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553 results for “soil communities”
Data for: Plant roots fuel tropical soil animal communities
<p>Belowground life relies on plant litter, while its linkage to living roots had long been understudied, and remains unknown in the tropics. Here, we analysed the response of 30 soil animal groups to root trenching and litter removal in rainforest and plantations in Sumatra, and found that roots are similarly important to soil fauna as litter. Trenching effects were stronger in soil than in litter, with an overall decrease in animal abundance in rainforest by 42% and in plantations by 30%. Litter removal little affected animals in soil layers, but decreased the total abundance by 60% in rainforest and rubber plantations but not in oil palm plantations. Litter and root effects on animal group abundances were explained by body size or vertical distribution. Our study quantifies principle carbon pathways in soil food webs under tropical land use, providing the basis for mechanistic modelling and ecosystem-friendly management of tropical soils.</p>
Soil microbial community shifts explain habitat heterogeneity in two Haloxylon species from a nutrient perspective
<p><span><em>Haloxylon</em> <em>ammodendron</em> and <em>Haloxylon</em> <em>persicum</em> (as sister taxa) are dominant shrubs in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The former grows in inter-dune lowlands while the latter in sand dunes. However, little information is available regarding the possible role of soil microorganisms in their habitat heterogeneity from a nutrient perspective in deserts</span><span>. </span><span>Rhizosphere is the interface of plant-microbe-soil interactions and f</span><span>ertile islands usually occur around the roots of desert shrubs. </span><span>Given this, </span><span>we applied quantitative real-time PCR combined with MiSeq amplicon sequencing to compare their rhizosphere effects on microbial abundance and community structures at three soil depths (0–20, 20</span><span>–</span><span>40, and 40</span><span>–</span><span>60 cm). The rhizosphere effects on microbial activity (respiration) and soil properties had also been estimated. The rhizospheres of both shrubs exerted significant positive effects on microbial activity and abundance (e.g. eukarya, bacteria and </span><span>nitrogen-fixing microbes</span><span>). The rhizosphere effect of <em>H</em>. <em>ammodendron</em> on microbial activity and abundance of bacteria and </span><span>nitrogen-fixing microbes</span><span> was greater than that of <em>H</em>. <em>persicum</em>. However, </span><span>the fertile island effect of </span><span><em>H</em>. <em>ammodendron</em></span><span> was weaker than that of </span><span><em>H</em>. <em>persicum</em></span><span>.</span><span> Moreover, t</span><span>here existed distinct differences in microbial community structure between the two rhizosphere soils. </span><span>Soil-available nitrogen, especially nitrate nitrogen was shown to be a</span><span> driver</span> <span>of microbial community </span><span>differentiation </span><span>among rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils in the desert.</span><span> In general, the rhizosphere of <em>H</em>. <em>ammodendron</em> recruited more </span><span>copiotrophs (e.g. </span><span>Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria), </span><span>nitrogen-fixing microbes and </span><span>ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and with stronger microbial activities. This helps it maintain a competitive advantage in relatively nutrient-rich lowlands. <em>H</em>. <em>persicum</em> relied more on </span><span>fungi, actinomycetes, archaea</span><span> (including </span><span>ammonia-oxidizing archaea</span><span>) </span><span>and</span><span> eukarya, with higher nutrient use efficiency, which help it adapt to the harsher dune crests. This study provides insights into the microbial mechanisms of habitat heterogeneity in two <em>Haloxylon</em> species in the poor desert soil. </span></p>
The data table of eleven invasive species in Hungary and Romania: Invasive species' cover, invasive species' traits, basic characteristics, trait composition, functional diversity indices and soil parameters of recipient plant communities
<p>We studied 11 widespread herbaceous invasive alien species of East-Central Europe and their 16 impact metrics (resident plant communities' ecological characteristics, trait composition, functional diversity, and soil parameters) by sampling invaded and similar, uninvaded sites (space-for-time substitution method). Our aim was to (1) investigate the detailed ecological impacts of invasive plants on native plant communities; (2) explore the type of cover-impact relationships across impact metrics and their consistency across species; (3) study whether the cover-impact relationship depends on functional traits of invasive species. We present the data table with the 11 invasive species: the status of the sites (invaded, uninvaded), the cover of invasive species at plot level, the invasive species traits (lifespan, height, SLA, seed mass, clonal spread, flowering duration), community characteristics (species richness and diversity, native vegetation cover and bare ground cover at plot level), trait composition of native plant communities (native vegetation height, CWM height, CWM SLA, CWM seed mass, CWM clonal spread), functional diversity (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, functional distance, RaoQ) and soil properties (N, P, organic C, pH).</p>
Data for: Local conditions matter: Minimal and variable effects of soil disturbance on microbial communities and functions in European vineyards
<p>Soil tillage or herbicide applications are commonly us<span>ed in agriculture for weed control. These measures may also represent a disturbance for soil microbial communities and their functions. However, the generality of response patterns of microbial communities and functions to disturbance have rarely been studied at large geographical scales. We investigated how a soil disturbance gradient (low, intermediate, high), realized by either tillage or herbicide application, affects diversity and composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities as well as soil functions in vineyards across five European countries. Microbial alpha-diversity metrics responded to soil disturbance sporadically, but inconsistently across countries. Increasing soil disturbance changed soil microbial community composition at the European level. However, the effects of soil disturbance on the variation of microbial communities were smaller compared to the effects of location and soil covariates. Microbial respiration was consistently impaired by soil disturbance, while effects on decomposition of organic substrates were inconsistent and showed positive and negative responses depending on the respective country. </span><span>Therefore, we conclude that it is difficult to extrapolate results from one locality to others because microbial communities and environmental conditions vary strongly over larger geographical scales.</span><span> </span></p>
Data set for the article "One-time freeze-thawing or carbon input events have long-term legacies in soil microbial communities"
<p>The following are data and code used for statistical analysis and figure plotting in the manuscript</p> <p>Gorka et al. (2023) "One-time freeze-thawing or carbon input events have long-term legacies in soil microbial communities", Geoderma, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399</a></p> <p>It contains the following files:</p> <ol> <li>Microbial PLFA and NLFA analysis files (contained in <em>Fatty_acid_analysis.zip</em>) <ul> <li>PLFA and NLFA abundance data, in nmol C g<sup>-1</sup> dw (in <em>fatty_acid_data.csv</em>)</li> <li>Taxonomic specificities of fatty acids, needed for R-script to run (in <em>phylum.csv</em>)</li> <li>An R Script reproducing the statistical analysis, figure plotting and output for tables, as used in the manuscript (<em>Fatty_acid_analysis.R</em>)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Soil C and N stoichiometry analysis files (contained in <em>TOC_TN_analysis.zip</em>) <ul> <li>Dissolved organic C (DOC), total dissolved N (TN), and C and N in microbial biomass (Cmic, Nmic) abundance data, in mg g<sup>-1</sup> dw (in <em>toc_tn_data.csv</em>)</li> <li>An R Script reproducing the statistical analysis, figure plotting and output for tables, as used in the manuscript (<em>TOC_TN_analysis.R</em>)</li> </ul> </li> </ol>
Correlations between dominant vegetation type and composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities in a subtropical forest
<p><span>Single and mixed vegetation types have significant effects on soil parameters and the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities.</span><span> To understand the influence of different vegetation types on the structure of soil bacterial community across soil depth in a subtropical forest, we assessed the relative abundance of edaphic bacterial community and soil parameters, including pH, </span><span>cation exchange capacity</span><span> (CEC), and d</span><span>issolved organic carbon</span><span> (DOC) </span><span>in Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve in Fujian Province, southeastern China. The study area constitutes pine coniferous forest (CF) of <em>pinus taiwanensis</em>, broad-leaved forest (BF) of <em>castanopsis fabri</em>, and a mixed forest comprising CF and BF (MF). Quantitative PCR and Illumina sequencing of 16S rDNA were used to analyze the abundance, diversity, and composition of soil bacteria. </span><span>The results showed that the pH, CEC and diversity of tree species are all associated with the composition of the bacterial community in the soil.</span> <span>It was found that CEC, soluble</span><span> organic nitrogen (</span><span>DON) and pH largely affected the structure of soil bacterial community in A horizon, whereas CEC, moisture content (MC) and </span><span>organic phosphorus</span><span> (OP) affected the structure of soil bacterial community in B horizon. </span><span>We found that the dominant taxa in the CF and BF were <em>Proteobacteria</em> and <em>Acidobacteria</em>, respectively. The results of both mental and random forest (RF) analyses displayed groups according to vegetation types, indicating that the bacterial communities in the research site were significantly influenced by vegetation types in subtropical forests. </span><span>The study highlights the ecological effects of forest management and elucidates the differences in the functional structure of soil bacterial communities under different vegetation types and soil depths.</span></p>
The contribution of Fe(III) reduction to soil carbon mineralization in montane meadows depends on soil chemistry, not parent material or microbial community
<p>The long-term stability of soil carbon (C) is strongly influenced by organo-mineral interactions. Iron (Fe)-oxides can both inhibit microbial decomposition by providing physicochemical protection for organic molecules and enhance rates of C mineralization by serving as a terminal electron acceptor, depending on redox conditions. Restoration of floodplain hydrology in montane meadows has been proposed as a method of sequestering C for climate change mitigation. However, dissimilatory microbial reduction of Fe(III) could lead to C losses under increased reducing conditions. In this study, we explored variations in Fe-C interactions over a range of redox conditions and in soils derived from two distinct parent materials to elucidate biochemical and microbial controls on soil C cycling in Sierra Nevada montane meadows. Differences in parent material were associated with different rates of Fe(III) reduction at increasing soil moisture levels, but not with differences in soil C mineralization. Known Fe(III)-reducing taxa were present in all samples but neither the relative abundance nor richness of Fe(III) reducers corresponded with measured rates of Fe(III) reduction. Under reducing conditions, our results suggest that Fe(III) reduction contributes to C mineralization only when Fe-bound C is present. However, Fe-bound C was not present in all of our soils and was below theoretical limits for C sorption onto Fe-oxides where it was found. Overall, our results suggest that meadow-specific soil chemistry drives Fe-C interactions and that the impact of Fe on C cycling in montane meadows may be smaller than in other ecosystems.</p>
Soil fungal communities contribute to the positive diversity-productivity relationship of tree communities under contrasting water availability
<p><span>Plant diversity has often been linked to increased productivity; however, this apparent diversity-productivity relationship may rely on inter-trophic interactions such as those between plants and soil microbes. Soil fungi can create complementarity between plant species via altered plant resource partitioning, facilitation via fungal networks, or biotic feedbacks, thereby promoting plant diversity-productivity relationships. Furthermore, these relationships are likely to be context-dependent in response to resource availability. </span></p> <p><span>We used a biodiversity-ecosystem function experiment with trees exposed to high and low water availability treatments to determine the contribution of soil fungal communities to the diversity-productivity relationship in tree communities. We used amplicon sequencing of soil fungi to assess fungal richness, community composition, and richness of functional guilds. We then applied structural equation modelling to determine relationships between tree diversity, fungal communities, and tree productivity and the role of water availability in these relationships.</span></p> <p><span>Tree species richness and functional diversity both increased above-ground tree productivity and influenced soil fungal community composition. Fungal community composition had a direct impact on tree productivity and enhanced net diversity effects on productivity. Therefore, fungal communities mediated a positive, indirect effect of tree richness on productivity. While total fungal richness was not associated with tree diversity, pathogen richness decreased and mycorrhizal richness increased with tree richness. Pathogen and mycorrhizal richness had either no impact or a weak negative effect on productivity. Tree species traits strongly affected fungal communities and these changes promoted productivity. Finally, water availability greatly influenced fungal communities but did not interact with tree diversity to affect productivity; indicating possible resilience of tree communities to altered precipitation regimes and associated changes in fungal communities.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis: Our study highlights the crucial role that fungal communities play in shaping the relationship between tree diversity, traits, and productivity, and resilience to altered water availability. </span></p>
Data from: Positive plant diversity effects on soil microbial drought resistance are linked to variation in labile carbon and microbial community structure
<p><span>Biodiversity loss and drought are substantially altering both above-and belowground terrestrial ecosystem functioning, but mechanistic understanding of plant diversity effects on the drought resistance of soil microbial biomass remains limited. </span></p> <p><span>We designed a mesocosm experiment to examine drought resistance of soil microbial biomass along a plant species richness gradient (five plant species richness levels based on old-field communities). We calculated resistance of microbial biomass to drought and recorded key belowground properties which may influence microbial resistance to drought (i.e., microbial diversity, microbial community structure, soil carbon stocks and root biomass). </span></p> <p><span>Plant species richness had a positive effect on microbial resistance to drought. Variation in microbial resistance to drought was linked to properties of the fungal community in ambient soil (Shannon diversity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal richness and abundance) but not soil bacterial diversity. Moreover, microbial resistance to drought increased with increasing root biomass and dissolved organic carbon recorded under ambient conditions. </span></p> <p><span>These results highlight the importance of plant diversity for microbial biomass stability in our old-field study system with implications for biogeochemical cycling, and suggest that indirect effects of plant species richness on labile soil carbon and soil fungi may drive resistance of soil microbial biomass to drought. </span></p>
Soil amendment with biochar and manure alters wood stake decomposition and fungal community composition
<p><span>Biochar and manure can be used for </span>sustainable land management<span>. However, little is known about how soil amendments might affect surface- and below-ground microbial processes and subsequent wood decomposition</span>. In a split-split-split plot design, we amended soil with two rates of manure (whole plot; 0 and 9 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and biochar (split-plot; 0 and 10 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>). <span>Wood stakes of three species (hybrid poplar, triploid<em> Populus tomentosa</em> Carr.; aspen, <em>Populus tremuloides</em> Michx.; and pine, <em>Pinus taeda</em> L.) were placed in two positions (horizontally on the soil surface, and inserted vertically in the mineral soil), which served as </span>a substrate for fungal growth<span>. In 3 years, the decomposition rate (mass loss), moisture content, and fungal community (via high-throughput sequencing methods) of stakes were evaluated. Results indicated</span> that <span>biochar and/or manure increased the wood stake decomposition rates, moisture content, and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance. However, the richness and diversity of fungi </span>were<span> dependent on wood stake position (surface > mineral), species (pine > the two <em>Populus</em>), and sample dates. This study highlights that soil amendment with biochar and/or manure can alter the fungal community, which in turn can enhance an important soil process (i.e., decomposition). </span></p>
Fear of predators alters herbivore regulation of soil microbial community function
<p>Fear of predation can affect important ecosystem processes by altering the prey traits' expression that, in turn, regulates the quantity and quality of nutritional inputs to soil. Here, we aimed to assist in bridging a knowledge gap in this cascading chain of events by exploring how risk of spider predation may affect grasshopper prey performances, and the activity of various microbial extracellular enzymes in the soil. Using a mesocosms field‐experiment, we found that grasshoppers threatened by spider predation ate less, grew slower, and had a higher body carbon to nitrogen ratio. Herbivory increased activity of all microbial extracellular enzymes examined, likely due to higher availability of root exudates. Predation risk had no effect on C‐acquiring enzymes but decreased activity of P‐acquiring enzymes. We found contrasting results regarding the effect of predation on the activity of N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase and leucine arylamidase N‐acquiring enzymes, suggesting that predation risk may alter the composition of N‐inputs to soil. Our work highlighted the importance of soil microbial enzymatic activity as a way to predict how changes in the aboveground food‐web dynamics may alter key ecosystem processes like nutritional‐cycling.</p>
Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability driven by secondary succession in temperate forests shape soil fungal communities and function
<p><span>Soil fungal community plays an important role in forest ecosystems, and forest secondary succession is a crucial driver of soil fungal community. However, the driving factors of fungal community and function during temperate forest succession and their potential impact on succession processes are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the soil fungal community in three temperate forest secondary successional stages (shrublands, coniferous forests, and deciduous broadleaf forests) using high-throughput DNA sequencing coupled with functional prediction via the FUNGuild database. We found that fungal community richness, α-diversity, and evenness decreased significantly during the succession process. Soil available phosphorus and nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen decreased significantly after initial succession occurred, and redundancy analysis showed that both were significant predictors of soil fungal community structure. Among functional groups, fungal saprotrophs as well as pathotrophs represented by plant pathogens were significantly enriched in the early-successional stage, while fungal symbiotrophs represented by ectomycorrhiza were significantly increased in the late-successional stage. The abundance of both saprotroph and pathotroph fungal guilds was positively correlated with soil nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen and available phosphorus content. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were negatively correlated with nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen and available phosphorus content and positively correlated with ammonium</span> <span>nitrogen content.</span> <span>These results indicated that the dynamics of fungal community and function reflected the changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability caused by the secondary succession of temperate forests. The fungal plant pathogen accumulated in the early-successional stage and ectomycorrhizal fungi accumulated in the late-successional stage may have a potential role in promoting forest succession. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the response of soil fungal communities to the secondary forest succession process and highlight the importance of fungal communities during temperate forest succession.</span></p>
Soil microbial community, dissolved organic matter and nutrient cycling interactions change along an elevation gradient in subtropical China
<p>This table contains data on soil dissolved organic matter at different elevations in Wuyi Mountain, China, which is attached to the manuscript submitted to Journal of Environmental Management (Manuscript ID:JEMA-D-23-01912). </p>
Data from: Soil nutrient heterogeneity alters productivity and diversity of experimental plant communities under multiple global change factors
<p>Plant communities in nature are often challenged by multiple global change factors (GCFs) and also ubiquitously encountered with soil nutrient heterogeneity. So far, however, we know little about the interactive effect of multiple GCFs and soil nutrient heterogeneity on plant communities.</p> <p>We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment in which a plant community was either grown in heterogeneous soils consisting of high- and low-nutrient patches, or in homogeneous soils where the same amount of nutrients was evenly distributed. These plant communities were exposed to none (control), single, or a combination of two or four GCFs (i.e., drought, nitrogen deposition, microplastic and cadmium).</p> <p>Biomass of the plant community exposed to drought and nitrogen deposition were greater in heterogeneous than in homogeneous soils, but evenness of the plant community exposed to microplastics was lower. Increasing the number of GCFs increased community biomass more in heterogeneous than in homogeneous soils, but it generally reduced community evenness, independent of soil nutrient heterogeneity. These contrasting responses were related to changing competitive hierarchies and root foraging responses under different treatments.</p> <p>Our results suggest that soil nutrient heterogeneity can alter community productivity and diversity via changing competitive interactions of the component species, depending on both the identity and the number of GCFs acting on the community. These results have important implications for the maintenance of ecosystem functions and services under rapid and complex ongoing global changes.</p>
Slow soil enzyme recovery following invasive tree removal through gradual changes in bacterial and fungal communities
<p><span>Biological invasions of plants have profound effects on ecosystem functioning by directly and indirectly altering soil microbiota, especially when invasive plants co-invade with their associated microbiomes. Ecosystem functions may recover slowly following invader removal, with implications for restoration. </span></p> <p><span>We investigated the recovery of soil ecosystem function (measured as soil enzymes) following the removal, at different densities and times, of invasive <em>Pinus</em> spp. in New Zealand, and how different enzymatic activities responded to pine legacies. </span></p> <p><span>Enzymatic activities were driven by pine legacies via both abiotic (soil nutrients) and biotic (fungi and bacteria) soil properties, with different enzymes showing distinct patterns. The activity of the enzymes cellobiohydrolase (cellulose degrading), β-glucosidase (cellulose degrading), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (chitin degrading), laccase (lignin oxidising) and acid phosphatase (organic phosphate hydrolysing) were influenced by time since pine removal and by pine density at removal via effects on biotic communities. In comparison, Mn-peroxidase (lignin oxidising) was positively correlated with density of pines at removal and was negatively correlated with time since removal and was only influenced by fungal communities. </span></p> <p><em><span>Synthesis</span></em><span>. The recovery of soil enzymatic function following invasive species removal is slow, and dependent on pine legacies through the gradual changes in fungal and bacterial communities. The cascading effects of these changes suggest potential implications for the success of future plant establishment and restoration of co-invaded ecosystems.</span></p>
Taxonomic and functional biogeographies of soil bacterial communities across the Tibet plateau are better explained by abiotic conditions than distance and plant community composition
<p><span>The processes governing soil bacteria biogeography are still not fully understood. It remains unknown how the importance of environmental filtering and dispersal differs between bacterial taxonomic and functional biogeography, and whether their importance is scale-dependent. We sampled soils across the Tibet plateau, with distances among plots ranging from 20 m to 1,550 km. Taxonomic composition of bacterial community was characterized by 16S amplicon sequencing and functional community composition by qPCR targeting 9 functional groups involved in N dynamics. Factors representing climate, soil, and plant community were measured to assess different facets of environmental dissimilarity. Both bacterial taxonomic and functional dissimilarities were more related to abiotic dissimilarity than biotic (vegetation) dissimilarity or distance. Taxonomic dissimilarity was mostly explained by differences in soil pH and mean annual temperature (MAT), while functional dissimilarity was linked to differences in soil N and P availabilities and N:P ratio. Soil pH and MAT remained the main determinants of taxonomic dissimilarity across spatial scales. In contrast, the explanatory variables of N-related functional dissimilarity varied across the scales, with soil moisture and organic matter having the highest role across short distances (<~330 km), and available P, N:P ratio and distance being important over long distances (>~660 km). Our results demonstrate how biodiversity dimension (taxonomic versus functional aspects) and spatial scale influence the factors driving soil bacterial biogeography.</span></p>
Data from: Revealing biogeographic patterns in genetic diversity of native and invasive plants and their association with soil community diversity in the Chinese coast
<p><span>Within-species genetic diversity is shaped by multiple evolutionary forces within the confines of geography, and has cascading effects on the biodiversity of other taxa and levels. Invasive species are often initially limited in genetic diversity but still respond rapidly to their new range, possibly through 'pre-adapted' genotypes or multiple sources of genetic diversity, but little is known about how their genetic structure differs from that of native species and how it alters the genetic-species diversity relationship.</span><span> Here, we selected a widespread native species (<em>Phragmites australis</em>) and its co-occurring invasive competitor (<em>Spartina alterniflora</em>) as our model plant species. We investigated the genetic structure of <em>P. australis</em> using two chloroplast fragments and ten nuclear microsatellites in 13 populations along the Chinese coastal wetlands. We discovered a distinct geographical differentiation, showing that the northern and southern populations harbored unique genotypes.</span><span> We also found a significant increase in genetic diversity (allelic richness and expected heterozygosity) from south to north. Combined with previous studies of <em>S. alterniflora</em>, </span><span>the Mantel tests revealed</span><span> a significant correlation of genetic distances between <em>P. australis </em>and<em> S. alterniflora</em> even when controlling for geographic distance,</span><span> suggesting that the invasive species <em>S. alterniflora</em> might exhibit a phylogeographic pattern similar to that of the native species to some extent. Furthermore, our results suggest that the <em>S. alterniflora </em>invasion has altered the relationship between the genetic diversity of the dominant native plant and the associated species richness of soil nematodes. The reason for the alteration of genetic-species diversity relationship might be that the biological invasion weakens the environmental impact on both levels of biodiversity. Our findings contribute to understanding the latitudinal patterns of intraspecific genetic diversity in widespread species. This work on the genetic diversity analysis of native species also provides significant implications for the invasion stage and ecological consequences of biological invasions.</span></p>
Data from: Community composition and physiological plasticity control microbial carbon storage across natural and experimental soil fertility gradients
<p>Data associated with 'Community composition and physiological plasticity control microbial carbon storage across natural and experimental soil fertility gradients' by Butler, Manzoni, and Warren, published in The ISME Journal (accepted 28/9/2023).</p>
Data from: Soil microeukaryotic communities and phosphorus-cycling microorganisms respond to chloropicrin fumigation and azoxystrobin application
<p>Fumigants and fungicides are effective at controlling soil-borne pathogens but might also adversely affect soil beneficial microbes, such as soil phosphorus (P) solubilizing microbes, further altering nutrient cycling processes. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the fumigant chloropicrin (CP) and the fungicide azoxystrobin (AZO) on soil microeukaryotes and P-cycling related soil bacteria through a greenhouse experiment. Soil microeukaryotic communities and bacterial communities containing two phosphomonoesterase encoding genes (<em>phoC</em> and <em>phoD</em>) were analysed using high-throughput sequencing methods. Results showed that, when applied at the field recommended application dosage, the fungicide AZO had no significant influence on the community structure of soil microeukaryotes and <em>phoD</em>-containing bacteria. However, in CP-fumigated soils, the soil microeukaryotic community composition changed from fungi-dominated to protist-dominated. CP fumigation significantly decreased the total <em>phoC</em>/<em>phoD</em> gene copy number but increased the relative abundance of some <em>phoC</em>/<em>phoD</em>-containing bacteria (such as <em>Sinorhizobium</em> and <em>Streptomyces</em>), which are significantly positively correlated to available P compositions in soil. The structural equation model (SEM) confirmed that CP fumigation could affect soil available P content directly by altering <em>phoC</em>-/<em>phoD</em>-containing bacteria, or indirectly by affecting <em>phoC</em>/<em>phoD</em> gene abundance and acid/alkaline phosphatases activity in soil. The inconsistent changes in <em>phoC</em>/<em>phoD</em>-containing bacteria, <em>phoC</em>/<em>phoD</em> gene number, and the phosphomonoesterase activities indicated that enzyme secretion may not be the only way for P solubilizing soil microorganisms to regulate P availability after soil fumigation. The outcome of this study can provide theoretical support for the design of soil beneficial microorganism recovery strategies and the regulation of phosphate fertilizer after soil fumigation.</p>
Soil microbial diversity and community composition during conversion from conventional to organic agriculture
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