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6,234 results for “phenotypes”
Resource manipulation reveals interactive phenotype-dependent foraging in free-ranging lizards
<p>Recent evidence suggests that individuals differ in foraging tactics and this variation is often linked to an individual's behavioural type (BT). Yet, while foraging typically comprises a series of search and handling steps, empirical investigations have rarely considered BT-dependent effects across multiple stages of the foraging process, particularly in natural settings.</p> <p>In our long-term sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) study system, individuals exhibit behavioural consistency in boldness (measured as an individual's willingness to approach a novel food item in the presence of a threat) and aggressiveness (measured as an individual's response to an 'attack' by a conspecific dummy). These BTs are only weakly correlated and have previously been shown to have interactive effects on lizard space use and movement, suggesting that they could also affect lizard foraging performance, particularly in their search behaviour for food.</p> <p>To investigate how lizards' BTs affect their foraging process in the wild, we supplemented food in 123 patches across a 120-ha study site with three food abundance treatments (high, low, and no-food-controls). Patches were replenished twice a week over the species' entire spring activity season and feeding behaviours were quantified with camera traps at these patches. We tracked lizards using GPS to determine their home range (HR) size and repeatedly assayed their aggressiveness and boldness in designated assays.</p> <p>We hypothesised that bolder lizards would be more efficient foragers while aggressive ones would be less attentive to the quality of foraging patches. We found an interactive BT effect on overall foraging performance. Individuals that were both bold and aggressive ate the highest number of food items from the foraging array. Further dissection of the foraging process showed that aggressive lizards in general ate the fewest food items in part because they visited foraging patches less regularly, and because they discriminated less between high and low-quality patches when revisiting them. Bolder lizards, in contrast, ate more tomatoes because they visited foraging patches more regularly, and ate a higher proportion of the available tomatoes at patches during visits.</p> <p>Our study demonstrates that BTs can interact to affect different search and handling components of the foraging process, leading to within-population variation in foraging success. Given that individual differences in foraging and movement will influence social and ecological interactions, our results highlight the potential role of BT's in shaping individual fitness strategies and population dynamics.</p>
Figure 1 in Tertiary hospital sewage as reservoir of bacteria expressing MDR phenotype in Brazil
Figure 1. Distribution of antibiotic resistance (%) of bacteria isolated in sewage from a tertiary hospital in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. AMI: Amikacin; AMO: amoxicillin; AMC: amoxicillin clavulanate; AMP: ampicillin; ASB: ampicillin sulbactam; CPM: cefepime; CTX: cefotaxime; CFO: cefoxitin; CAZ:ceftazidime; CRO: ceftriaxone; CLO:chloramphenicol; COL: colistin; CRX: cefuroxime; CIP:ciprofloxacin; CLI: clindamycin; ERI: erythromycin; ERT: ertapenem; GEN: gentamycin; IPM: imipenem; LNZ: linezolid; MER: meropenem; NIT: nitrofurantoin; TZP:piperacillin tazobactam; SXT:trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; TCP: teicoplanin; TET:tetracycline; VAN:vancomycin.
Phenotype variation in Niphargus (Amphipoda: Niphargidae): possible explanations and open challenges: data and R code
<p>Data and R code for performing the analyses of phylogenetic signal presented in the manuscript titled "Phenotype variation in Niphargus (Amphipoda: Niphargidae): possible explanations and open challenges. Data contains phylogenetic tree (Delić et al., 2023) and functional trait data in the RDS format (Premate & Fišer, 2024). The R code is available in the html format.</p> <p>References/data sources:</p> <p>Delić, T., Borko, S., Premate, E., Rexhepi, B., Alther, R., Knuesel, M., ... & Altermatt, F. (2023). Evolutionary origin of morphologically cryptic species imprints co-occurrence and sympatry patterns. <em>bioRxiv</em>, 2023-09.</p> <p>Premate, E., & Fišer, C. (2024). Functional trait dataset of European groundwater Amphipoda: Niphargidae and Typhlogammaridae. <em>Scientific Data</em>, <em>11</em>(1), 188.</p>
Fig. 1 in Depigmented phenotypes inside a Salamandrina perspicillata population of the Campagna Romana (Latium, Italy)
Fig. 1 - Location of the Natural Reserve "Macchia di Gattaceca e Macchia del Barco" in the Latium' protected areas system.
Fig. 2 in Population Genetics Of Philaenus Spumarius On The Istranca Mountains: Ii. Polymorphism And Phenotype Frequency
Fig. 2. The chart for the combined four major phenotype categories of Philaenus spumarius showing the frequency distributions on the Istranca Mountains, Turkey. From left to right, three groups of bars blank, dotted hatched, and dark coloured bars of the diagrams indicate POP, TYP, TRI+VIT, and melanic (MAR+LAT+FLA+LCE). The height of the bar indicates the percentage (numbers are given at
Fig. 1 in Population Genetics Of Philaenus Spumarius On The Istranca Mountains: Ii. Polymorphism And Phenotype Frequency
Fig. 1. Dorsal colour/pattern phenotypes of Philaenus spumarius found on the Istranca Mountains, Turkey (abbreviations are described in the text)
Fig. 3 in Population Genetics Of Philaenus Spumarius On The Istranca Mountains: Ii. Polymorphism And Phenotype Frequency
Fig. 3. Combined phenotype frequency distributions of Philaenus spumarius for three types of habitat on the Istranca Mountains, Turkey. Separate diagrams for females and males denote the habitats from top to the bottom: Mixed, Oak, and Beech forests respectively. From left to right, the bars of the diagrams indicate; 1: POP, 2: TYP, 3: TRI+VIT, 4: MAR+LAT, 5: FLA+LCE. The height of the bar
Drosophila serrata mutation accumulation lines: Phenotypic data on survival following infection with Drosophila C virus and reproduction
<p>The impact of selection on host immune function genes has been widely documented. However, it remains essentially unknown how mutation influences the quantitative immune traits that selection acts on. Applying a classical mutation accumulation (MA) experimental design in <em>Drosophila serrata</em>, we found the mutational variation in susceptibility (median time of death, LT50) to Drosophila C virus (DCV) was of similar magnitude to that reported for intrinsic survival traits. Mean LT50 did not change as mutations accumulated, suggesting no directional bias in mutational effects. Maintenance of genetic variance in immune function is hypothesised to be influenced by pleiotropic effects on immunity and other traits that contribute to fitness. To investigate this, we assayed female reproductive output for a subset of MA lines with relatively long or short survival times under DCV infection. Longer survival time tended to be associated with lower reproductive output, suggesting that mutations affecting susceptibility to DCV had pleiotropic effects on investment in reproductive fitness. Further studies are needed to uncover the general patterns of mutational effect on immune responses and other fitness traits, and to determine how selection might typically act on new mutations via their direct and pleiotropic effects.</p>
Fig 9 in A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Fig 9. Macrocypraea cervus anatomy. (A) Foregut, left view, some structures deflected, (B) Same, ventral view, opened longitudinally, odontophore removed. Scales = 5 mm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225963.g009
Fig 8 in A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Fig 8. Macrocypraea cervus anatomy. (A) Whole specimen extracted from shell, left view, visceral mass slightly deflected upwards. (B) Head-foot, male, right view.; (C) Pallial roof and visceral mass, ventral view, portion of gill ventral to pericardium removed, anterior region of digestive gland (dg) and hypobranchial gland (HG) partially sectioned transversally, transverse section of indicated region of capsule gland (cg) also shown. (D) Right mantle lobe, middle region, outer view. (E) Head, ventral view, foot and columellar muscle removed. Scales = 5 mm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225963.g008
Fig 3 in A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Fig 3. Macrocypraea spp shells and in situ. (A-D) M. mammoth paratype MZSP 108077 (L 95.8 mm). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Apertural view. (C) Right view. (D) Left view. E) M. mammoth MZSP 108079 subadult specimen (L 80.4 mm), dorsal view. (F) Same, apertural view. (G) M. cervus MZSP 8149, from Mexico (L 152.9 mm), Apertural view. (H) Same, dorsal view. (I-K) M. cervus ANSP 93276, from Florida (L 129.4 mm). (I) Apertural view. (J) Dorsal view (broken). (K) Same, specimen and dorsal shell wall removed. (L) Alive paratypes in situ.; (M) Alive holotype in situ. (N-P) M. cervus, MZSP 115362, from Cuba (L 98.5 mm). (N) Apertural view. (O) Dorsal view. (P) Right view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225963.g003
Fig 1 in A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Fig 1. Schematic map of Americas showing approximate extension of the four studied species, color as indicated. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225963.g001
Fig 7 in A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Fig 7. Macrocypraea mammoth anatomy. (A) Female genital system and adjacent structures as in situ, ventral view, transverse section artificially done in middle region of pallial oviduct, ovary (oy) only partially shown, kidney not shown in details. (B) Foregut, ventral view, opened longitudinally, odontophore (od) deflected to left. (C) Anterior male genital structures, dorsal view, topology of right tentacle (te) also shown. (D) Detail of middle region of pallial oviduct, dorsal view, bursa copulatrix (bc) artificially sectioned in two regions. Scales = 5 mm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225963.g007
Fig 12. Macrocypraea, 3D in A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Fig 12. Macrocypraea, 3D reconstructions of shells (CT-Scan). (A-F) M. cervinetta MZSP 131503 (L 58 mm). (A) Frontal view. (B) Same, more ventral portions removed. (C) Anterior view; (D) Posterior view. (E) Right view, right half removed. (F) Same, longitudinal section along columellar axis. (G-L) M. zebra MZSP 38946 (L 100 mm). (G) Frontal view. (H) Same, more ventral portions removed. (I) Anterior view. (J) Posterior view. (K), Right view, right half removed. (L) Same, longitudinal section along columellar axis. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225963.g012
Fig 11. Macrocypraea cervus, 3D in A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Fig 11. Macrocypraea cervus, 3D reconstructions of shell (CT-Scan) MZSP 121238 (L 98.5 mm). (A) Frontal view. (B) Same, more ventral portions removed. (C) Anterior view.(D) Posterior view. (E), Right view, right half removed. (F) Same, longitudinal section along columellar axis.
Fig 10 in A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Fig 10. Macrocypraea cervus anatomy. (A) Visceral mass, male, ventral view, partially uncoiled. (B) Right region of pallial cavity floor and penis, dorsalslightly posterior view, transverse section in two indicated regions also shown. (C) Central nervous system, ventral view. Scales = 5 mm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225963.g010
Fig 5 in A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Fig 5. Macrocypraea mammoth anatomy. (A) Head-foot, male, right view. (B) Pallial roof and visceral mass, ventral view, portion of gill ventral to pericardium removed. Scales = 10 mm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225963.g005
Fig. 2 in Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization ofEimeria caviae from Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria caviae, a coccidium species recovered from Guinea pigs Cavia porcellus: (A, B, D) sub-spherical, (C, D) ellipsoidal, and (D, E, F) ovoidal oocysts. In (D) three shapes can be observed in the same field. The arrowheads point the Stieda and parastieda bodies. Sheather's sugar solution. Scale bar: 10 µm.
Fig. 3 in Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization ofEimeria caviae from Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Fig. 3. Histograms of (A) length, width and (B) shape-index, and (C) linear regression of the oocysts of Eimeria caviae, a coccidium species recovered from Guinea pigs Cavia porcellus.
Fig. 1 in Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization ofEimeria caviae from Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Fig. 1. Line drawings of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria caviae, a coccidium species recovered from Guinea pigs Cavia porcellus: (A) subspherical, (B) ellipsoidal, and (C) ovoidal oocysts; (D–G) variations of the Stieda bodies; (H–K) variations of the parastieda bodies; (L–M) variations of roughness of the oocyst wall. Scale bar: 10 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.