with a granular aperture membrane (d, f) and the irregularly undulating psilate tectum with scattered small perforations; note abundant orbicules (g); h) Pollen grain in proximal view showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum resulting from the depressions around the perforations in the pollen wall. Specimen, TV44-S137909 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d–h).
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal
Text-fig. 27. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen grains of Goczania rugosa gen. et sp. nov. in situ in dithecate, tetrasporangiate stamens; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Stamens in apical view (holotype a) showing the paired pollen sacs; c) Pollen grain from stamen fragment in (b) showing short aperture and rugulate-microechinate surface; d–f) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in (a) showing a folded distal aperture and rugulate-microechinate surface; note the orbicules of different sizes. Specimens, TV44-S136688 (holotype; a, c–f), TV44-S136664 (b). Scale bars 300 Μm (a,b), 6 Μm (c–e), 3 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 27. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen grains of Goczania rugosa gen. et sp. nov. in situ in dithecate, tetrasporangiate stamens; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Stamens in apical view (holotype a) showing the paired pollen sacs; c) Pollen grain from stamen fragment in (b) showing short aperture and rugulate-microechinate surface; d–f) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in (a) showing a folded distal aperture and rugulate-microechinate surface; note the orbicules of different sizes. Specimens, TV44-S136688 (holotype; a, c–f), TV44-S136664 (b). Scale bars 300 Μm (a,b), 6 Μm (c–e), 3 Μm (f).
Text-fig. 25. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Appomattoxia minuta sp. nov. fruits and associated monocolpate pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of fruits (a, holotype) covered with hooked hairs showing the apical stigmatic area; d–g) Pollen grains from the fruits in (a) and (b) showing short monocolpate aperture, granular aperture membrane and microechinate tectum. Specimens, TV44-S136786 (holotype; a, d, e), TV44-S136787 (b, f, g), TV43-S105022 (c). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 30 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 25. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Appomattoxia minuta sp. nov. fruits and associated monocolpate pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of fruits (a, holotype) covered with hooked hairs showing the apical stigmatic area; d–g) Pollen grains from the fruits in (a) and (b) showing short monocolpate aperture, granular aperture membrane and microechinate tectum. Specimens, TV44-S136786 (holotype; a, d, e), TV44-S136787 (b, f, g), TV43-S105022 (c). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 30 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g).
Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania punctata sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; anther fragment (a) with group of pollen grains showing the distal face (b, c) with clearly delimited colpus, the almost psilate tectum with occasional small perforations, and poorly differentiated microechinae on the proximal face (b). Specimen, TV44-S148024 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania punctata sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; anther fragment (a) with group of pollen grains showing the distal face (b, c) with clearly delimited colpus, the almost psilate tectum with occasional small perforations, and poorly differentiated microechinae on the proximal face (b). Specimen, TV44-S148024 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c).
Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fragmentary stamens (a, b) with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 1 (c–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamens; c–e) Distal view of pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture and the irregular verrucate aperture membrane; f) Proximal view of pollen grains showing dense reticulum; g) Section through the fractured pollen wall showing foot layer, columellae and muri with faint supratectal ornamentation. Specimens, TV44-S105013 (a, c, d), TV44-S105019 (b, e–g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c–f), 3 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fragmentary stamens (a, b) with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 1 (c–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamens; c–e) Distal view of pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture and the irregular verrucate aperture membrane; f) Proximal view of pollen grains showing dense reticulum; g) Section through the fractured pollen wall showing foot layer, columellae and muri with faint supratectal ornamentation. Specimens, TV44-S105013 (a, c, d), TV44-S105019 (b, e–g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c–f), 3 Μm (g).
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images (a, c, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images (b, e) of fruits and seeds of Serialis antiqua (a, b) and Serialis parva (c–e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Serialis antiqua lateral view of fruit showing smooth partly abraded fruit wall (a) and longitudinal section (b, SRXTM orthoslice yz0862) showing six closely adhering seeds, some of which are mature with well-preserved nutritive tissue; c–e) Serialis parva lateral view of fruit showing faint ribs (c), finely pitted seed surface with undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (d), and transverse section showing two closely adhering seeds (SRXTM orthoslice xy0913, e). Specimens, TV43-S174480 (a, b), TV43-S170076 (c), TV43-S170079 (d), TV43-S174477 (e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c, e), 50 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images (a, c, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images (b, e) of fruits and seeds of Serialis antiqua (a, b) and Serialis parva (c–e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Serialis antiqua lateral view of fruit showing smooth partly abraded fruit wall (a) and longitudinal section (b, SRXTM orthoslice yz0862) showing six closely adhering seeds, some of which are mature with well-preserved nutritive tissue; c–e) Serialis parva lateral view of fruit showing faint ribs (c), finely pitted seed surface with undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (d), and transverse section showing two closely adhering seeds (SRXTM orthoslice xy0913, e). Specimens, TV43-S174480 (a, b), TV43-S170076 (c), TV43-S170079 (d), TV43-S174477 (e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c, e), 50 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 20. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Hedyflora (a–d), stamen with in situ Asteropollis sp. pollen (e–g), and Hedyosmum-like staminate inflorescence (h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hedyflora sp. 1, lateral and apical views of fruits showing the triangular cross-section, remains of three tepals, apical style and the three lateral "windows" in the hypanthium; c, d) Hedyflora sp. 2, lateral views of fruits showing three well-preserved tepals, apical style and the lateral "windows" in the hypanthium; note the papillae on the lateral wall and around the base of the style; e, f, g) Stamen (f) with in situ pollen of Asteropollis sp. showing the poorly defined star-shaped apertural area (e) and reticulate tectum, with the muri ornamented by small verrucae (g); h) Hedyosmum-like staminate inflorescence with five whorls of tetrasporangiate stamens. Specimens, TV43-S101749 (a, b), TV43-S101307 (c, d), TV44-S137917 (e–g), TV39-S101220 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f, h), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 20. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Hedyflora (a–d), stamen with in situ Asteropollis sp. pollen (e–g), and Hedyosmum-like staminate inflorescence (h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hedyflora sp. 1, lateral and apical views of fruits showing the triangular cross-section, remains of three tepals, apical style and the three lateral "windows" in the hypanthium; c, d) Hedyflora sp. 2, lateral views of fruits showing three well-preserved tepals, apical style and the lateral "windows" in the hypanthium; note the papillae on the lateral wall and around the base of the style; e, f, g) Stamen (f) with in situ pollen of Asteropollis sp. showing the poorly defined star-shaped apertural area (e) and reticulate tectum, with the muri ornamented by small verrucae (g); h) Hedyosmum-like staminate inflorescence with five whorls of tetrasporangiate stamens. Specimens, TV43-S101749 (a, b), TV43-S101307 (c, d), TV44-S137917 (e–g), TV39-S101220 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f, h), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (g).
Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of inaperturate Araucariacites sp. pollen from two fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary pollen sac; b) Granular inner surface of pollen sac (a); c) Orbicule showing finely striate surface; d) Group of pollen grains from pollen sac in (a) showing granular exine surface and numerous orbicules; note that the scale bar (12 Μm) is two times larger than that used for most other pollen grains illustrated in this paper (6 Μm). Specimens, TV44-S148025 (a, b, d), TV44-S148146 (c). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (d), 3 Μm (b, c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of inaperturate Araucariacites sp. pollen from two fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary pollen sac; b) Granular inner surface of pollen sac (a); c) Orbicule showing finely striate surface; d) Group of pollen grains from pollen sac in (a) showing granular exine surface and numerous orbicules; note that the scale bar (12 Μm) is two times larger than that used for most other pollen grains illustrated in this paper (6 Μm). Specimens, TV44-S148025 (a, b, d), TV44-S148146 (c). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (d), 3 Μm (b, c).
Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of possible Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales affinity; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 1, seed in lateral view (a) showing smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with shallowly sinuous cell outlines (b); c, d) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 2, fragmentary seed in lateral view (c) showing surface of exotesta composed of cells with deeply sinuous cell outlines (d); e, f) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 3, seed in lateral view (e) showing detail of smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines (f). Specimens, TV43-S136741 (a, b), TV43-S148142 (c, d), TV43-S170087 (e, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, c, e), 30 Μm (b, d, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of possible Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales affinity; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 1, seed in lateral view (a) showing smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with shallowly sinuous cell outlines (b); c, d) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 2, fragmentary seed in lateral view (c) showing surface of exotesta composed of cells with deeply sinuous cell outlines (d); e, f) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 3, seed in lateral view (e) showing detail of smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines (f). Specimens, TV43-S136741 (a, b), TV43-S148142 (c, d), TV43-S170087 (e, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, c, e), 30 Μm (b, d, f).
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores (a–c) and attached microspores (c, d) with possible affinities to Salviniales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with a relatively long apical acrolamella; b) Apical view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with slightly twisted apical acrolamella; c, d) Lateral view of Arcellites punctatus megaspore showing coarsely rugulate body and apical acrolamella with attached microspores (d). Specimens, TV39-S174616 (a), TV38-S170224 (b), TV43-S170169 (c, d). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c), 25 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores (a–c) and attached microspores (c, d) with possible affinities to Salviniales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with a relatively long apical acrolamella; b) Apical view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with slightly twisted apical acrolamella; c, d) Lateral view of Arcellites punctatus megaspore showing coarsely rugulate body and apical acrolamella with attached microspores (d). Specimens, TV39-S174616 (a), TV38-S170224 (b), TV43-S170169 (c, d). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c), 25 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Selaginellales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hughesisporites galericulatus, lateral view of megaspore (a) with almost smooth surface and spore wall of thin elements forming a dense reticulum (b); c) Trileites sp., proximal view of megaspore with almost smooth surface and raised trilete mark; d–f) Rugotriletes sp., proximal (e) and lateral (f) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface ornamentation and prominent gula around the trilete mark and compact perforate spore wall (d); g, h) Erlansonisporites sp., distal (g) and lateral (h) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface and fibrous spore wall; i, j) Striatriletes sp. 1, megaspore in oblique proximal view (i) showing raised laesurae and irregular striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (j) showing dense packing of sculptural elements; k, l) Striatriletes sp. 2, megaspore in proximal view (k) showing trilete mark, striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (l) composed of loosely packed fibers; m) Striatriletes sp. 3, megaspore in proximal view showing raised trilete mark and striate-rugulate surface; n, o) Verrutriletes sp., megaspore in oblique proximal view (n) showing short laesurae of the trilete mark, and the dense verrucate surface (o); p) Megaspore sp. 1, oblique proximal view showing in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Selaginellales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hughesisporites galericulatus, lateral view of megaspore (a) with almost smooth surface and spore wall of thin elements forming a dense reticulum (b); c) Trileites sp., proximal view of megaspore with almost smooth surface and raised trilete mark; d–f) Rugotriletes sp., proximal (e) and lateral (f) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface ornamentation and prominent gula around the trilete mark and compact perforate spore wall (d); g, h) Erlansonisporites sp., distal (g) and lateral (h) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface and fibrous spore wall; i, j) Striatriletes sp. 1, megaspore in oblique proximal view (i) showing raised laesurae and irregular striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (j) showing dense packing of sculptural elements; k, l) Striatriletes sp. 2, megaspore in proximal view (k) showing trilete mark, striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (l) composed of loosely packed fibers; m) Striatriletes sp. 3, megaspore in proximal view showing raised trilete mark and striate-rugulate surface; n, o) Verrutriletes sp., megaspore in oblique proximal view (n) showing short laesurae of the trilete mark, and the dense verrucate surface (o); p) Megaspore sp. 1, oblique proximal view showing
Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a charalean oospore (a), and fragments of probable marchantialean liverwort thalli (b–d); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Apical view of oospore showing the pattern of spiral ridges and grooves resulting from the enclosing cells of the oogonium. b–d) Thallus fragments in probable ventral view showing two rows of imbricate scales and occasional branching of the thallus (d). Specimens, TV38-S174607 (a), TV43-S174655 (b), TV43-S174654 (c), TV43-S174661 (d). Scale bars 1 mm (b–d), 100 Μm (a). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a charalean oospore (a), and fragments of probable marchantialean liverwort thalli (b–d); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Apical view of oospore showing the pattern of spiral ridges and grooves resulting from the enclosing cells of the oogonium. b–d) Thallus fragments in probable ventral view showing two rows of imbricate scales and occasional branching of the thallus (d). Specimens, TV38-S174607 (a), TV43-S174655 (b), TV43-S174654 (c), TV43-S174661 (d). Scale bars 1 mm (b–d), 100 Μm (a).
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Isoetales (a–d) and megaspores of uncertain affinity (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Paxillitriletes reticulatus megaspore in lateral view showing long appendages on the flanges of the laesurae and the reticulate-spiny distal surface; b) Dijkstraisporites sp. megaspore in oblique lateral view showing long, sometimes dichotomizing, appendages on the equatorial flanges and bordering the laesurae; c, d) Tenellisporites sp. megaspore in proximal view (c) showing equatorial flanges and laesurae with short, broad, flattened and unbranched appendages; note numerous, spiny microspores adhering to the proximal face of the megaspore (d); e) Megaspore type sp. 2 in lateral view showing apical gula and ornamentation of scattered spines; f, g) Megaspore type sp. 3 in lateral (f) and proximal (g) view showing broad, often dichotomously branched appendages covering the megaspore surface; h, i) aff. Flabellisporites sp. megaspores in proximal (h) and lateral (i) view showing long, narrow appendages covering the megaspore surface. Specimens, TV39-S174619 (a), TV38-S170220 (b), TV38-S170221 (c, d), TV44-S174574 (e), TV44-S174575 (f), TV44-S174577 (g), TV38-S170223 (h), TV38-S170222 (i). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c, e–i), 25 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Isoetales (a–d) and megaspores of uncertain affinity (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Paxillitriletes reticulatus megaspore in lateral view showing long appendages on the flanges of the laesurae and the reticulate-spiny distal surface; b) Dijkstraisporites sp. megaspore in oblique lateral view showing long, sometimes dichotomizing, appendages on the equatorial flanges and bordering the laesurae; c, d) Tenellisporites sp. megaspore in proximal view (c) showing equatorial flanges and laesurae with short, broad, flattened and unbranched appendages; note numerous, spiny microspores adhering to the proximal face of the megaspore (d); e) Megaspore type sp. 2 in lateral view showing apical gula and ornamentation of scattered spines; f, g) Megaspore type sp. 3 in lateral (f) and proximal (g) view showing broad, often dichotomously branched appendages covering the megaspore surface; h, i) aff. Flabellisporites sp. megaspores in proximal (h) and lateral (i) view showing long, narrow appendages covering the megaspore surface. Specimens, TV39-S174619 (a), TV38-S170220 (b), TV38-S170221 (c, d), TV44-S174574 (e), TV44-S174575 (f), TV44-S174577 (g), TV38-S170223 (h), TV38-S170222 (i). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c, e–i), 25 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen of Sergipea sp. from a group of probable fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Cluster of probable fragmentary pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b, c) Pollen grains showing the robust longitudinal ribs separated by prominent areas of granular exine; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads); d) Pollen grain showing the granular exine flanked by two robust ribs; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads). Specimen, TV44-S148012 (a–d). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen of Sergipea sp. from a group of probable fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Cluster of probable fragmentary pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b, c) Pollen grains showing the robust longitudinal ribs separated by prominent areas of granular exine; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads); d) Pollen grain showing the granular exine flanked by two robust ribs; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads). Specimen, TV44-S148012 (a–d). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d).
Text-fig. 19. Scanning electron microscope (SEM; d, e) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM; a–c) images of a seed of Kvacekispermum costatum sp. nov. (a–c) and Kvacekispermum sp. (d, e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Isolated, abraded seeds showing densely spaced longitudinal ridges; c) Detail of abraded seed in (b) showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals; d) Isolated, abraded seed showing longitudinal ridges; e) Abraded seed surface showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals. Specimens, TV44-S174098 (holotype; a), TV38-S174099 (b, c), TV43-S174612 (d, e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d), 50 Μm (c, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 19. Scanning electron microscope (SEM; d, e) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM; a–c) images of a seed of Kvacekispermum costatum sp. nov. (a–c) and Kvacekispermum sp. (d, e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Isolated, abraded seeds showing densely spaced longitudinal ridges; c) Detail of abraded seed in (b) showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals; d) Isolated, abraded seed showing longitudinal ridges; e) Abraded seed surface showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals. Specimens, TV44-S174098 (holotype; a), TV38-S174099 (b, c), TV43-S174612 (d, e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d), 50 Μm (c, e).
Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Appofructus gen. nov. and associated pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., lateral views of fruits (holotype figured in a) showing the ribbed surface, the poorly defined apical stigmatic area and short stalk; c, d) Appofructus sp. lateral view of fruit showing the absence of hooked hairs, the apical stigmatic area, the short stalk and pollen grain from the fruit surface (d); e–g) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., individual monocolpate pollen grains (f, g) from the group of pollen grains on the stigmatic surface (e). Specimens, TV44-S148143 (holotype; a); TV44-S148007 (b), TV38-S174610 (c, d), TV44-S148141 (e, f), TV44-S136687 (g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 60 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Appofructus gen. nov. and associated pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., lateral views of fruits (holotype figured in a) showing the ribbed surface, the poorly defined apical stigmatic area and short stalk; c, d) Appofructus sp. lateral view of fruit showing the absence of hooked hairs, the apical stigmatic area, the short stalk and pollen grain from the fruit surface (d); e–g) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., individual monocolpate pollen grains (f, g) from the group of pollen grains on the stigmatic surface (e). Specimens, TV44-S148143 (holotype; a); TV44-S148007 (b), TV38-S174610 (c, d), TV44-S148141 (e, f), TV44-S136687 (g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 60 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g).
Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h).
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores from clumps of spores and sporangia with affinities to polypodiopsids (a–c) and of uncertain affinity (d–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Folded Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from clump of spores; b) Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; c) Cyathidites australis spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; d–f) Linear group of spore masses (d; probable sporangial contents) composed of Taurocusporites segmentatus spores showing distal surface (e, middle) with concentric regions and proximal surface with segmented laesurae of elongated granules (e, right; f); in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores from clumps of spores and sporangia with affinities to polypodiopsids (a–c) and of uncertain affinity (d–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Folded Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from clump of spores; b) Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; c) Cyathidites australis spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; d–f) Linear group of spore masses (d; probable sporangial contents) composed of Taurocusporites segmentatus spores showing distal surface (e, middle) with concentric regions and proximal surface with segmented laesurae of elongated granules (e, right; f);
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.