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393 results for “pesticides”
Not all regions with high pesticide risk deserve priority concern
<p>The datasets with 14 sheets contain basic data on pesticide use in China since 1991, parameters of four widely used pesticides (carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, atrazine and acetochlor), and related changing legacies, concentrations, and ecological risk in multimedia of each basin for 30 years. The detailed content can be found in the sheet 'Readme'.</p>
Differences in neurotoxic outcomes of organophosphorus pesticides revealed via multi-dimensional screening in adult and regenerating planarians
<p>Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of commonly used insecticides. Epidemiological studies suggest that low dose chronic prenatal and infant exposures can lead to life-long neurological damage and behavioral disorders. While inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the shared mechanism of acute OP neurotoxicity, OP-induced developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) can occur independently and/or in the absence of significant AChE inhibition, suggesting alternative targets. Moreover, different OPs can cause different adverse outcomes, suggesting that different OPs act through different mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of comparative studies of OP toxicity. Freshwater planarians are an invertebrate system that uniquely allows for automated, rapid and inexpensive testing of adult and developing organisms in parallel to differentiate neurotoxicity from DNT. Effects found only in regenerating planarians would be indicative of DNT, whereas shared effects may represent general neurotoxicity. We leverage this feature to investigate potential differential effects of these OPs on the adult and developing brain by performing a comparative high-throughput screen to test 7 OPs (acephate, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, diazinon, malathion, parathion and profenofos) across 10 concentrations in quarter-log steps. Neurotoxicity was evaluated using a wide range of quantitative morphological and behavioral readouts. AChE activity was measured using an Ellman assay. The toxicological profiles of the 7 OPs differed across the OPs and between adult and regenerating planarians. Toxicological profiles were not correlated with levels of AChE inhibition. Twenty-two "mechanistic control compounds" known to target pathways suggested in the literature to be affected by OPs (cholinergic neurotransmission, serotonin neurotransmission, endocannabinoid system, cytoskeleton, adenyl cyclase and oxidative stress) and 2 negative controls were also screened. When compared with the mechanistic control compounds, the phenotypic profiles of the different OPs separated into distinct clusters. The phenotypic profiles of adult vs regenerating planarians exposed to the OPs clustered differently, suggesting some developmental-specific mechanisms. These results further support findings in other systems that OPs cause different adverse outcomes in the (developing) brain and build the foundation for future comparative studies focused on delineating the mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity in planarians.</p>
Flower plantings support wild bee reproduction and may also mitigate pesticide exposure effects
<p>1. Sustainable agriculture relies on pollinators, and wild bees benefit yield of multiple crops. However, the combined exposure to pesticides and loss of flower resources, driven by agricultural intensification, contribute to declining diversity and abundance of many bee taxa. Flower plantings along the margins of agricultural fields offer diverse food resources not directly treated with pesticides.</p> <p>2. To investigate the potential of flower plantings to mitigate bee pesticide exposure effects and support bee reproduction, we selected replicated sites in intensively farmed landscapes where half contained flower plantings. We assessed solitary bee <em>Osmia lignaria</em> and bumble bee <em>Bombus vosnesenskii</em> nesting and reproduction throughout the season in these landscapes. We also quantified local and landscape flower resources and used bee-collected pollen to determine forage resource use and pesticide exposure and risk.</p> <p>3. Flower plantings, and their local flower resources, increased <em>O. lignaria</em> nesting probability. <em>Bombus vosnesenskii</em> reproduction was more strongly related to landscape than local flower resources.</p> <p>4. Bees at sites with and without flower plantings experienced similar pesticide risk, and the local flowers, alongside flowers in the landscape, were sources of pesticide exposure particularly for <em>O. lignaria</em>. However, local flower resources mitigated negative pesticide effects on <em>B. vosnesenskii</em> reproduction.</p> <p>5. <em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Bees in agricultural landscapes are threatened by pesticide exposure and loss of flower resources through agricultural intensification. Therefore, finding solutions to mitigate negative effects of pesticide use and flower deficiency is urgent. Our findings point towards flower plantings as a potential solution to support bee populations by mitigating pesticide exposure effects and providing key forage. Further investigation of the balance between forage benefits and added pesticide risk is needed to reveal contexts where net benefits occur.</p>
Evolutionary consequences of pesticide exposure include transgenerational plasticity and potential terminal investment transgenerational effects
<p>Transgenerational plasticity, the influence of the environment experienced by parents on the phenotype and fitness of subsequent generations, is being increasingly recognised. Human-altered environments, such as those resulting from the increasing use of pesticides, may be major drivers of such cross-generational influences, which in turn may have profound evolutionary and ecological repercussions. Most of these consequences are, however, unknown. Whether transgenerational plasticity elicited by pesticide exposure is common, and the consequences of its potential carry-over effects on fitness and population dynamics remains to be determined. Here we investigate whether exposure of parents to a common pesticide elicits intra-, inter- and transgenerational responses (in F0, F1 and F2 generations) in life-history (fecundity, longevity, and lifetime reproductive success-LRS-), in an insect model system, the seed beetle <em>Callosobruchus</em> <em>maculatus</em>. We also assessed sex-specificity of the effects. We found sex-specific and hormetic intergenerational and transgenerational effects on longevity and lifetime reproductive success, manifested both in the form of maternal and paternal effects. In addition, the transgenerational effects via mothers detected in this study are consistent with a new concept: terminal investment transgenerational effects. Such effects could underlie cross-generational responses to environmental perturbation. Our results indicate that pesticide exposure leads to unanticipated effects on population dynamics and have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary implications.</p>
Retrospective cumulative dietary risk assessment of craniofacial alterations by residues of pesticides
<p>EFSA established cumulative assessment groups and conducted retrospective cumulative risk<br> assessments for two types of craniofacial alterations (alterations due to abnormal skeletal<br> development, head soft tissue alterations and brain neural tube defects) for 14 European populations<br> of women in childbearing age. Cumulative acute exposure calculations were performed by probabilistic<br> modelling using monitoring data collected by Member States in 2017, 2018 and 2019. A rigorous<br> uncertainty analysis was performed using expert knowledge elicitation. Considering all sources of<br> uncertainty, their dependencies and differences between populations, it was concluded with varying<br> degrees of certainty that the MOET resulting from cumulative exposure is above 100 for the two types<br> of craniofacial alterations. The threshold for regulatory consideration established by risk managers is<br> therefore not exceeded. Considering the severity of the effects under consideration, it was also<br> assessed whether the MOET is above 500. This was the case with varying levels of certainty for the<br> head soft tissue alterations and brain neural tube defects. However, for the alterations due to<br> abnormal skeletal development, it was found about as likely as not that the MOET is above 500 in<br> most populations. For two populations, it was even found more likely that the MOET is below 500.<br> These results were discussed in the light of the conservatism of the methodological approach.</p> <p>The indicators of craniofacial alterations, input and output data for the exposure assessment are reported in the following annexes:</p> <p>• Annex A – Indicators of craniofacial alterations collected for 85 selected active substances;<br> • Annex B1 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-DACL;<br> • Annex B2 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-DAH;<br> • Annex C1 – Output data for the Tier I exposure assessment of CAG-DAC;<br> • Annex C2 – Output data for the Tier I exposure assessment of CAG-DAH;<br> • Annex D1 – Output data for the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-DAC;<br> • Annex D2 – Output data for the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-DAH.</p>
Parameters for the modelization of operator, worker, and bystander exposure to pesticides in market gardening areas in Burkina Faso using three international exposure assessment models.
<p>Parameters used for the modelization of operator, worker, and bystander exposure to pesticides in market gardening areas in Burkina Faso using the following exposure assessment models:</p> <p>EFSA 2014: EFSA, 2014. Guidance on the assessment of exposure of operators, workers, residents and bystanders in risk assessment for plant protection products. EFSA J. 12, 3874. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3874</p> <p>HAIR2010: Kruijne, R., Deneer, J.W., Lahr, J., Vlaming, J., 2011. HAIR2010 Documentation: calculating risk indicators related to agricultural use of pesticides within the EU 205.</p> <p>WHO 2011: WHO, 2011. Generic risk assessment model for indoor and outdoor space spraying - WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme 1–72.</p> <p><br> This work was realized in the framework of the research component "Pesticides" (1.2.4) of the 3E program funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).</p> <p><br> Details on algorithm adaptations, scenario definitions and model outputs are available in the PhD thesis of Dr. Edouard Lehmann available from 2018 at https://infoscience.epfl.ch/</p>
APPENDIX D of the 2022 EU Report on Pesticide Residues
<p>Detailed information on the different control programmes, full list of samples exceeding the MRLs anonymised by sample code, analytical scope from the official laboratories reporting to EFSA data on pesticide residues, the HBGV and PF used in the risk assessment.</p> <p><br>Detailed information on deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment results.</p>
Data from: Influence of agricultural intensification on pollinator pesticide exposure, food acquisition and diversity
<p>Pollinators are essential for maintaining sustainable crop production, while the decline of pollinators is a widespread concern. Agricultural intensification is one of the primary drivers of the decline of insect pollinators. Agricultural intensification usually involves a decreasing of non-crop semi-natural habitat and an increasing of pesticide exposure for pollinators. However, causal links between agricultural intensification, increased pesticide exposure, and reduced pollinator's food sources and pollinator diversity remain underexplored.</p> <p>We assessed pollinator diversity across a landscape gradient where the proportion of rice ranged from 11% to 85% in South China. We placed honeybee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) and mason bee (<em>Osmia excavata</em>) in these landscapes and investigated pesticide exposure in honeybee foragers and pollen, and in mason bee pollen and nesting materials. We also assessed the acquisition of food by mason bees.</p> <p>We found a higher frequency of pesticide detection in honeybee foragers and honeybee pollen samples in areas with a higher proportion of rice fields. There was a strong positive relationship between mason bee food acquisition and the proportion of semi-natural habitats, while no significant effects of pesticide exposure on pollinator diversity were found in addition to the effect of semi-natural habitat.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Our results suggest that pollinator communities could be at an increased risk of pesticide exposure due to intensified agriculture, while the negative impact on pollinator diversity mainly results from the loss of habitat and/or reduced food sources. This study highlights the importance of conserving semi-natural habitat to mitigate the causes of decline in pollinator diversity. We also recommend long-term, multi-year studies to further understand the mechanisms behind the loss of pollinators in farming landscapes.</p>
Simulation scripts and data for the stochastic modelling of evolutionary rescue in resistance to pesticides
<p>Evolutionary rescue occurs when the genetic evolution of adaptation saves a population from extinction after environmental change. The evolution of resistance to pesticides is a special scenario of abrupt environmental change, where rescue occurs under strong selection for one or a few <em>de novo</em> resistance mutations of large effect. Here, we develop continuous-time approximations that accurately predict classic discrete-time dynamics in population genetics and population ecology in an integrated eco-evolutionary model of adaptive rescue through pesticide resistance. We derive analytical approximations for the key distributions and statistics that characterise the results, including the probability density function for the time to resistance and the probability of population extinction. The time to resistance shows a lag period, a narrow peak and a long tail, which implies that it can be difficult to predict when resistance will arise. The probability of population extinction shows a sharp transition, in that when extinction is possible, it is also highly likely, which can make eradication a theoretically achievable goal. Alongside these results contributing to the theory of evolutionary rescue, the methods have produced powerful approximations that lay the foundations of a flexible modelling framework for the applied study of eco-evolutionary dynamics to improve scientific resistance management.</p>
Figure 2 in Detection of enteropathogens and research of pesticide residues in Lactuca sativa from traditional and agroecological fairs
Figure 2. Difenoconazole calibration curve.
Data for: Pesticide Risks in Small Streams -- How to Get as Close as Possible to the Stress Imposed on Aquatic Organisms
<p>The dataset contains concentrations profiles of 213 agricultural pesticides in surface water samples. Half-day composite samples were taken from five small streams in Switzerland from the beginning of March to the end of August 2015. Half-day samples from discharge events were measured individually, whereas half-day samples taken during dry weather periods between discharge events were pooled to samples of variable lengths (five days on average) and then measured resulting in 34 to 60 measured samples per site.</p>
EU Pesticide monitoring data 2016
<p>The file presents the results of the 2016 EU pesticide monitoring activities of EU Member States, Iceland and Norway.</p>
EU Pesticide monitoring data 2017
<p>The file presents the results of the 2017 EU pesticide monitoring activities of EU Member States, Iceland and Norway.</p>
A dataset exploring the substantial diversity of pesticide products: insights from the UK and Ireland
<p>Data Associated with Data in Brief article entitled "A dataset exploring the substantial diversity of pesticide products: insights from the UK and Ireland".</p> <p>DOI of paper to come. </p> <p>Previously a preprint with ChemXriv https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-ffvmq</p> <p>Data notes in final tab. Data taken from UK and Irish government sources. </p> <p>Questions to corresponding author of paper, listed in paper. </p>
TRADE4SD Deliverable 2.3: Database and infographics on standards rapprochement: STCs and bilateral measure of distance on pesticides and antibiotics
<p><span>One of the objectives of the Horizon2020 project “TRADE4SD” is to offer policy recommendations for improving trade policies at the national, European, and global levels, including reforms to the WTO, and to enhance policy alignment. To achieve this goal, it is essential to address the impact of NTMs, which, despite their increasing use, remain largely underexplored in terms of the effects on international trade. This limited understanding is due to the complexity of NTMs and their effects are difficult to generalise. Several critical areas related to NTMs and their implications for international trade require further investigation, which “TRADE4SD” seeks to address. This work explores how NTMs affect market access for developing countries, as these nations may face various challenges, such as limited capabilities, technological gaps, weaker infrastructures and institutions, and asymmetric information. More specifically, “TRADE4SD” aims to identify best practices for improving the management of SPS, which are essential for enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural and food exports. Strengthening SPS capacity is also vital for boosting productivity in the agricultural and food processing industries, contributing to agricultural and rural development, and helping to alleviate poverty. </span></p> <p><span>This deliverable consists of two main sections: one addressing Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) for pesticides and antibiotics and the other focusing on Specific Trade Concerns (STCs). </span></p> <p><span>In the first section, we analysed the regulations and then acquired and processed the data to create the databases, which we later used to develop the indices and infographics (for both pesticides and antibiotics).</span></p> <p><span>In the STCs section, we analysed WTO documentation on all open disputes and verified their status. During our analysis, we identified the relationships between STCs and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Finally, we developed the infographics.</span></p>
Evaluating the fitness consequences of plasticity in tolerance to pesticides
<p>In a rapidly changing world, phenotypic plasticity may be a critical mechanism allowing populations to rapidly acclimate when faced with novel anthropogenic stressors. Theory predicts that if exposure to anthropogenic stress is heterogeneous, plasticity should be maintained as it allows organisms to avoid unnecessary expression of costly traits (i.e. phenotypic costs) when stressors are absent. Conversely, if exposure to stressors becomes constant, costs or limits of plasticity may lead to evolutionary trait canalization (i.e. genetic assimilation). While these concepts are well-established in theory, few studies have examined whether these factors explain patterns of plasticity in natural populations facing anthropogenic stress. Using wild populations of wood frogs that vary in plasticity in tolerance to pesticides, the goal of this study was to evaluate the environmental conditions under which plasticity is expected to be advantageous or detrimental. We found that when pesticides were absent, more plastic populations exhibited lower pesticide tolerance and were more fit than less plastic populations, likely avoiding the cost of expressing high tolerance when it was not necessary. Contrary to our predictions, when pesticides were present, more plastic populations were as fit as less plastic populations, showing no signs of costs or limits of plasticity. Amidst unprecedented global change, understanding the factors shaping the evolution of plasticity will become increasingly important.</p>
Fig. 2 in Industrial emissions and pesticides impact on agrobiocenosis biodiversity
Fig. 2:Ynsect species trophic categories distribution.
Fig. 1 in Industrial emissions and pesticides impact on agrobiocenosis biodiversity
Fig. 1: Insect families' distribution function of orders.
Reducing pesticides without organic certification? Potentials and limits of an intermediate form of agricultural production
<p><span>A growing number of farmer cooperatives cultivate crops without chemical pesticides, but also without organic certification. How does this intermediate form of agriculture between conventional and organic production function? What are the outcomes of this production form on cropland biodiversity? How does this model contribute to the transition toward more sustainable forms of agriculture? We address these research questions using original data collected in the AgroBioDiv project from the farmers' cooperative "KraichgauKorn" based in the German State of Baden-Württemberg. This cooperative is a collection of conventional farmers, who refrain from pesticide use during cultivation periods for KraichgauKorn grains, with products being produced without pesticide inputs in the growing season. Our study finds higher levels of weed species biodiversity on KGK cereal fields compared to conventional fields, but lower than organic fields. In addition, more endangered wild species monitored by the State of Baden-Württemberg were found on KGK fields than on conventional fields, with organic fields exhibiting the highest presence of endangered flora. We conclude that such kinds of enterprises may indeed contribute substantially to a successful transformation toward sustainable agricultural systems. </span></p>
Pesticide use and its consequences on the health of farmers in Mala
<p>Summary</p> <p>In Peru, the use of pesticides is very common in the agricultural sector to protect crop varieties, which in turn cause damage to health due to their toxic effects. The aim of this thesis was to</p> <p><strong>Objective: To </strong>assess the consequences of pesticides on the health of the population of Mala</p> <p>- Peru.</p> <p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Non-experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional study. A total of 315 inhabitants of the District of Mala between the ages of 18 and 50 years were evaluated. The method used was a survey and the data collection instrument was a questionnaire.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The most frequently used pesticides by farmers were Chlopyrifos (17.5%), Dicrotophos (14.6%) and Carbofuran (14%). The most frequent main symptoms of pesticide use were nausea (17.5%) and salivation (10.2%). The exposure time ranged from 30 minutes (23.8%) to 2 hours (16.8%).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Malathion (43.5%) was found to be the most commonly used pesticide by farmers in Mala and the main pesticide was headache (55.9%).</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Chlopyrifos, Pesticides, Symptomatology, Mala, Malathion, Protective Equipment</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.