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233 results for “plant resistance”
Stability of elemental content correlates with plant resistance to soil impoverishment
<p><i>Aims</i> We investigated whether plant resistance to soil impoverishment would depend on their flexibility in taking up nutrients and on maintaining elemental stoichiometry.</p> <p><i>Methods</i> We mixed sand with grassland soil in mass proportions of 0, 10, 30, 50 and 70% to simulate soil impoverishment as caused by a gradient of desertification intensity and examined how plant nitrogen (N) uptake (<sup>15</sup>NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>15</sup>NO<sub>3</sub> labelling) and nutrient stoichiometry were associated with plant growth responses of a sedge (<i>Carex duriuscula</i>) and a forb (<i>Potentilla chinensis</i>).</p> <p><i>Results</i> With increasing intensity of soil impoverishment, plant biomass, cover and density decreased for <i>C. duriuscula</i>, but not for <i>P. chinensis</i>. Interestingly, uptake of both <sup>15</sup>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and <sup>15</sup>NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> increased for the sedge but not for the forb, with the former species showing stronger preference of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. However, the sedge showed decreasing nutrient contents and concentrations of phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), and thus increasing stoichiometric ratios of N:P and calcium (Ca):Mg. In contrast,<i> </i>the forb maintained its biomass by showing strong stability in nutrient content, concentration and stoichiometry.</p> <p><i>Conclusions</i> Stability of N uptake and nutrient stoichiometry were associated with higher resistance to soil impoverishment of<i> </i>the forb<i> </i>than the sedge. Our study highlights the importance of stability in nutrient uptake and stoichiometry for determining plant-species resistance to nutrient-poor conditions.</p>
Data from: Plant resistance reduces the strength of consumptive and non-consumptive effects of predators on aphids
1. The impact of predators on prey has traditionally been attributed to the act of consumption. Prey responses to the presence of the predator (non-consumptive effects), however, can be as important as predation itself. While plant defences are known to influence predator–prey interactions, their relative effects on consumptive vs. non-consumptive effects are not well understood. 2. We evaluated the consequences of plant resistance and predators (Hippodamia convergens) on the mass, number of nymphs, population growth, density and dispersal of aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). We tested for the effects of plant resistance on non-consumptive and consumptive effects of predators on aphid performance and dispersal using a combination of path analysis and experimental manipulation of predation risk. 3. We manipulated plant resistance using genetically modified lines of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that vary incrementally in the expression of the jasmonate pathway, which mediates induced resistance to insects and manipulated aphid exposure to lethal and risk predators. Predation risk predators had mandibles impaired to prevent killing. 4. Plant resistance reduced predation rate (consumptive effect) on high resistance plants. As a consequence, predators had no impact on the number of nymphs, aphid density or population growth on high resistance plants, whereas on low resistance plants, predators reduced aphid density by 35% and population growth by 86%. Path analysis and direct manipulation of predation risk showed that predation risk rather than predation rate promoted aphid dispersal and varied with host plant resistance. Aphid dispersal in response to predation risk was greater on low compared to high resistance plants. The predation risk experiment also showed that the number of aphid nymphs increased in the presence of risk predators but did not translate into increased population growth. 5. In conclusion, the consumptive and non-consumptive components of predators affect different aspects of prey demography, acting together to shape prey population dynamics. While predation risk accounts for most of the total effect of the predator on aphid dispersal and number of nymphs, the suppressive effect of predators on aphid population occurred largely through consumption. These effects are strongly influenced by plant resistance levels, suggesting that they are context dependent.
Data from: When resistance is futile, tolerate instead: silicon promotes plant compensatory growth when attacked by above- and belowground herbivores
Plants have evolved numerous herbivore defences which are resistance- or tolerance-based. Resistance involves physical and chemical traits that deter and/or harm herbivores whereas tolerance minimises fitness costs of herbivory, often via compensatory growth. The Poaceae frequently accumulate large amounts of silicon (Si) which can be used for herbivore resistance, including biomechanical and (indirectly) biochemical defences. To date, it is unclear whether Si improves tolerance of herbivory. Here we report how Si enabled a cereal (Triticum aestivum) to tolerate damage inflicted by above- and belowground herbivores. Leaf herbivory increased Si concentrations in the leaves by >50% relative to herbivore-free plants, indicating it was an inducible defensive response. In plants without Si supplementation, leaf herbivory reduced shoot biomass by 52% and root herbivory reduced root biomass by 68%. Si supplementation, however, facilitated compensatory growth such that shoot losses were more than compensated for (+14% greater than herbivore-free plants) and root losses were minimised to -16%. Si supplementation did not improve plant resistance since Si did not enhance biomechanical resistance (i.e. force of fracture) or reduce leaf consumption and herbivore relative growth rates. We propose that Si-based defence operates in wheat via tolerance either in addition, or as an alternative, to resistance-based defence.
Data from: New ways to acquire resistance – Imperfect convergence in insect adaptations to a potent plant toxin
Evolution of insensitivity to the toxic effects of cardiac glycosides has become a model in the study of convergent evolution, as five taxonomic orders of insects use the same few similar amino acid substitutions in the otherwise highly conserved Na,K-ATPase α. We here show that insensitivity in pyrgomorphid grasshoppers evolved along a slightly divergent path. As in other lineages, duplication of the Na,K-ATPase α gene paved the way for subfunctionalization: one copy maintains the ancestral, sensitive state while the other copy is resistant. Nonetheless, in contrast to all other investigated insects, the grasshoppers' resistant copy shows length variation by two amino acids in the first extracellular loop, the main part of the cardiac glycoside binding pocket. RT-qPCR analyses confirmed this copy is predominantly expressed in tissues exposed to the toxins, while the ancestral copy predominates in the nervous tissue. Functional tests with genetically engineered Drosophila Na,K-ATPases bearing the first extracellular loop of the pyrgomorphid genes showed the derived form to be highly resistant, while the ancestral state is sensitive. Thus, we report convergence in gene duplication and in the gene targets for toxin insensitivity, however the means to the phenotypic end have been novel in pyrgomorphid grasshoppers.
Data from: Functional trait differences and trait plasticity mediate biotic resistance to potential plant invaders
1. Biotic resistance represents an important natural barrier to potential invaders throughout the world, yet the underlying mechanisms that drive such resistance are still debated. In theory, native communities should repel both functionally similar invaders which compete for the same resources, and invaders which possess less competitive traits. However, environmental stress, trade-offs across vital rates and competition-induced plastic trait shifts may modify expected competitive outcomes, thereby influencing invasion dynamics. 2. In order to test these theoretical links between trait distributions and biotic resistance, we performed a mesocosm experiment with 25 non-native ornamental species invading native plant communities. Each non-native species was grown with and without the native community under two watering treatments (regular and reduced). We measured biotic resistance as the difference in performance of non-native individuals grown with and without the community in terms of their survival, growth and reproduction. We quantified overall functional dissimilarity between non-native ornamental individuals and native communities based on the combination of plant height, specific leaf area and seed mass. Then, assuming each of these traits is also potentially linked to competitive ability, we measured the position of non-natives on trait hierarchies. While height is positively correlated with competitive ability for light interception, conservative leaf and seed characteristics provide greater tolerance to competition for other resources. Finally, we quantified plastic trait shifts of non-native individuals induced by competition. 3. Indeed, the native community repelled functionally similar individuals by lowering their survival rate. Simultaneously, shorter ornamental individuals with larger specific leaf areas were less tolerant to biotic resistance from the community across vital rates, although the effect of trait hierarchies often depended on watering conditions. Finally, non-natives responded to competition by shifting their traits. Most importantly, individuals with more competitive traits were able to overcome biotic resistance also through competition-induced plastic trait shifts. 4. Synthesis. Our results highlight that both functional dissimilarity and trait hierarchies mediate biotic resistance to ornamental plant invaders. Nevertheless, environmental stress as well as opposing trends across vital rates are also influential. Furthermore, plastic trait shifts can reinforce potential invaders' competitive superiority, determining a positive feedback.
Plant defense resistance in natural enemies of a specialist insect herbivore
<p class="AbstractSummary"><span>Plants defend themselves against herbivores through the production of toxic and deterrent metabolites. Adapted herbivores can tolerate and sometimes sequester these metabolites, allowing them to feed on defended plants and become toxic to their own enemies. Can herbivore natural enemies overcome sequestered plant defense metabolites to prey on adapted herbivores? To address this question, we studied how entomopathogenic nematodes cope with benzoxazinoid defense metabolites that are produced by grasses and sequestered by a specialist maize herbivore, the western corn rootworm. We find that nematodes from US maize fields in regions in which the western corn rootworm was present over the last 50 years are behaviorally and metabolically resistant to sequestered benzoxazinoids and more infective towards the western corn rootworm than nematodes from other parts of the world. Exposure of a benzoxazinoid-susceptible nematode strain to the western corn rootworm for five generations results in higher behavioral and metabolic resistance and benzoxazinoid-dependent infectivity towards the western corn rootworm. Thus, herbivores that are exposed to a plant defense sequestering herbivore can evolve both behavioral and metabolic resistance to plant defense metabolites, and these traits are associated with higher infectivity towards a defense sequestering herbivore. We conclude that plant defense metabolites that are transferred through adapted herbivores may result in the evolution of resistance in herbivore natural enemies. Our study also identifies plant defense resistance as a potential target for the improvement of biological control agents. </span></p>
Data from: Earthworms affect plant growth and resistance against herbivores: a meta-analysis
1. Subterranean detritivores such as earthworms can increase soil nutrient availability through their burrowing and casting activities. A number of recent studies have explored whether these changes caused by earthworms may in turn affect plant performance and resistance to herbivores, but no formal synthesis of this literature has been conducted to date. 2. We here formally tested for the effects of earthworms on plant growth, resistance and chemical defence against insect herbivores by performing a meta-analysis of the existing literature up to 2016. We also explored ecological factors that might explain among-studies variation in the magnitude of the earthworm effects on plant growth and resistance. 3. We found that earthworm presence increases plant growth (by 20 %) and nitrogen content (by 11 %). Overall, earthworms did not affect plant resistance against chewing herbivores (caterpillars, slugs and rootworms), and even led to a 22 % decrease in plant resistance against phloem-feeding herbivores (aphids). However, earthworm presence increased production of chemical defences by 31% when plants where attacked by cell-feeders (thrips), and resulted in an 81 % increase in resistance against thrips. The magnitude of earthworm effects was stronger when earthworm inoculations consisted of a mix of species and ecological types, and when densities of earthworms were high. 4. These results suggest that earthworm presence is an important factor underlying natural variation in plant defences against herbivores, and call for a better integration of the soil fauna in the studies of plant-herbivore interaction, both for applied and fundamental research.
Data from: Virus adaptation to quantitative plant resistance: erosion or breakdown?
Adaptation of populations to new environments is frequently costly due to trade-offs between life history traits, and consequently, parasites are expected to be locally adapted to sympatric hosts. Also, during adaptation to the host, an increase of parasite fitness could have direct consequences on its aggressiveness (i.e. the quantity of damages caused to the host by the virus). These two phenomena have been observed in the context of pathogen adaptation to host qualitative and monogenic resistances. However, the ability of pathogens to adapt to quantitative polygenic plant resistances and the consequences of these potential adaptations on other pathogen life history traits remain to be evaluated. Using Potato virus Y and two pepper genotypes (one susceptible and one with quantitative resistance), experimental evolutions showed that adaptation to a quantitative resistance was possible and resulted in resistance breakdown. This adaptation was associated to a fitness cost on the susceptible cultivar, but had no consequence neither in terms of aggressiveness, which could be explained by a high tolerance level, nor in terms of aphid transmission efficiency. It results that quantitative resistances are not necessarily durable but management strategies mixing susceptible and resistant cultivars in space and/or in time should be useful to preserve their efficiency.
Data from: Adaptive and non-adaptive evolution of trait means and genetic trait correlations for herbivory resistance and performance in an invasive plant
The EICA-hypothesis predicts that invading plants adapt to their novel environment by evolving increased performance and reduced resistance in response to the release from natural enemies, and assumes a resource allocation tradeoff among both trait groups as mechanistic basis of this evolutionary change. Using the plant Silene latifolia as a study system, we tested these predictions by investigating whether 1) invasive populations evolved lower resistance and higher performance, 2) this evolutionary change is indeed adaptive, and 3) there is a negative genetic correlation among performance and resistance (i.e. a tradeoff) in native and introduced individuals. We sampled eight native and eight invasive populations and determined their population co-ancestry based on neutral SSR-markers. We performed controlled crossings to produce five sib-groups per population and exposed them to increased and reduced levels of enemy attack in a full-factorial experiment to estimate performance and resistance. With these data, we performed trait-by-trait comparisons between ranges with 'animal models' that account for population co-ancestry to quantify the amount of variance in traits explained by non-adaptive vs. adaptive evolution. Moreover, we tested for genetic correlations among performance and resistance traits within sib-groups. We found significant reductions in resistance and increases in performance in invasive versus native populations, which could largely be attributed to adaptive evolution. While we detected a non-significant trend towards negative genetic performance × resistance correlations in native populations, invasive populations exhibited both significant and non-significant positive correlations. In summary, these results do not support a shift of performance and resistance trait values along a tradeoff line in response to enemy release, as predicted EICA. They rather suggest that the independent evolution of both traits is not constrained by a tradeoff, and that various selective agents (including resource availability) interact in shaping both traits and in weakening negative genetic correlations in the invaded habitat.
Data from: Defensive chemicals of neighboring plants limit visits of herbivorous insects: associational resistance within a plant population
Despite our understanding of chemical defenses and their consequences for plant performance and herbivores, we know little about whether defensive chemicals in plant tissues, such as alkaloids, and their spatial variation within a population play unappreciated and critical roles in plant-herbivore interactions. Neighboring plants can decrease or increase attractiveness of a plant to herbivores, an example of a neighborhood effect. Chemical defensive traits may contribute to neighborhood effects in plant-herbivore interactions. We examined the effects of nicotine in leaves (a non-emitted defense chemical) on plant-herbivore interactions in a spatial context, using two varieties of <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> with different nicotine levels. A common garden experiment demonstrated that visits by grasshoppers decreased with increasing density of neighboring plants with a greater nicotine level. In contrast, visits of leaf caterpillars were not affected by neighbors, irrespective of nicotine levels. Thus, our results clearly highlighted that the neighborhood effect caused by the nicotine in leaves depended on the insect identity, and it was mediated by plant-herbivore interactions, rather than plant-plant interactions. This study demonstrates that understanding of effects of plant defensive traits on plant-herbivore interactions requires careful consideration of the spatial distribution of plant defenses, and provides support for the importance of spatial context to accurately capture the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-herbivore interactions.
Data from: Quantitative trait loci from the host genetic background modulate the durability of a resistance gene: a rational basis for sustainable resistance breeding in plants
The combination of major resistance genes with quantitative resistance factors is hypothesized as a promising breeding strategy to preserve the durability of resistant cultivar, as recently observed in different pathosystems. Using the pepper (Capsicum annuum)/Potato virus Y (PVY, genus Potyvirus) pathosystem, we aimed at identifying plant genetic factors directly affecting the frequency of virus adaptation to the major resistance gene pvr23 and at comparing them with genetic factors affecting quantitative resistance. The resistance breakdown frequency was a highly heritable trait (h²=0.87). Four loci including additive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and epistatic interactions explained together 70% of the variance of pvr23 breakdown frequency. Three of the four QTLs controlling pvr23 breakdown frequency were also involved in quantitative resistance, strongly suggesting that QTLs controlling quantitative resistance have a pleiotropic effect on the durability of the major resistance gene. With the first mapping of QTLs directly affecting resistance durability, this study provides a rationale for sustainable resistance breeding. Surprisingly, a genetic trade-off was observed between the durability of PVY resistance controlled by pvr23 and the spectrum of the resistance against different potyviruses. This trade-off seemed to have been resolved by the combination of minor-effect durability QTLs under long term farmer selection.
Data from: Integration of two herbivore-induced plant volatiles results in synergistic effects on plant defense and resistance
Plants can use induced volatiles to detect herbivore‐ and pathogen‐attacked neighbors and prime their defenses. Several individual volatile priming cues have been identified, but whether plants are able to integrate multiple cues from stress‐related volatile blends remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore‐induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole. In the absence of herbivory, HAC directly induced defense gene expression, while indole had no effect. Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signaling, defense gene expression and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance. Defenses and resistance in dual‐volatile exposed plants were more strongly induced than in plants exposed to single volatiles. Induced defense levels in dual volatile‐exposed plants were significantly higher than predicted from the added effects of the individual volatiles, with the exception of induced plant volatile production, which showed no increase upon dual‐exposure relative to single exposure. Thus, plants can integrate different volatile cues into strong and specific responses that promote herbivore defense induction and resistance. Integrating multiple volatiles may be beneficial, as volatile blends are more reliable indicators of future stress than single cues.
A soil fungus confers plant resistance against a phytophagous insect by disrupting the symbiotic role of its gut microbiota
<p>Dataset related to the manuscript titled "A hidden interkingdom competition underlies plant-insect interactions".</p> <p>Please, read the README.txt file for more info about zipped data content. </p>
Figure 7. A in Metagenomic study of the communities of bacterial endophytes in the desert plant Senna Italica and their role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant
Figure 7. A. The Genus level in Bacteria (bar chart), the 12genera of the five bacteria were detected at the level of the phylum. Based on the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA region. The relative most abundance in the taxonomic composition distribution in samples of Genus -level (pie chart) as a percentage of the total bacteria isolated from roots and leaves endophyte region. Based on the full-length 16S rRNA sequences. (B) and (C) The most abundant genera found in the phylum of Actinobacteria. (D) The most abundant genus found in the phylum of Cyanobacteria. Roots samples: Roots.1, Roots.2, and Roots.3. Leaves samples: Leaves.1, Leaves.2, and Leaves.3 are associated with Senna italica.
Figure 2 in Metagenomic study of the communities of bacterial endophytes in the desert plant Senna Italica and their role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant
Figure 2. Different curve based on observed Shannon value and Inversed Simpson value. Roots samples: Roots.1, Roots.2, and Roots.3. Leaves samples: Leaves.1, Leaves.2, and Leaves.3 are associated with Senna italica.
Figure 4 in Metagenomic study of the communities of bacterial endophytes in the desert plant Senna Italica and their role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant
Figure 4. Beta diversity analysis. Unweighted PCoA of UniFrac distances, Principal coordinate analysis illustrates differences between bacterial communities in senna italica roots and leaves. Two first components (PC1 and PC2) were plotted and represented 94.33% of whole inertia. Roots samples: Roots.1, Roots.2, and Roots.3. Leaves samples: Leaves.1, Leaves.2, and Leaves.3 are associated with Senna italica. The red triangle indicates Leaves.1. The green triangle indicates Root.1. The purple triangle indicates Root.2. The yellow square indicates Root.3. The blue square indicates Leaves.2. The orange circle indicates Leaves.3.
Figure 10 in Evaluation of the Chilli veinal mottle virus CP gene expressing transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants for disease resistance against the virus
Figure 10. Symptoms development in transgenic plants after challenging with ChiVMV isolate ATIPK at15dpi. A) Resistance transgenic lines. B) Moderately resistance transgenic lines. C) Moderately susceptible transgenic lines.
Figure 8 in Evaluation of the Chilli veinal mottle virus CP gene expressing transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants for disease resistance against the virus
Figure 8. PCR products from transgenic plants. (a) Lane 1-3, represent PCR product from agro-infilterated plants. Lane 4, control plant. (b) Lane 1-9, RT- PCR product from transgenic plants represent the presence of CP gene transcription. Lane 10, represents untransformed control sample.
Figure 5 in Evaluation of the Chilli veinal mottle virus CP gene expressing transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants for disease resistance against the virus
Figure 5. Maximum likelihood tree of ChiVMV isolate ATIPK on nucleotide sequence of CP gene with 22 ChiVMV isolates from the world. The bootstrap analysis was conducted in 1000 replications. ZYMV (AB127936) sequence is used as out-group.
Figure 4 in Evaluation of the Chilli veinal mottle virus CP gene expressing transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants for disease resistance against the virus
Figure 4. RT-PCR amplification of the CP gene with CVMV1037/ oligo(dT). Lane 1, 2, 3 and 4 contains 1.2kb amplified product of NIb and CP gene.
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