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168 results for “parasite community”
Data from: Weak link between dispersal and parasite community differentiation or immunogenetic divergence in two sympatric cichlid fishes
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Data from: Within guild co-infections influence parasite community membership: a longitudinal study in African Buffalo
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Data from: Dominant bee species and floral abundance drive parasite temporal dynamics in plant-pollinator communities
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Data from: Coevolution between mutualists and parasites in symbiotic communities may lead to the evolution of lower virulence
Most eukaryotes harbor a diverse community of parasitic, mutualistic and commensal microbial symbionts. Although the diversity of these microbial symbiotic communities has recently drawn considerable attention, theory regarding the evolution of interactions among symbionts and with the host is still in nascent stages. Here we evaluate the role of interactions among co-infecting symbionts in the evolution of symbiont virulence towards the host. To do so, we place the virulence-transmission trade-off into a community context and model the evolution of symbiont trophic modes along the continuum from parasitism (virulence) to mutualism (negative virulence). We establish a framework for studying multiple infections of a host by the same symbiont species, and co-infection by multiple species, using a concept of shared costs, wherein the negative consequences of virulence, or harm, toward the host are shared among symbionts. Our results show that mutualism can be maintained under infection by multiple symbionts when shared costs are sufficiently low, while greater virulence and parasitism toward the host are more likely when shared costs are high. Lastly, for co-infection by more than one species, we show that if the presence of a mutualist ameliorates some of the costs of pathogen virulence, then the symbiotic community may more often evolve to a more commensal state and maintain mutualisms.
Data from: Community disassembly and disease: realistic – but not randomized – biodiversity losses enhance parasite transmission
Debates over the relationship between biodiversity and disease dynamics underscore the need for a more mechanistic understanding of how changes in host community composition influence parasite transmission. Focusing on interactions between larval amphibians and trematode parasites, we experimentally contrasted the effects of host richness and species composition to identify the individual and joint contributions of both parameters on the infection levels of three trematode species. By combining experimental approaches with field surveys from 147 ponds, we further evaluated how richness effects differed between randomized and realistic patterns of species loss (i.e., community disassembly). Our results indicated that community-level changes in infection levels were due to host species composition, rather than richness. However, when composition patterns mirrored empirical observations along a natural assembly gradient, each added host species reduced infection success by 12 to 55%. No such effects occurred when assemblages were randomized. Mechanistically, these patterns were due to non-random host species assembly/disassembly: while highly competent species predominated in low diversity systems, less susceptible hosts became progressively more common as richness increased. These findings highlight the potential for combining information on host traits and assembly patterns to forecast diversity-mediated changes in multi-host disease systems.
Data from: Your infections are what you eat: how host ecology shapes the helminth parasite communities of lizards
1. Understanding how parasite communities are assembled, and the factors that influence their richness, can improve our knowledge of parasite-host interactions and help to predict the spread of infectious diseases. Previous comparative analyses have found significant influences of host ecology and life history, but focused on a few select host taxa. 2. Host diet and habitat use play key roles in the acquisition of parasitic helminths as many are trophically-transmitted, making these attributes potentially key indicators of infection risk. Given the paucity of comparative studies with non-piscine, non-avian or non-mammalian hosts, it is critical to examine the degree to which host ecology influences parasite communities in other host taxa in order to identify common drivers. 3. We examined helminth diversity in over 350 species of lizards in relation to their body mass, ecology (diet and habitat use), and life history (clutch size, and ovo- or viviparity) using previously published data. 4. Overall, lizard species with herbivorous diets harboured fewer types of helminths (especially larval stages), with similar results for traits that were ultimately strongly associated with diet (host mass and habitat use). Large hosts tended to be herbivores with few helminth types whereas species utilizing arboreal habitats typically consumed some animal matter and hosted more helminths. 5. Understanding how host ecology and life history are related to their parasite assemblages has significant implications for the risk of acquiring novel parasites. Our results indicate an overwhelming influence of host diet such that many helminths may be relatively easily acquired by hosts in new ranges, or through dietary shifts.
Data from: Parasites structuring ecological communities: the mistletoe footprint in Mediterranean pine forests
1. The capacity of parasitic plants in structuring natural communities is increasingly recognized. These plants can affect the structure, composition and productivity of plant communities by modifying the competitive balance between hosts and non-host species and by altering the quantity and quality of resources entering the soil. Despite the progress made in this field, there is still a lack of integrative studies showing the structuring capacity of parasitic plants in forest ecosystems, where their effect may be less detectable due to the long lifespan of the system. 2. In this study we evaluate the long-term impact of Viscum album subsp. austriacum on the woody-plant community of a Mediterranean pineland. This mistletoe remains several years on the same host, exerting long-lasting, spatially concentrated effects on community and ecosystem characteristics. Mistletoe concentrates zoochorous seeds and induces changes in the soil fertility and light availability beneath the canopy of parasitized trees, which have the potential to facilitate zoochorous-plant colonization, recruitment, and growth at the same time as it weakens the host. Here, we analyse whether mistletoe-driven changes could result in a nucleus of zoochorous woody plants nourished by the abundant organic detritus accumulated under the host. We also analyse whether mistletoe effects can expand after host death. 3. We selected unparasitized, parasitized, and dead parasitized Pinus nigra trees, in which we studied the joint effect of mistletoe-mediated changes in soil nutrient and light availability, with the seed rain, seed predation, seedling establishment, plant recruitment, and plant growth. Light- and soil-nutrient resources were greater under parasitized trees, and intensified after host death. The seed rain was maximum under parasitized trees, where seedling recruitment proved more likely. Sapling density, richness, and growth increased with the development of parasitism. 4. Our findings show that Viscum album exerts a strong and lasting impact on the structure and dynamics of Mediterranean pinelands, with parasitized trees acting as centres for the establishment and growth of colonizing fleshy-fruited woody species, which, over the long term, promote vegetation shifts by limiting dominant pine trees and facilitating less represented fleshy-fruited shrubs.
Data from: Taxonomic scale and community organization impact observed latitudinal gradients of parasite diversity
<p>Aim: While most free-living taxa follow the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), or the trend of higher diversity at lower latitudes, we know little about how the diversity of parasitic taxa is distributed across latitudes. To better understand the macroecological patterns of parasite diversity, we sought to determine if: 1) helminths follow the traditional LDG; 2) taxonomic resolution impacts observed patterns; 3) latitudinal patterns are consistent across levels of community organization; and 4) helminth diversity is correlated with climate- and host- associated variables.</p> <p>Location: San Juan de Peñas Blancas, Costa Rica; Calnali, Hidalgo, Mexico; College Station, Texas, USA; Brownsville, Nebraska, USA; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Churchill, Manitoba, Canada</p> <p>Taxa: Rodentia: Cricetidae; Nematoda; Platyhelminthes</p> <p>Methods: We sampled parasites from hosts at field sites set approximately every 10 degrees in latitude. We evaluated the relationships between parasite species richness (of all helminths as well as nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes separately) and latitude, climate, and host mass at two levels of parasite community organization, the infracommunity and the component community, using generalized additive models.</p> <p>Results: Total helminth richness was significantly correlated with latitude, but the relationship was non-linear. Nematode, cestode, and trematode diversity were also significantly correlated with latitude, but the relationship differed between the levels of community organization and among the taxonomic groups. Climate and host-associated variables were significantly correlated with different parasite taxa, although the strength and size of the correlations varied among the groups.</p> <p>Main conclusions: There are complex associations between parasite richness and latitude, climate, and host traits, and community organization and taxonomic grouping affected the observed relationships. Climate has been implicated as an important factor in shaping LDG patterns and may similarly influence helminth diversity patterns. Overall, this work provides further support and exceptions to the LDG and stresses the importance of considering scale in ecological investigations.</p>
Fig. 2 in Gastrointestinal Parasite Community In A New Population Of The Przewalski'S Horse (Equus Ferus Przewalskii) In The Orenburg State Reserve, Russia
Fig. 2. Nematodes from the family Strongylidae found in Przewalski's horses in Pre-Urals Steppe, the Orenburg State Reserve. A b b r e v i a t i o n s: TSE — Triodontophorus serratus, SVU— Strongylus vulgaris, CAT — Cyathostomum catinatum, PAT — Cya. pateratum, LON — Cylicostephanus longibursatus, MIN — Cyl. minutus, CAL — Cyl. calicatus, GOL — Cyl. goldi, NAS — Cylicocyclus nassatus, LEP — Cy. leptostomus, INS — Cy. insigne, ASH — Cy. ashworthi, ELO — Cy. elongatus, COR — Coronocyclus coronatus, LBR — Cor. labratus, LAB — Cor. labiatus, BIC — Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus, POC — Petrovinema poculatum.
Fig. 1 in Gastrointestinal Parasite Community In A New Population Of The Przewalski'S Horse (Equus Ferus Przewalskii) In The Orenburg State Reserve, Russia
Fig. 1. Dynamics of the average strongyle egg count in the Przewalski's horses in Pre-Urals Steppe, the Orenburg State Reserve, Russia, before and following treatment.
Data from: Are all hosts created equal? Partitioning host species contributions to parasite persistence in multihost communities
[No abstract entered]
Fig. 3 in A community analysis approach to parasite transmission in multi-host systems: Assemblages of small mammal prey and Echinococcus multilocularis in an urban area in North America
Fig. 3. Plot of the Canonical Correlation Analysis on the principal coordinates (CAP) of small mammal assemblages in five parks and natural areas in urban Calgary, AB, Canada, 2012–2013, using the cluster as a grouping factor. The cluster 1 is on the lower right corner, cluster 2 is on the lower left corner, and cluster 3 is on the center to the top of the plot. The 45% similarity contour line is drawn based on the dendrogram in Fig. 2a. a) Vectors were overlaid showing the correlation with the abundances of each species to each cluster. The red vector shows the correlation with the abundance of all the susceptible species combined. b) Vectors were overlaid showing the correlation with the proportion of each species to each cluster. The red vector shows the correlation with the proportion of all the susceptible species. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Multiple infestations of gastrointestinal parasites - Probable cause for high mortality of Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) at Kokrebellur Community Reserve, India
Fig. 1. Sampling locations of select water tanks that are frequented by Spot-billed Pelicans and Kokrebellur.
Fig. 1 in First multicenter coprological survey on helminth parasite communities of free-living loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Adriatic Sea and Northern Ionian Sea
Fig. 1. Map of the four turtle rescue centres located along the medium low Adriatic Sea and Northern Ionian Sea of the Italian Mediterranean coast.
Fig. 6. a in Impacts of ontogenetic dietary shifts on the food-transmitted intestinal parasite communities of two lake salmonids
Fig. 6. a) compositional heterogeneity and b) relative abundance of parasite assemblages measured as the average distance of individuals to group centroids as a function of the mean group length of the six different size classes. Rate of change of c) compositional heterogeneity and d) relative abundance of parasite assemblages measured as pairwise mean differences between group centroids and the average distances in groups mean length. Mean distances to group centroids and distances between group centroids are expressed as a percentage of the maximum value for the dissimilarity index used.
Data from: Spatial heterogeneity of a parasitic plant drives the seed-dispersal pattern of a zoochorous plant community in a generalist dispersal system
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Data from: Not all are free-living: high-throughput DNA metabarcoding reveals a diverse community of protists parasitizing soil metazoa
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Data from: Community disassembly and disease: realistic – but not randomized – biodiversity losses enhance parasite transmission
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Data from: Parasites structuring ecological communities: the mistletoe footprint in Mediterranean pine forests
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Data from: Taxonomic scale and community organization impact observed latitudinal gradients of parasite diversity
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