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Figure 6 in The radiation of red colobus monkeys (Primates, Colobinae): morphological evolution in a clade of endangered African primates

Figure 6. Males. Scatter plots of the first discriminant axes (DFs) of species using shape (first 30 principal components; percentages of variance explained by DF in parentheses).

Figure 4 in The radiation of red colobus monkeys (Primates, Colobinae): morphological evolution in a clade of endangered African primates

Figure 4. Males. Scatter plots of the first principal components of shape variables. See Figure 3 for the key.

Figure 1 in The radiation of red colobus monkeys (Primates, Colobinae): morphological evolution in a clade of endangered African primates

Figure 1. Distribution of red colobus taxa (modified from Colyn, 1991). (I) Piliocolobus badius (Kerr, 1792) (western Tropical Africa): (1) Piliocolobus badius ssp. temminckii (Kuhl, 1820), (2) Piliocolobus badius ssp. badius (Kerr, 1792), and (3) Piliocolobus badius ssp. waldroni (Hayman, 1936); (II) Procolobus pennantii (Waterhouse, 1838) (western equatorial Africa): (4) Procolobus pennantii ssp. epieni Grubb and Powell, 1999, (5) Procolobus pennantii ssp. pennantii (Waterhouse, 1838), (6) Procolobus pennantii ssp. preussi (Matschie, 1900), (7) Procolobus pennantii ssp. bouvieri (Rochebrune, 1887); (III) Central African assemblage: (8) Piliocolobus sp. tholloni, (9) Piliocolobus sp. oustaleti, (10) Piliocolobus sp. parmentieri Colyn & Verheyen, 1987, (11) Piliocolobus sp. lulindicus Matschie, 1914 and Piliocolobus sp. foai (de Pousargues, 1899), (12) Piliocolobus sp. langi (Allen, 1925) and Piliocolobus sp. ellioti (Dollman, 1909), (13) Piliocolobus sp. tephrosceles (Elliot, 1907); (IV) Eastern African species: (14) Piliocolobus gordonorum Matschie, 1900, (15) Piliocolobus rufomitratus, (16) Piliocolobus kirkii Gray, 1868. Grey areas are putative Pleistocenic mountain refugia, taken from Mayr & O'Hara (1986).

Figure 3 in The radiation of red colobus monkeys (Primates, Colobinae): morphological evolution in a clade of endangered African primates

Figure 3. Females. Scatter plots of the first principal components (PCs) of shape variables (percentages of variance explained in parentheses). Shape changes at positive extremes of the axes are illustrated using surface rendering with a two-fold magnification (the same magnification is used in all figures). The average shape (origin of the PCA axes) is shown by the upper right corner of the scatter plots in this and other figures. (a) PC1 vs. PC2. (b) PC3 vs. PC4.

Figure 5 in The radiation of red colobus monkeys (Primates, Colobinae): morphological evolution in a clade of endangered African primates

Figure 5. Females. Scatter plots of the first discriminat axes (DAs) of species using shape (first 35 principal components; percentages of variance explained by DA in parentheses). Shape changes predicted by regressing shape coordinates onto DA are illustrated using surface rendering for positive extremes of the axes.

Figure 2 in Morphology and evolution of the cynipoid egg (Hymenoptera)

Figure 2. Transmission electron micrographs of cross-sections of six cynipoid eggs. Phylogenetic relationships (Ronquist, 1999) are indicated at the bottom. The branch shadings indicate life mode and the inserts are greater magnifications of the exochorion of (A) Parnips nigripes, (B) Diplolepis rosae and (C) Periclistus brandtii showing the three main arrangements of crystalline elements in this layer. The egg characters 3 (eggshell thickness), 4 (endochorion texture) and 5 (crystalline element arrangements) (Table 4) are mapped onto the appropriate branches. In some of the sections what appears to be an extra layer between EX and EN (in Barbotinia, Xestophanes and partly in Periclistus) and between EN and VE (in Parnips) are artefacts as the layers often separate easily from each other. In Periclistus, however, the EX appears to consist of an outer part that is more compact than the inner part.

Figure 3 in Morphology and evolution of the cynipoid egg (Hymenoptera)

Figure 3. Cross-section of the eggshell of the peduncle of Periclistus brandtii after oviposition, showing vesicle-like structures in the EX and EN.

Figure 1 in Morphology and evolution of the cynipoid egg (Hymenoptera)

Figure 1. Eggs of 21 cynipoids with a recent estimate of their phylogenetic relationships (Ronquist, 1999). Branch shadings indicate life mode. Character 1 (peduncle) and character 2 (egg shape) (Table 4) are mapped onto the tree. The anterior and posterior poles of the egg are indicated in the figure.

Figure 5 in Morphology and evolution of the cynipoid egg (Hymenoptera)

Figure 5. Eggs of the gall inducer Barbotinia oraniensis (A, B) and the parasitoid Parnips nigripes (C, D). The SEM micrographs (A, C) illustrate the general shape of the egg, and TEM micrographs (B, D) illustrate the great difference in eggshell thickness between the two species.

Figure 4 in Morphology and evolution of the cynipoid egg (Hymenoptera)

Figure 4. Longitudinal section of posterior tip of eggs of (A) Diplolepis rosae and (B) Parnips nigripes, illustrating the EX modification of D. rosae in this region.

Figure 5 in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology

Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree obtained from one of the three replicate Bayesian inference runs of the combined (18S rDNA, somatic, and spermatozoal) data set. Posterior probabilities ± 0.85 are indicated in front of the nodes.

Figure 4 in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology

Figure 4. Parsimony consensus tree of the combined (18S rDNA, somatic, and spermatozoal) data set. Bootstrap frequencies ± 50% are indicated above the branches.

Figure 2 in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained from one of the three replicate Bayesian inference runs of the 18S rDNA sequences. Posterior probabilities ± 0.85 are indicated in front of the nodes.

Figure 1 in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology

Figure 1. Schematic representation of some of the 34 considered spermatozoal characters. Inset, hypothetical plesiomorphic spermatozoon for the Clitellata, as inferred from ancestral-state reconstruction analysis (modified from Jamieson et al., 1987).

Figure 9. Mapped and reconstructed soldier head shapes positioned across a Termitidae phylogeny. Nodes a–g in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology

Figure 9. Mapped and reconstructed soldier head shapes positioned across a Termitidae phylogeny. Nodes a–g are referred to in the text.

Figure 10 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology

Figure 10. The EES axes and values of morphometric variation that support a revised soldier defence classification. a, Planicapritermes; b, Dihoplotermes; c, Cavitermes; d, Termes.

Figure 4 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology

Figure 4. Outline data treatment for eigenshape analysis. Original outline described by 300 x,y points: S, start point; F, finish point; LM, landmark point. Converted to 250 equally spaced x,y coordinate points of the open outline. x,y plot of the f points with a 99% tolerance criterion to retain the outline between LM, S and F points.

Figure 2. x,y in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology

Figure 2. x,y coordinate outline data are converted to a series of f (angular deviation) data points, which have been plotted. The position of the geometric landmark for extended eigenshape analysis is labelled.

Figure 1 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology

Figure 1. The soldier termite mechanical defensive mechanisms described by Prestwich (1984). Reprinted with permission, from the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 29 © 1984 by Annual Reviews http://www.annualreviews.org

Figure 5. Head capsule EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology

Figure 5. Head capsule EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of dorsal head capsule shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3.