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FIGURE 9 in DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau

FIGURE 9. Monodiamesa tibetica (Holotype, from Nankai University). Photos: (A–B) hypopygium, dorsal view, ventral view; (C) superior volsella; (D) median volsella; (E) basal median lobe. Scale bar: A–B, 50 μm; C–E, 25 μm.

FIGURE 7 in DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau

FIGURE 7. Monodiamesa bonalpicola sp. n., female. Photos: (A) hypopygium, ventral view. Illustration. (B) antenna; (C) S VIII; (D) hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bar: A, 50μm; B–E, 100 μm.

FIGURE 8 in DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau

FIGURE 8. Monodiamesa bonalpicola sp. n., immatures. Photos: (A–B) pharate, P/M, lateral view, dorsal view; (C) pupa, pedes spurii B; (D) pupa, segment VIII; (E) larva, procercus. (F) larva, head capsule, ventral view. Illustration: (G) larva, mentum. Scale bar: A–B, 50 μm; C–D, 20μm; E–G, 50 μm.

FIGURE 6 in DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau

FIGURE 6. Monodiamesa bonalpicola sp. n., male. Photos: (A) hypopygium; (B) basal median lobe; (C) hind tibial comb. Illustration: (D) hypopygium, dorsal view; (E) hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bar: A–E, 50 μm.

FIGURE 2 in DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau

FIGURE 2. Neighbor-joining tree based on the 146 COI barcodes of Prodiamesinae. Only bootstrap support (1000 replicates)> 70% are shown on the branches.

FIGURE 4 in DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau

FIGURE 4. Monodiamesa secunditibetica sp. n., female. Photos: (A) hypopygium, ventral view. Illustration: (B) antenna; (C) S VIII; (D) dorsomesal lobe, apodeme and ventrolateral lobe; (E) hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bar: A–B, 100 μm; C–E, 50 μm.

FIGURE 3 in DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau

FIGURE 3. Monodiamesa secunditibetica sp. n., male. Photos: (A) hypopygium; (B) clypeus; (C) MVo; (D) basal median lobe. Illustration: (E) hypopygium, dorsal view; (F) hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bar: A–B, 100 μm; C–F, 50 μm.

FIGURE 5 in DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau

FIGURE 5. Monodiamesa secunditibetica sp. n., immatures. Photos: (A–B) pharate, P/M, lateral view, dorsal view; (C) pupa, thoracic horn; (D) pupa, anal lobe; (E) larva, head capsule, ventral view; (F) larva, ventromental plate. Illustration: (G) larva, mandible; (H) larva, mentum; (I) larva, antenna. Scale bar: A–B, 100 μm; C, 200 μm; D–F, 100 μm; G, 20 μm; H, 50 μm; I, 25 μm.

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Data from: Taxonomic challenges in freshwater fishes: a mismatch between morphology and DNA barcoding in fish of the north-eastern part of the Congo basin

This study evaluates the utility of DNA barcoding to traditional morphology-based species identifications for the fish fauna of the north-eastern Congo basin. We compared DNA sequences (COI) of 821 samples from 206 morphologically identified species. Best match, best close match and all species barcoding analyses resulted in a rather low identification success of 87.5%, 84.5% and 64.1%, respectively. The ratio 'nearest-neighbour distance/maximum intraspecific divergence' was lower than 1 for 26.1% of the samples, indicating possible taxonomic problems. In ten genera, belonging to six families, the number of species inferred from mtDNA data exceeded the number of species identified using morphological features; and in four cases indications of possible synonymy were detected. Finally, the DNA barcodes confirmed previously known identification problems within certain genera of the Clariidae, Cyprinidae and Mormyridae. Our results underscore the large number of taxonomic problems lingering in the taxonomy of the fish fauna of the Congo basin and illustrate why DNA barcodes will contribute to future efforts to compile a reliable taxonomic inventory of the Congo basin fish fauna. Therefore, the obtained barcodes were deposited in the reference barcode library of the Barcode of Life Initiative.

FIGURE 12 in DNA barcoding and morphological studies confirm the occurrence of three Atarbolana (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) species along the coastal zone of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 12. Unrooted Neighbour-joining phylogram of the analyzed CO1 sequences of the three studied Atarbolana species. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.35376694 is shown. Numbers next to internal branches are non-parametric bootstrap values (in %). Only values above 90% are shown. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. Evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameter method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. The analysis involved 28 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were a total of 658 positions in the final dataset.

FIGURE 10 in DNA barcoding and morphological studies confirm the occurrence of three Atarbolana (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) species along the coastal zone of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 10. Atarbolana setosa, male, (ZMSU 1014); A–C, pereopods 5–7 respectively; D, uropod dorsal view; E, uropod ventral view.

FIGURE 8 in DNA barcoding and morphological studies confirm the occurrence of three Atarbolana (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) species along the coastal zone of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 8. Atarbolana setosa, male, (ZMSU 1014); A, left mandible; B, maxillula; C, maxilla; D, maxilliped; E, maxilliped endite.

FIGURE 7 in DNA barcoding and morphological studies confirm the occurrence of three Atarbolana (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) species along the coastal zone of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 7. Atarbolana setosa, male, (ZMSU 1014); A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, pleotelson apex; D, female pleotelson; E, antennula; F, antenna.

FIGURE 5 in DNA barcoding and morphological studies confirm the occurrence of three Atarbolana (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) species along the coastal zone of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 5. Atarbolana exoconta, male, (ZMSU 1010); A–C, pereopods 5–7 respectively; D, uropod dorsal view; E, uropod ventral view.

FIGURE 3 in DNA barcoding and morphological studies confirm the occurrence of three Atarbolana (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) species along the coastal zone of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 3. Atarbolana exoconta, male, (ZMSU 1010); A, left mandible; B, maxillula; C, maxilla; D, maxilliped; E, maxilliped endite.

FIGURE 2 in DNA barcoding and morphological studies confirm the occurrence of three Atarbolana (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) species along the coastal zone of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 2. Atarbolana exoconta, male, (ZMSU 1010); A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, pleotelson apex D: pleotelson apex (Kuwait) E: pleotelson apex (Hengam Island); F, antennula; G, antenna.

FIGURES 8–12 in Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURES 8–12. Drawings of diagnostic details of the male genitalia of Xylophanes loelia (Figs. 8a–c), X. lolita n. sp. (Figs. 9a–c), X. neoptolemus (Figs. 10a–c), X. balcazari n. sp. (Figs. 11a–c), and X. cthulhu n. sp. (Figs. 12a–c); a. uncus in lateral view, b. harpe, c. posterior end of the aedeagus.

FIGURES 1–4. 1a in Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURES 1–4. 1a. Chaerocampa trilineata Walker, [1865], Lectotype, ♂, Venezuela; 1b. Watercolour of the original type of Sphinx neoptolemus Cramer, 1780; 2a and 2b. Xylophanes balcazari n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Mexico, Guerrero; 3a and 3b. Sphinx neoptolemus, Neotype, ♂, Venezuela, Aragua; 4a and 4b. Xylophanes cthulhu n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Guatemala, Izabal. (2a, 3a, 4a: dorsal view; 2b, 3b, 4b: ventral view).

FIGURE 13 in Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURE 13. Strict consensus of the nine equally most-parsimonious cladograms (length=133, CI=0.78, RI=0.94) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the complete dataset of DNA barcode sequences for 38 specimens belonging to the Xylophanes neoptolemus (yellow) and X. loelia (blue) species complexes (X. cyrene, X. aglaor and X. libya are outgroup taxa). Each specimen is identified by its SampleID code (see Table 1), and the two specimens with short sequences are highlighted in boxes. The branch lengths are proportional to the number of changes (indicated on branches, optimized under FAST optimization); Bremer support and rescaled Bremer support values are given above the branches for each node, and bootstrap support values are indicated below. Clades within the X. neoptolemus complex are named after groups 1, 2 and 3 as described in the text.

FIGURES 5–7. 5a and 5b. Xylophanes lolita n in Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

FIGURES 5–7. 5a and 5b. Xylophanes lolita n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Brazil, Minas Gerais; 6a and 6b. Chaerocampa loelia Druce, 1878, Lectotype, ♂, Panama, Chiriquí; 7a. Xylophanes heinrichi Closs, 1917, Holotype, ♂ "Amazonas". (5a, 6a, 7a: dorsal view; 5b, 6b: ventral view).