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Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. cana E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — Brazilian Amazon, S of the Rio Amazonas-Solimoes, between the rios Jurua and Tapajos-Juruena, but restricted to the left bank of the Rio Madeira above the mouth of the Rio Jiparana (a right bank tributary), and to the right bank of the Rio Jiparana, S to ¢.12° S, and W along the N (left bank) of the Rio Abuna on the upper Rio Madeira. L. c. tschudii Pucheran, 1857 — SE Peru, its range is poorly known butis believed to extend between the rios Pachitea and Ucayali, S from the Rio Inuya, W as far as the Rio Inambari, and S to both sides of the Rio Madre de Dios into the Rio Tambopata Basin, to the frontier with Bolivia, with an isolated population in Madidi National Park. in Atelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. cana E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — Brazilian Amazon, S of the Rio Amazonas-Solimoes, between the rios Jurua and Tapajos-Juruena, but restricted to the left bank of the Rio Madeira above the mouth of the Rio Jiparana (a right bank tributary), and to the right bank of the Rio Jiparana, S to ¢.12° S, and W along the N (left bank) of the Rio Abuna on the upper Rio Madeira. L. c. tschudii Pucheran, 1857 — SE Peru, its range is poorly known butis believed to extend between the rios Pachitea and Ucayali, S from the Rio Inuya, W as far as the Rio Inambari, and S to both sides of the Rio Madre de Dios into the Rio Tambopata Basin, to the frontier with Bolivia, with an isolated population in Madidi National Park.

Distribution. Brazilian Amazon, W bank of the lower Rio Aripuana from the mouth, W as far as the Rio Manicoré, S toward its headwaters, S limits are probably the headwaters of the rios Mataura or Araud, c.7° S. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. Brazilian Amazon, W bank of the lower Rio Aripuana from the mouth, W as far as the Rio Manicoré, S toward its headwaters, S limits are probably the headwaters of the rios Mataura or Araud, c.7° S.

Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. pygmaea Spix, 1823 — Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Ecuador, and N Peru, N of the Amazon River and left bank of the Rio Pastaza, E to the mouth of the Rio Japura, and S of the Rio Japura-Caqueta to the Andes. C. p. niverventris Lonnberg, 1940 — Amazonian lowlands and Andean foothills in W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, S of the Amazon River, E of the Rio Mayo and the Rio Huallaga above the Rio Mayo, S to the upper Rio Purus, E to N Bolivia (Rio Muyumanu), and N probably through the entire interfluvium of the rios Purus and Madeira. in Callitrichiade

Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. pygmaea Spix, 1823 — Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Ecuador, and N Peru, N of the Amazon River and left bank of the Rio Pastaza, E to the mouth of the Rio Japura, and S of the Rio Japura-Caqueta to the Andes. C. p. niverventris Lonnberg, 1940 — Amazonian lowlands and Andean foothills in W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, S of the Amazon River, E of the Rio Mayo and the Rio Huallaga above the Rio Mayo, S to the upper Rio Purus, E to N Bolivia (Rio Muyumanu), and N probably through the entire interfluvium of the rios Purus and Madeira.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. w. weddelli Deville, 1849 — W Brazil (between the rios Purus and Madeira in the states of Amazonas, Acre, and NW Rondonia, as far N as the Rio Pixuna) to SE Peru (from the Rio Abujao, E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, to the S along both banks of the Rio Ucayali, E of the Andes, E of the Rio Apurimac, and along the upper reaches of the Apurimac, Inambari, Urubamba, and Tambopata), and to N Bolivia (rios Madeira and Beni or Mamoré); it crosses the upper Rio Madeira to its right bank in Rondonia in the region of the Rio Jamari, S of the Rio Ji-parana, being sympatric there with Rondon's Marmoset (Mico rondonz). S. w. crandalli Hershkovitz, 1966 — provenance unknown but possibly near the headwaters of the rios Jurua and Tarauaca in W Brazil. S. w. melanoleucus Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 — Brazilian Amazon, along the right bank of the upper Rio Jurua, S from the mouth of the Rio Eira, up to its headwaters, E to the left bank of the Rio Tarauaca (no saddle-back tamarins have been recorded to the E of the Rio Tarauaca in Acre State as far as the upper Rio Purus), in SE Peru from the upper reaches of the Rio Breu and the Quebrada Breu, right bank affluents of the upper Rio Yurua. in Callitrichiade

Subspecies and Distribution. S. w. weddelli Deville, 1849 — W Brazil (between the rios Purus and Madeira in the states of Amazonas, Acre, and NW Rondonia, as far N as the Rio Pixuna) to SE Peru (from the Rio Abujao, E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, to the S along both banks of the Rio Ucayali, E of the Andes, E of the Rio Apurimac, and along the upper reaches of the Apurimac, Inambari, Urubamba, and Tambopata), and to N Bolivia (rios Madeira and Beni or Mamoré); it crosses the upper Rio Madeira to its right bank in Rondonia in the region of the Rio Jamari, S of the Rio Ji-parana, being sympatric there with Rondon's Marmoset (Mico rondonz). S. w. crandalli Hershkovitz, 1966 — provenance unknown but possibly near the headwaters of the rios Jurua and Tarauaca in W Brazil. S. w. melanoleucus Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 — Brazilian Amazon, along the right bank of the upper Rio Jurua, S from the mouth of the Rio Eira, up to its headwaters, E to the left bank of the Rio Tarauaca (no saddle-back tamarins have been recorded to the E of the Rio Tarauaca in Acre State as far as the upper Rio Purus), in SE Peru from the upper reaches of the Rio Breu and the Quebrada Breu, right bank affluents of the upper Rio Yurua.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. n. mgricollis Spix, 1823 — Brazilian Amazon, N Peru, and possibly SE Colombia, between the Rio Ica—Putumayo and the rios Solimoes-Amazonas and Napo, W as far the seasonally flooded forest varzea along the Tamboryacu. S. n. graellsiJiménez de la Espada, 1870 — S Colombia, NE Ecuador, and N Peru, S of the upper Rio Caqueta (W from the mouth of the Rio Yari) in Colombia, S to both sides of the upper Putumayo as far as the N (left) bank of the Rio Napo, extending E between the Napo and Putumayo as far as the seasonally flooded forest along the Tamboryacu. S. mn. hernandezi Hershkovitz, 1982 — S Colombia, Meta Department, between the rios Caqueta, Caguan, and Orteguaza and the base of the Cordillera Oriental to the Rio Guayabero. in Callitrichiade

Subspecies and Distribution. S. n. mgricollis Spix, 1823 — Brazilian Amazon, N Peru, and possibly SE Colombia, between the Rio Ica—Putumayo and the rios Solimoes-Amazonas and Napo, W as far the seasonally flooded forest varzea along the Tamboryacu. S. n. graellsiJiménez de la Espada, 1870 — S Colombia, NE Ecuador, and N Peru, S of the upper Rio Caqueta (W from the mouth of the Rio Yari) in Colombia, S to both sides of the upper Putumayo as far as the N (left) bank of the Rio Napo, extending E between the Napo and Putumayo as far as the seasonally flooded forest along the Tamboryacu. S. mn. hernandezi Hershkovitz, 1982 — S Colombia, Meta Department, between the rios Caqueta, Caguan, and Orteguaza and the base of the Cordillera Oriental to the Rio Guayabero.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. J. fuscicollis Spix, 1823 — W Brazil (states of Acre & Amazonas) and Peru, S of the Rio Solimoes, between the Rio Javari in the W, E through the Rio Jutai Basin to the Rio Jurua (left bank), also in Peru, W of the Rio Yavari as far as the Rio Tapiche, an E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, and extending N from there as far as the Rio Blanco (left bank), where it meets the distribution of Geoffroy's Saddle-back Tamarin, S. nigrifrons (right bank of the Rio Blanco). S. f. auvilapiresi Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil in the Amazonas State (type locality is the mouth of the Lago de Tefé, Rio Solimoes), found along the S of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Jurua and Purus, including the basins of the rios Urucu and Coari, and probably the Rio Tefé; the S limits are not known but possibly in the region of the N bank of the Rio Tapaua, an affluent of the Rio Purus. S. f. eruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil, described by Hershkovitz without provenance (based on a single individual "said to be from the upper Rio Purus"); M. G. M. van Roosmalen reported in 2003 that it had been observed by T. van Roosmalen on 21 June 2002, on the W bank of the Rio Purus, opposite the mouth of the Rio Sepatini, and noted that Hershkovitz was correct in supposing that it occurred between the rios Pauini and Tapaua, W of the Rio Purus. S. J. mura Rohe et al, 2009 — C Brazil (Amazonas State), interfluvium of the rios Madeira and Purus, S of the Rio Amazonas, probably S to the Rio Igapo-Acu. S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), the distribution is believed to extend from the left bank of the Rio Pauini, along the left bank of the upper Rio Purus, N to the Rio Tapaua (right bank), as far W the right bank of the Rio Jurua, and the Rio Tarauaca. in Callitrichiade

Subspecies and Distribution. S. J. fuscicollis Spix, 1823 — W Brazil (states of Acre & Amazonas) and Peru, S of the Rio Solimoes, between the Rio Javari in the W, E through the Rio Jutai Basin to the Rio Jurua (left bank), also in Peru, W of the Rio Yavari as far as the Rio Tapiche, an E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, and extending N from there as far as the Rio Blanco (left bank), where it meets the distribution of Geoffroy's Saddle-back Tamarin, S. nigrifrons (right bank of the Rio Blanco). S. f. auvilapiresi Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil in the Amazonas State (type locality is the mouth of the Lago de Tefé, Rio Solimoes), found along the S of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Jurua and Purus, including the basins of the rios Urucu and Coari, and probably the Rio Tefé; the S limits are not known but possibly in the region of the N bank of the Rio Tapaua, an affluent of the Rio Purus. S. f. eruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil, described by Hershkovitz without provenance (based on a single individual "said to be from the upper Rio Purus"); M. G. M. van Roosmalen reported in 2003 that it had been observed by T. van Roosmalen on 21 June 2002, on the W bank of the Rio Purus, opposite the mouth of the Rio Sepatini, and noted that Hershkovitz was correct in supposing that it occurred between the rios Pauini and Tapaua, W of the Rio Purus. S. J. mura Rohe et al, 2009 — C Brazil (Amazonas State), interfluvium of the rios Madeira and Purus, S of the Rio Amazonas, probably S to the Rio Igapo-Acu. S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), the distribution is believed to extend from the left bank of the Rio Pauini, along the left bank of the upper Rio Purus, N to the Rio Tapaua (right bank), as far W the right bank of the Rio Jurua, and the Rio Tarauaca.

Figure 7 in A new species of miniaturised narrow-mouth frog of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Tenasserim, Thailand

Figure 7. Variation in dorsal colouration of Microhyla tetrix sp. nov. paratypes (in life). (a) Female (AUP 00602); (b) female (AUP 00600); (c) male (AUP 00606); (d) male (ZMMU A6035). Photos by Parinya Pawangkhanant.

Figure 1 in A new species of miniaturised narrow-mouth frog of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Tenasserim, Thailand

Figure 1. Distribution of Microhyla superciliaris species group in Thai–Malay Peninsula. A star denotes a type locality; a dot in the centre of an icon denotes populations included in phylogenetic analyses. Localities: Microhyla tetrix sp. nov.: THAILAND: (1) Suan Phueng Dist., Ratchaburi Prov. (this study); (2) Khao Kra Puk Mt., Phetchaburi Prov. (this study); (3) Kui Buri NP, Prachuap Khiri Khan Prov. (Taksintum et al. 2009, 2010); (4) 'Klong Bang Lai, Patiyu', now Pathio Dist., Chumphon Prov. (Smith 1916); (5) Wat Tham Sanook, Chumphon Prov. (this study); (6) Khao Sok Dist., Surat Thani Prov. (this study); (7) Phanom Dist., Surat Thani Prov. (this study); (8) Klong Sok Dist., Surat Thani Prov. (this study, type locality); (9) Ao Nang, Krabi Prov. (this study); Microhyla superciliaris: THAILAND: (10) Saba Yoi, Songkhla Prov. (this study); MALAYSIA: (11) Tasik Pedu Lake; Kedah (Manthey and Denzer 2014; Manthey et al. 2016); (12) Sedim, Kedah (Manthey et al. 2016); (13) Lenggong, Perak (Manthey et al. 2016); (14) Lata Belantan, Terengganu (Manthey et al. 2016); (15) Sekayu, Terengganu (Manthey et al. 2016); (16) Kuala Tahan, Pahang (Manthey et al. 2016); (17) Temerloh, Pahang (Matsui et al. 2011); (18) Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur (Parker 1928); (19) Forest Research Institute of Malaysia office, Selangor (Manthey et al. 2016); (20) Kenaboi, Negeri Sembilan (Matsui et al. 2011); (21) Gunung Belumut, Johor (Manthey et al. 2016); (22) Gunung Panti, Johor (Manthey et al. 2016). Colours of localities correspond to those used in Figure 2. Photos by Parinya Pawangkhanant. Dashed lines indicate the Isthmus of Kra and the Kangar–Pattani line biogeographic borders (given following Baltzer et al. 2008).

Figure 4 in A new species of miniaturised narrow-mouth frog of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Tenasserim, Thailand

Figure 4. Dorsolateral view of holotype of Microhyla tetrix sp. nov. in situ (AUP 00603, a female from Klong Sok Dist., Surat Thani Prov.). Photo by Parinya Pawangkhanant.

Figure 9 in A new species of miniaturised narrow-mouth frog of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Tenasserim, Thailand

Figure 9. Microhyla superciliaris Parker from Saba Yoi, Songkhla Prov., Thailand, showing characteristic dorsal colouration and presence of an enlarged superciliary tubercle. (a) Adult male; (b) adult female (not collected). Photos by Parinya Pawangkhanant and Watinee Juthong.

Figure 6 in A new species of miniaturised narrow-mouth frog of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Tenasserim, Thailand

Figure 6. Morphological details of the male paratype of Microhyla tetrix sp. nov. (ZMMU A6034), male, in preservative. (a) Volar view of the left hand; (b) plantar view of the right foot. Drawings by Valentina D. Kretova.

Figure 2 in A new species of miniaturised narrow-mouth frog of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Tenasserim, Thailand

Figure 2. Bayesian inference tree of Microhyla derived from the analysis of 2428 bp of alignment including 12S rRNA, tRNAVal and 16S rRNA gene fragments. For voucher specimen information and GenBank accession numbers see Supplementary Table S2. Red and green colour denotes Microhyla tetrix sp. nov. and Microhyla superciliaris, respectively (see Figure 1); grey denotes M. superciliaris group members. Microhyla species occurring on the Thai–Malay Peninsula are underlined. Numbers at tree nodes correspond to posterior probability and bootstrap support values, respectively. Outgroup taxa not shown. Photos by Parinya Pawangkhanant.

Figure 5 in A new species of miniaturised narrow-mouth frog of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Tenasserim, Thailand

Figure 5. Variation in colouration of Microhyla tetrix sp. nov. (in situ). (a) Adult female from Ao Nang Dist., Krabi Prov. (not collected); (b) paratype AUP 00601, female from Klong Sok Dist., Surat Thani Prov.; (c) paratype AUP 00605, male from Klong Sok Dist., Surat Thani Prov.; (d) adult female from Wat Tham Sanook, Chumphon Prov. (not collected); (e) paratype ZMMU A6033, female from Klong Sok Dist., Surat Thani Prov.; (f) paratype ZMMU A6035, male from Khao Kra Puk Mt., Phetchaburi Prov. Photos by Parinya Pawangkhanant.

Figure 3 in A new species of miniaturised narrow-mouth frog of the genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Tenasserim, Thailand

Figure 3. Holotype of Microhyla tetrix sp. nov. (AUP 00603), female, in life. (a) Dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view of head; (d) volar view of left hand; (e) plantar view of left foot. Photos by Nikolay A. Poyarkov.

FIGURE 10. Claviscopulia facunda. A in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 10. Claviscopulia facunda. A, specimen in situ; B–C, fresh specimens onboard: B, MNRJ 21294; C, MNRJ 21295 (with associated crinoid). Photographs by F. Moraes.

FIGURE 8 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 8. Megascleres of Dactylocalyx pumiceus (SEM). A, normal pentactin; B, asymmetrical hexactin with long, sinuous, filamentous rays; C, normal hexactin; D, heptactin. Insets: actin tips.

FIGURE 14 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 14. Environment and populations of Hexactinellida off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil. A, Hyalonema (Cyliconemaoida) alucia sp. nov. on muddy sand bottom off Pará State, 378 m depth; B, Claviscopulia facunda population on coarse sand to gravel bottom off Pará State, 250 m depth; C, Dactylocalyx pumiceus on rocky outcrop off Pará State, 260 m depth; D–F, Dense sponge community dominated by Dactylocalyx pumiceus on hard carbonate bottom off Maranhão State, at 170 m depth (D) and 180 m depth (E). Photographs by F. Moraes (A–C) and R. Moura (D–E).

FIGURE 7 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 7. Skeleton of Dactylocalyx pumiceus (SEM). A, B, dictyonalia with long, sinuous, filamentous rays of asymmetrical pentactins and hexactins. C, dictyonalia with few pentactins; D, dictyonalia associated with abundant free hexasters; E, fused hexactin; F, club-shaped spined ray of fused hexactin with terminal knob.

FIGURE 3 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Skeleton of Hyalonema (Cyliconemaoida) alucia sp. nov. A, choanosomal skeleton with disorganized diactins and less common hexactins; B, dermal skeleton with the pinular rays of pinular pentactins pointing outwards, and tangential diactins (SEM).

FIGURE 6 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 6. External morphology of Dactylocalyx pumiceus. A–E, living specimens in situ (A, B off Pará State, C–E off Maranhão State). Arrow in D points to a derelict fishing line threatening the sponge; F, fresh specimen onboard; G, detail of outer surface showing openings of tubules; H, fragment of specimen after fixation with long grooves (A, F, G: MNRJ 21299; C, H: MNRJ 21284; B, D, E: not collected). Photographs by F. Moraes (A–B), and R. Moura (C–E).