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Figure 12 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 12. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Chrysidinae: Chrysidini partim. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'.

Figure 10 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 10. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Chrysidinae: Parnopini and Allocoeliini. Character state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the top, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers. Phylogenetic relationships among Chrysidini species (Clade 5) are shown in detail in Figures 11–12.

Figure 8 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 8. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Loboscediliinae and Amiseginae. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers.

Figure 7 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 7. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Cleptinae and extinct Chrysididae taxa. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers. Phylogenetic relationships among other subfamilies of Chrysididae (Clades 2 and 3) are shown detail in Figures 8–12.

Figure 6. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 6. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis of a partitioned dataset of 300 morphological characters employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers. Phylogenetic relationships among Chrysididae (Clade 1) are shown in detail in Figures 7–12.

Figure 4 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 4. Chronogram for Chrysidinae, partim (Chrysididae) derived from a combined Bayesian analysis of a partitioned dataset of 300 morphological characters employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. The chrysidine clade connects to the remaining tree of Chrysididae in Figure 3; phylogenetic relationships among the species of Chrysidini are shown in the Figure 5. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to time from the present (timescale on the bottom), highest posterior density (HPD) 95% intervals for the ages of select nodes are indicated by horizontal blue bars, and node support values correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities. Lowercase letters indicate clades of major interest (discussed in the text) with their respective estimated ages. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers.

Figure 5 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 5. Chronogram for Chrysidini (Chrysididae: Chrysidinae) derived from a combined Bayesian analysis of a partitioned dataset of 300 morphological characters employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. The clade herein represented connects to the remaining tree of Chrysidinae in Figure 4. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to time from the present (timescale on the bottom), highest posterior density (HPD) 95% intervals for the ages of selected nodes are indicated by horizontal blue bars, and node support values correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities. Lowercase letters indicate clades of major interest (discussed in the text) with their respective estimated ages. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers.

Figure 13 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 13. Maximum credibility Bayesian dated tree calculated for the Chrysididae and distribution of terminals in biogeographic divisions of the world. The charts on tips represent the true geographical range for the genus or lineage being considered. Widespread taxa are represented on tips by multicolour charts. The pruned tree was obtained from a maximum credibility Bayesian dated tree considering all compatible groups (contype = allcompat in MrBayes). Groups of species were combined into lineages representing monophyletic genera or other taxon combinations. Monophyletic groups are represented by their genus names only. Non-monophyletic taxa are represented multiple times. Biogeographic reconstruction of the history of Chrysididae was conducted using the DEC model as implemented in BioGeoBEARS. Pie charts at nodes show the relative probability of the possible states (areas or combinations of areas) indicated by asterisk those higher than 50%; combinations of areas are indicated by grey slices; black slices represent a fraction of the reconstructions with high ambiguity.

Figure 11 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 11. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Chrysidinae: Chrysidini partim. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers. Phylogenetic relationships among other Chrysidini species (Clades 6 and 7) are shown in detail in Figure 12.

Figure 2 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 2. Comparison between phylogenetic hypotheses for extant groups of Chrysididae and closely related taxa of Chrysidoidea: A, summary of morphology-based hypotheses (Kimsey & Bohart, 1991; Carpenter, 1999; Lucena & Melo, 2018; Melo & Lucena, 2020); B, summary of the DNA-based hypothesis by Pauli et al. (2019, 2021). The phylogenetic position of Loboscelidiinae (Chrysididae) is indicated with a question mark because it was not inferred by Pauli et al. (2019, 2021). Fossil taxa not included in the molecular analyses are represented by dashed lines.

Figure 1 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 1. Summary of the phylogenetic relationships and valid genera of Chrysididae based on Kimsey & Bohart (1991) with recent amendments. The placement of Kimseya and †Eochrysis are considered herein as uncertain within the Chrysidinae. The main groups being considered in the family are colour-coded. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers.

Figure 22 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Figure 22. Scanning electron microscopy images of ventral and dorsal views of metasomas, and posterior view of mesosomas. Metasomal carina is colour-indicated. A, Holopyga luzulina Dahlbom, female, ventral view of metasoma, higher magnification of the anterior area of metasoma is shown in C. B, Exochrysis leucostigma (Mocsáry), male, ventral view of metasoma, higher magnification of the anterior area of metasoma is shown in D. Dorsal views of T1: E, Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron), female; F, Neochrysis inseriata (Mocsáry), female. Posterior view of mesosomas: G, Holopyga wagnerella du Buysson, female; H, Caenochrysis paranaca (Linsenmaier), female. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character-states.

Figure 27. Dorsal habitus, females. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

Figure 27. Dorsal habitus, females. A, vertex Pseudoanthidium kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); B, vertex P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan); C, mesonotum P. kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); D, mesonotum P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan); E, metasoma P. kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); F, metasoma P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).

Figure 23. Gonostyli. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

Figure 23. Gonostyli. A, Pseudoanthidium palestinicum (Nahal Keziv, Israel); B, P. cribratum (Karatau, Kazakhstan); C, P. canariense (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); D, P. tropicum (Bandar Abbas, Iran); E, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); F, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).

Figure 22 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

Figure 22. Distribution of A, Pseudoanthidium palestinicum; B, P. cribratum; C, P. canariense; D, P. tropicum.

Figure 19. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium tenellum. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

Figure 19. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium tenellum. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, T1–T3; D, labels.

Figure 17. Dorsal habitus, females. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

Figure 17. Dorsal habitus, females. A, vertex Pseudoanthidium stigmaticorne (Arzens, France); B, vertex P. cribratum (Bukhara, Uzbekistan); C, mesonotum P. stigmaticorne (Arzens, France); D, mesonotum P. cribratum (Bukhara, Uzbekistan); E, metasoma P. stigmaticorne (Arzens, France); F, metasoma P. cribratum (Bukhara, Uzbekistan).

Figure 13. S2, males. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

Figure 13. S2, males. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Dordogne, France); B, P. scapulare (Argèles-sur-Mer, France); C, P. stigmaticorne (Cabanes de Fleury, France); D, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea); E, P. palestinicum (Jerusalem, Israel); F, P. cribratum (Ayelet Hashar, Israel); G, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); H, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).

Figure 11. Sternal combs. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

Figure 11. Sternal combs. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Dordogne, France); B, P. scapulare (Argèles-sur-Mer, France); C, P. stigmaticorne (Cabanes de Fleury, France); D, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea); E, P. palestinicum (Jerusalem, Israel); F, P. cribratum (Ayelet Hashar, Israel); G, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); H, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).

Figure 12. S3, males. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

Figure 12. S3, males. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Dordogne, France); B, P. scapulare (Argèles-sur-Mer, France); C, P. stigmaticorne (Cabanes de Fleury, France); D, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea); E, P. palestinicum (Jerusalem, Israel); F, P. cribratum (Ayelet Hashar, Israel); G, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); H, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).