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Fig. 11 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium masoala sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3195651). A. Left leg 9, posterior view. B. Right coxa 2 with gonopore, posterior view. C. Right coxa 1 with stigmatic plate, posterior view. D. Left anterior gonopod, anterior view. E. Left anterior gonopod, lateral view. F. Left anterior gonopod, posterior view. G. Right posterior telopod, posterior view. H. Right posterior telopod, anterior view. Abbreviations: as = apical spine; cl = claw; cr-t = crenulated teeth; cx= coxa; fe = femur; gp = gonopore; pof = postfemur; pref = prefemur; s-ps = sclerotized spots; sr = stridulation rib; st = stigmatic plate; syn = syncoxite; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; vs = ventral spines. Roman numerals indicate telopoditomeres. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 8. Zoosphaerium beanka sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119906). A. right leg 9, posterior view. B. Left coxa 2 with gonopore, posterior view. C. Left coxa 1 with stigmatic plate, posterior view. D. Left anterior gonopod, posterior view. E. Left anterior gonopod, lateral view. F. Left anterior gonopod, anterior view. G. Right posterior telopod, posterior view. H. Right posterior telopod, anterior view. Abbreviations: as = apical spine; cl = claw; cr-t = crenulated teeth; cx = coxa; fe = femur; gp = gonopore; pof = postfemur; pref = prefemur; s-ps = sclerotized spots; sr = stridulation rib; st = stigmatic plate; syn = syncoxite; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; vs = ventral spines. Roman numerals indicate telopoditomeres. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of the endoterga of midbody rings. A. Zoosphaerium nigrum sp. nov., holotype (CASENT 9068289). B. Z. silens sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119887). C. Z. ambatovaky sp. nov., holotype (CASENT 9068294/1). D. Z. beanka sp. nov., holotype (FMNH- INS 3119897). E. Z. voahangy sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119921). Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 2 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 2. Habitus photographs of the seven new species of Zoosphaerium, lateral view. A. Zoosphaerium nigrum sp. nov., holotype (CASENT 9068289). B. Z. silens sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119887). C. Z. ambatovaky sp. nov., holotype (CASENT 9068294/1). D. Z. beanka sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119897). E. Z. voahangy sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119921). F. Z. masoala sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3195651). G. Z. spinopiligerum sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119885). Not to scale.

Fig. 13 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 13. Distribution maps marking new localities for known species of Zoosphaerium. Vegetation color marks modified from Moat & Smith 2007. A. Z. neptunus (Butler, 1872). B. Z. platylabum (de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897). C. 1 = Z. piligerum (de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897); 2 = Z. villosum Wesener & Sierwald, 2015; 3 = Z. libidinosum (de Saussure & Zehntner, 1897); 4 = Zoosphaerium discolor Wesener, 2009. D. Unidentifiable juvenile Zoosphaerium samples.

Fig. 7 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 7. Zoosphaerium ambatovaky sp. nov., holotype (CASENT 9068291). A. Left leg 9, posterior view. B. Left coxa 2 with gonopore, posterior view. C. Left coxa 1 with stigmatic plate, posterior view. D. Left anterior gonopod, anterior view. E. Left anterior gonopod, posterior view. F. Left anterior gonopod, lateral view. G. Left female coxa 2 with vulva, posterior view. H. Female subanal plate with washboard. I. Right posterior telopod, posterior view. J. Right posterior telopod, anterior view. Abbreviations: as = apical spine; cl = claw; cr-t = crenulated teeth; cx = coxa; ep = external plate; fe = femur; gp = gonopore; ip = inner plate; o = operculum; pof = postfemur; pref = prefemur; s-ps = sclerotized spots; sr = stridulation rib; st = stigmatic plate; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; vs = ventral spines. Roman numerals indicate telopoditomeres. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 10 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 10. Scanning electron micrographs of the endoterga of midbody rings. A. Zoosphaerium masoala sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3195651). B. Z. spinopiligerum sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119885). Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 4 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 4. Zoosphaerium nigrum sp. nov., holotype (CASENT 9068289). A. Left leg 9, posterior view. B. Left coxa 2 with gonopore, posterior view. C. Left coxa 1 with stigmatic plate, posterior view. D. Left anterior gonopod, mesal view. E. Left anterior gonopod, anterior view. F. Left anterior gonopod, posterior view. G. Left anterior gonopod, lateral view. H. Right posterior telopod, posterior view. I. Right posterior telopod, anterior view. Abbreviations: as = apical spine; cl = claw; cr-t = crenulated teeth; cx = coxa; fe = femur; gp = gonopore; pof = postfemur; pref = prefemur; s-ps = sclerotized spots; sr = stridulation rib; st = stigmatic plate; syn = syncoxite; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; vs = ventral spines. Roman numerals indicate telopoditomeres. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 3. Distribution map of the newly described species of Zoosphaerium. Vegetation color marks modified from Moat & Smith 2007. 1 = Z. nigrum sp. nov.; 2 = Z. silens sp. nov.; 3 = Z. ambatovaky sp. nov.; 4 = Z. beanka sp. nov.; 5 = Z. voahangy sp. nov.; 6 = Z. masoala sp. nov.; 7 = Z. spinopiligerum sp. nov. Numbers followed by 'a' mark additional, non-type localities.

Fig. 12 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 12. Zoosphaerium spinopiligerum sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119885). A. Right leg 9, posterior view. B. Left coxa 2 with gonopore, posterior view. C. Right coxa 1 with stigmatic plate, posterior view. D. Left anterior gonopod, anterior view. E. Left anterior gonopod, lateral view. F. Left anterior gonopod, posterior view. G. Female subanal plate with washboard. H. Right posterior telopod, posterior view. I. Right posterior telopod, anterior view. J. Left female coxa 2 with vulva, posterior view. Abbreviations: as = apical spine; cl = claw; cr-t = crenulated teeth; cx = coxa; ep = external plate; fe = femur; gp = gonopore; ip = inner plate; o = operculum; pof = postfemur; pref = prefemur; s-ps = sclerotized spots; sr = stridulation rib; st = stigmatic plate; syn = syncoxite; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; vs = ventral spines. Roman numerals indicate telopoditomeres. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 6. Zoosphaerium silens sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119887). A. Left coxa 2 with gonopore, posterior view. B. Left coxa 1 with stigmatic plate, posterior view. C. Left leg 9, posterior view. D. Left anterior gonopod, posterior view. E. Left anterior gonopod, anterior view. F. Left anterior gonopod, lateral view. G. Female subanal plate with washboard. H. Right posterior telopod, posterior view. I. Right posterior telopod, anterior view. J. Left female coxa 2 with vulva, posterior view. Abbreviations: as = apical spine; cl = claw; cr-t = crenulated teeth; cx = coxa; ep = external plate; gp = gonopore; ip = inner plate; o = operculum; pref = prefemur; s-ps = sclerotized spots; sr = stridulation rib; st = stigmatic plate; syn = syncoxite; ta = tarsus; vs = ventral spines. Roman numerals indicate telopoditomeres. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from the COI dataset with 1000 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from the COI dataset with 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates implementing the GTR + I + G model. Colors representing newly described species of Zoosphaerium: orange = Z. nigrum sp. nov.; green = Z. silens sp. nov.; red = Z. ambatovaky sp. nov.; yellow = Z. beanka sp. nov.; purple = Z. voahangy sp. nov.; blue = Z. masoala sp. nov. Round-cornered rectangles indicate well-supported sister group relationships.

Fig. 9 in Seven new giant pill-millipede species and numerous new records of the genus Zoosphaerium from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)

Fig. 9. Zoosphaerium voahangy sp. nov., holotype (FMNH-INS 3119921). A. left leg 9, posterior view. B. Left coxa 2 with gonopore, posterior view. C. Left coxa 1 with stigmatic plate, posterior view. D. Left anterior gonopod, anterior view. E. Left anterior gonopod, lateral view. F. Left anterior gonopod, posterior view. G. Right posterior telopod, posterior view. H. Right posterior telopod, anterior view. Abbreviations: as = apical spine; cl = claw; cx= coxa; fe = femur; gp = gonopore; pof = postfemur; pref = prefemur; s-ps = sclerotized spots; sr = stridulation rib; st = stigmatic plate; syn = syncoxite; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; vs = ventral spines. Roman numerals indicate telopoditomeres. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Experimental and numerical study of the effect of model geometric distortion on laboratory modelling of urban flooding

The supporting datasets includes:  (1) All the figures in the manuscript in .fig format (in case possible) - Figures in main text - Figure in Support Information (2) Datasets for generating the main outcomes of the manuscript - two files that explain detailed data content in three structure - 3 sub-repositories which contains the results for the three models - one repository contains the data for Figure 8

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Numerical study on advective fog formation and its characteristic associated with cold water upwelling

Recent rapid industrial development in the Korean Peninsula has increased the impacts of meteorological disasters on marine and coastal environments. In particular, marine fog driven by summer cold water masses can inhibit transport and aviation; yet a lack of observational data hinders our understanding. The present study aimed to analyze the differences in cold water mass formation according to sea surface temperature (SST) resolution and its effects on the occurrence and distribution of sea fog over the Korean Peninsula from June 23–July 1, 2016, according to the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Data from the Final Operational Model Global Tropospheric Analyses were provided at 1° and 0.25° resolutions and NOAA real-time global SST (RTG-SST) data were provided at 0.083°. While conventional analyses have used initial SST distributions throughout the entire simulation period, small-scale, rapidly developing oceanic phenomena (e.g., cold water masses) lasting for several days act as an important mediating factor between the lower atmosphere and sea. RTG-SST was successful at identifying fog presence and maintained the most extensive horizontal distribution of cold water masses. In addition, it was confirmed that the difference in SST resolution led to varying sizes and strengths of the warm pools that provided water vapor from the open sea area to the atmosphere. On examining the horizontal water vapor transport and the vertical structure of the generated sea fog using the RTG-SST, water vapors were found to be continuously introduced by the southwesterly winds from June 29 to 30, creating a fog event throughout June 30. Accordingly, high-resolution SST data must be input into numerical models whenever possible. It is expected that the findings of this study can contribute to the reduction of ship accidents via the accurate simulation of sea fog.

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e).

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g).

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f).

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b).