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Fig. 24 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line.

Fig. 10 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 6 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 6. Preserved lectotype of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) from Florida, USA (MCZ HOL-509, 190 mm long). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view with original labels. Scale bar = 35 mm. Photos by G. Borrero.

Fig. 5 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatus maculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens.

Fig. 8 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 8 (continued on next page). Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–U, I'. Specimens with "Chips" color pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–I), Neguanje, Colombia (J–L), La Guajira, Colombia (M–Q); juveniles from Neguanje, Colombia (R–U). V–B'. Specimens with "Uniform" pattern from Bocas del Toro (Panama) (V–X), La Guajira, Colombia (Y), Curaçao (Z), Magdalena, Colombia (A'–B'). C'–K'. Specimens with "Reticulated" pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panama (C'–E'), Juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (F'), Punta Betin, Magdalena, Colombia (G'–I'), La Guajira, Colombia (J'–K'). L'–O'. Specimens with "Black and yellow" pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (L'), Magdalena, Colombia (M'–O'). Photos: A–I, Q, V–X, C'–E', L', O' by G. Borrero; R–U by G. Ospina; J–L by E. Acosta; M–P, Y, J'–K' by E. Ortiz; Z, M' by M. González-Wangüemert; G'–I' by J. Gómez; and A'–B', N' by S. Zea. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Fig. 3D in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 3D. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial 16S gene fragment. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that the node was not recovered by a particular method. Specimen ID and color pattern designation as in Fig. 3A. Specimens of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) with unknown color pattern are indicated in black color.

Fig. 3C in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 3C. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial COI-Fr2 gene fragment. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that the node was not recovered by a particular method. Specimen ID and color pattern designation as in Fig. 3A. Specimens of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) from Brazil with unknown color pattern are indicated in black color.

Fig. 3A in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 3A. Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see Table 1, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green = Isosostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882); blue = I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922); pink = I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) Chips (CH) pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see Table 1). Outgroup species: Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) and Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867.

Fig. 1 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations.

Fig. 2 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – "modified maculatus tables" (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero.

Fig. 3B in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus

Fig. 3B. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial COI-Fr1 gene fragment. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that the node was not recovered by a particular method. Specimen ID and color pattern designation as in Fig. 3A. Specimens of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) with unknown color pattern are indicated in black color.

Linked collectors and determiners for: A new genus and a new species in the sea cucumber subfamily Colochirinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae) in the Mediterranean Sea.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "A new genus and a new species in the sea cucumber subfamily Colochirinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae) in the Mediterranean Sea". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/b5e15f1c-e028-4aa6-ad2a-4cd8421e2d72">https://bionomia.net/dataset/b5e15f1c-e028-4aa6-ad2a-4cd8421e2d72</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/b5e15f1c-e028-4aa6-ad2a-4cd8421e2d72">https://gbif.org/dataset/b5e15f1c-e028-4aa6-ad2a-4cd8421e2d72</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: Two new subfamilies, three new species and a new subspecies of dendrochirotid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Two new subfamilies, three new species and a new subspecies of dendrochirotid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/d834dbd0-6d0a-44b6-a642-ac416eb9a9a6">https://bionomia.net/dataset/d834dbd0-6d0a-44b6-a642-ac416eb9a9a6</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/d834dbd0-6d0a-44b6-a642-ac416eb9a9a6">https://gbif.org/dataset/d834dbd0-6d0a-44b6-a642-ac416eb9a9a6</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "New dendrochirotid sea cucumbers from northern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/b234abf6-4127-4bbe-a4da-07eb7316d36b">https://bionomia.net/dataset/b234abf6-4127-4bbe-a4da-07eb7316d36b</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/b234abf6-4127-4bbe-a4da-07eb7316d36b">https://gbif.org/dataset/b234abf6-4127-4bbe-a4da-07eb7316d36b</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: On some miscellaneous sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the collections of the South African Museum with three new species.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "On some miscellaneous sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the collections of the South African Museum with three new species". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/114a9cd5-ae28-4133-a31e-e847c3e4f316">https://bionomia.net/dataset/114a9cd5-ae28-4133-a31e-e847c3e4f316</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/114a9cd5-ae28-4133-a31e-e847c3e4f316">https://gbif.org/dataset/114a9cd5-ae28-4133-a31e-e847c3e4f316</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: First record of the Harlequin crab Lissocarcinus orbicularis, an obligate symbiont of sea cucumbers, from the Red Sea.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "First record of the Harlequin crab Lissocarcinus orbicularis, an obligate symbiont of sea cucumbers, from the Red Sea". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/8fa3e1c6-840a-48cc-8cd5-fd8abb896f3e">https://bionomia.net/dataset/8fa3e1c6-840a-48cc-8cd5-fd8abb896f3e</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/8fa3e1c6-840a-48cc-8cd5-fd8abb896f3e">https://gbif.org/dataset/8fa3e1c6-840a-48cc-8cd5-fd8abb896f3e</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: Distributional records of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) based on the collection stored at the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Distributional records of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) based on the collection stored at the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/1dafb239-593d-43b0-a2a0-bd3e4bde1b23">https://bionomia.net/dataset/1dafb239-593d-43b0-a2a0-bd3e4bde1b23</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/1dafb239-593d-43b0-a2a0-bd3e4bde1b23">https://gbif.org/dataset/1dafb239-593d-43b0-a2a0-bd3e4bde1b23</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Feeding indicators and bioremediation ability of the warty sea cucumber (Neostichopus grammatus) fed potential wastes from abalone (Haliotis midae) farming.

Data set contains data used to estimate the consumption rate, faecal production rate, assimilation efficiency, growth and bioremediation ability of Neostichopus grammatus fed abalone waste, Ulva lactuca mixed with sand, pellet and sand.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Figure 23 in The sea cucumbers of Camden Sound in northwest Australia, including four new species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 23. Photos of specimens judged to be Thyone papuensis Théel, 1886. a, lateral view of live specimen (WAM Z89060); b, calcareous ring of the same specimen preserved; c, lateral view of live specimen (WAM Z89058); d, calcareous ring of same specimen preserved (ring is relatively very small and is probably regenerating).