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13,864 results for “staging”
Conodont faunas across the Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary (late Pennsylvanian) in South China and implications for the selection of the stratotype for the base of the global Gzhelian stage
The upper Pennsylvanian Naqing and Narao carbonate successions were deposited in intra-platform slope to basinal settings across the Kasimovian-Gzhelian boundary in Guizhou, South China. Conodont faunas comprise a mixture of the endemic taxa of the Idiognathodus luodianensis group and cosmopolitan species of the I. simulator group. The I. luodianensis group includes the new species I. fengtingensis, I. luodianensis, I. naqingensis and I. naraoensis. Platform landmark analysis demonstrates that the species of the I. luodianensis group differ in morphological features from co-occurring species of the I. simulator group. Both groups display similar increasing asymmetry in P1 element pairs across the Kasimovian-Gzhelian boundary, as recognized on the basis of the first occurrence of I. simulator. Many Kasimovian Idiognathodus species disappear and several Gzhelian species first appear with I. simulator, including two new species of Streptognathodus, S. nemyrovskae and S. zhihaoi. Just below the base of the Gzhelian, carbonate δ13C falls from 4‰ to 2‰ in both sections. The combination of an abrupt faunal turnover immediately above the prominent negative δ13C excursion might represent an oceanic event in South China, maybe recognizable on a global scale. One of these two South China sections may be the best location to place the GSSP for the base of the Gzhelian Stage.
Time spent in distinct life-history stages has sex-specific effects on reproductive fitness in wild Atlantic salmon
<p><span>In species with complex life cycles, life history theory predicts that fitness is affected by conditions encountered in previous life history stages. Here, we use a four-year pedigree to investigate if time spent in two distinct life history stages has sex-specific reproductive fitness consequences in anadromous Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>). We determined the amount of years spent in fresh water as juveniles (freshwater age, FW, measured in years), and years spent in the marine environment as adults (sea age, SW, measured in sea winters) on 264 sexually mature adults collected on a river spawning ground. We then estimated reproductive fitness as the number of offspring (reproductive success) and the number of mates (mating success) using genetic parentage analysis (>5000 offspring). Sea age is significantly and positively correlated with reproductive and mating success of both sexes whereby older and larger individuals gained the highest reproductive fitness benefits (females: 62.2% increase in offspring/SW and 34.8% increase in mate number/SW; males: 201.9% offspring/SW and 60.3% mates/SW). Younger freshwater age was significantly related to older sea age and thus increased reproductive fitness, but only among females (females: -33.9% offspring/FW and -32.4% mates/FW). This result implies that females can obtain higher reproductive fitness by transitioning to the marine environment earlier. In contrast, male mating and reproductive success was unaffected by freshwater age and more males returned at a younger age than females despite the reproductive fitness advantage of later sea age maturation. Our results show that the timing of transitions between juvenile and adult phases has a sex-specific consequence on female reproductive fitness, demonstrating a life-history trade-off between maturation and reproduction in wild Atlantic salmon.</span></p>
Comparative morphology of immature stages and adults of Hydroscapha from Taiwan, with a description of a new species from Hong Kong (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Hydroscaphidae)
<p>Original unedited photographs and SEM micrographs to the paper published in Raffles Journal of Zoology.</p>
FIGURES 46 - 47 in Haplohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae), new species and stage descriptions with a key to separate the species of the genus
FIGURES 46 - 47. Haplohyphes yanahuicsa sp. nov.: 46, general view of male imago; 47, general view of nymph.
FIGURES 7 8. Adult head and hind coxa. 7 in Early stages of the enigmatic Prodidactis mystica (Meyrick) with comments on its new family assignment (Lepidoptera: Prodidactidae)
FIGURES 7 8. Adult head and hind coxa. 7) Laterofrontal view of cleared head (pr = proboscis (haustellum), mp = maxillary palpus, lp = labial palpus); 8) Hind coxa with saclike lobes (arrows point to lobes, st = sternum II of first abdominal segment, ap = apodeme).
FIGURES 5 - 6 in Early stages of the enigmatic Prodidactis mystica (Meyrick) with comments on its new family assignment (Lepidoptera: Prodidactidae)
FIGURES 5 - 6. Adult head and thorax of Prodidactis mystica. 5) Frontal view of head (scales removed from frons) (pr = proboscis (haustellum), mp = maxillary palpus, lp = labial palpus); 6) Dorsal view of head and prothorax.
FIGURES 1 - 4 in Early stages of the enigmatic Prodidactis mystica (Meyrick) with comments on its new family assignment (Lepidoptera: Prodidactidae)
FIGURES 1 - 4. Adult and larva of Prodidactis mystica. 1) Spread adult moth; 2) Adult in natural resting posture; 3 - 4) Last instar larva feeding on Nuxia congesta (photographs in Figures 2 - 4 by Neville Duke).
FIGURES 14 – 16 in The occurrence of Taraxitrichia Flint & Harris, 1992 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Brazil, with description of the final larval stage
FIGURES 14 – 16. Taraxitrichia sp. larva and pupa. 14, lateral view of larval case and larva; 15, lateral view of larval thorax; 16, view of pupal cases fixed on a sponge colony.
FIGURES 1 – 7 in The occurrence of Taraxitrichia Flint & Harris, 1992 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Brazil, with description of the final larval stage
FIGURES 1 – 7. Taraxitrichia sp. larva. 1, dorsal view of thorax and abdomen (scale = 1 mm): a, setae with spinules; b. lateral projection abdominal of segment II; 2, thorax ventral view (PR, MS and MT), and first abdominal segment (I): a. sclerite of pronotum; b, hyaline tubular structures; c – d, sclerite of meso and metanotum; e, protuberances, not sclerotized of I abdominal segment; 3, head dorsal view; 4, prothoracic leg (arrow indicates the trochantin); 5, mesothoracic leg. 6, metathoracic leg; 7, anal proleg, lateral view (scale = 0.012 mm).
FIGURES 95 – 100 in Taxonomy and immature stages of the Platystomatidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea) of Israel
FIGURES 95 – 100. Habitus of newly-described species, holotypes. 95. Platystoma dalia. 96. P. elizabethae. 97. P. geula. 98. P. torridum. 99. P. trigonum. 100. Rivellia israelica.
FIGURE 11 in Description of a new Oriental stonefly species, Phanoperla constanspina (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Mindanao, Philippines and association of life stages using DNA barcoding
FIGURE 11. Phanoperla constanspina sp. nov. male nymphal habitus illustrating two general body pigmentation types. (A) (Haplotype: N-J 25. m) Pale to lighter brown, sometimes with darker wingpad tips. (B) (Haplotype: N-G 49. m). Dark to darker brown, sometimes with dark to black wingpads.
FIGURE 8 in Description of a new Oriental stonefly species, Phanoperla constanspina (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Mindanao, Philippines and association of life stages using DNA barcoding
FIGURE 8. Phanoperla constanspina sp. nov. egg. (A) Entire egg. (B) Chorionic details. (C) Collar end (D) Anterior end. Scale = 100 µm.
Research data supporting "Probing amylin fibrillation at an early stage via a tetracysteine-recognising fluorophore"
<p>Research data supporting the publication:</p> <p>Wang S. et al., 2017, Talanta, DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.015</p>
Catalyst sites and active species in the early stages of MTO conversion over cobalt AlPO-18 followed by IR spectroscopy
<p>Supplementary material: Ex-situ DR-UV-visible spectroscopy, Ex-situ FT-IR Spectroscopy. In-situ FT-IR Spectroscopy, In continuo FT-IR Spectroscopy, Brønsted acidity of SAPO-18 </p>
Data from: warming and top-down control of stage-structured prey: linking theory to patterns in natural systems
<p>Warming has broad and often nonlinear impacts on organismal physiology and traits, allowing it to impact species interactions like predation through a variety of pathways that may be difficult to predict. Predictions are commonly based on short-term experiments and models, and these studies often yield conflicting results depending on the environmental context, spatiotemporal scale, and the predator and prey species considered. Thus, the accuracy of predicted changes in interaction strength, and their importance to the broader ecosystems they take place in, remain unclear. Here, we attempted to link one such set of predictions generated using theory, modeling, and controlled experiments to patterns in the natural abundance of prey across a broad thermal gradient. To do so, we first predicted how warming will impact a stage-structured predator-prey interaction in riverine rock pools between Pantala spp. dragonfly nymph predators and Aedes atropalpus mosquito larval prey. We then described temperature variation across a set of hundreds of riverine rock pools (n = 775) and leveraged this natural gradient to look for evidence for or against our model's predictions. Our model's predictions suggested that warming should weaken predator control of mosquito larval prey by accelerating their development and shrinking the window of time that aquatic dragonfly nymphs could consume them in. This was consistent with data collected in rock pool ecosystems, where the negative effects of dragonfly nymph predators on mosquito larval abundance were weaker in warmer pools. Our findings provide additional evidence to substantiate our model-derived predictions, while emphasizing the importance of assessing similar predictions using natural gradients of temperature whenever possible.</p>
Data and code for: Acute heat priming promotes short-term climate resilience of early life stages in a model sea anemone
<p>Across diverse taxa, sublethal exposure to abiotic stressors early in life can lead to benefits such as increased stress tolerance upon repeat exposure. This phenomenon, known as hormetic priming, is largely unexplored in early life stages of marine invertebrates, which are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic climate change. To investigate this phenomenon, larvae of the sea anemone and model marine invertebrate <em>Nematostella vectensis</em> were exposed to control (18°C) or elevated (24°C, 30°C, 35°C, or 39°C) temperatures for 1 hour at 3 days post-fertilization (DPF), followed by return to control temperatures (18°C). The animals were then assessed for growth, development, metabolic rates, and heat tolerance at 4, 7, and 11 DPF. Priming at intermediately elevated temperatures (24°C, 30°C, or 35°C) augmented growth and development compared to controls or priming at 39°C. Indeed, priming at 39°C hampered developmental progression, with around 40% of larvae still in the planula stage at 11 DPF, in contrast to 0% for all other groups. Total protein content, a proxy for biomass, and respiration rates were not significantly affected by priming, suggesting metabolic resilience. Heat tolerance was quantified with acute heat stress exposures, and was significantly higher for animals primed at intermediate temperatures (24°C, 30°C, or 35°C) compared to controls or those primed at 39°C at all time points. To investigate a possible molecular mechanism for observed changes in heat tolerance, the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was quantified at 11 DPF. Expression of HSP70 significantly increased with increasing priming temperature, with the presence of a doublet band for larvae primed at 39°C, suggesting persistent negative effects of priming on protein homeostasis. Interestingly, primed larvae in a second cohort cultured to 6 weeks post-fertilization continued to display hormetic growth responses, whereas benefits for heat tolerance were lost; in contrast, negative effects of short-term exposure to extreme heat stress (39°C) persisted. These results demonstrate that some dose-dependent effects of priming waned over time while others persisted, resulting in heterogeneity in organismal performance across ontogeny following priming. Overall, these findings suggest that heat priming may augment the climate resilience of marine invertebrate early life stages via the modulation of key developmental and physiological phenotypes, while also affirming the need to limit further anthropogenic ocean warming.</p>
Figure 2 in First description of the deutonymphal stage of Laelaps mazzai (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae)
Figure 2. Laelaps mazzai (deutonymph) – a. Gnathosoma (chelicerae excluded); b. Chelicera. arp. = artrodial processes, corn. = corniculi, f.d.= fixed digit, hyg.dent. = hypognathal denticles, hyg.gr = hypognathal groove, hyp.1 = anterior hypostomatic setae, hyp.2 = external posterior hypostomatic setae, hyp.3 = internal posterior hypostomatic setae, int.mal. = internal mala, lab. = labrum, m.d. = movable digit, pcx.s. = palpcoxal setae, p.d. = pilus dentilis, tr. = tritosternum.
Figure 1 in First description of the deutonymphal stage of Laelaps mazzai (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae)
Figure 1. Laelaps mazzai (deutonymph) – a. Dorsal view of idiosoma; b. Ventral view of idiosoma. dscI = distal setae of coxae I, mp.sh = metapodal shields, pan. = paranal setae, per. = peritreme, pon. = posterior anal seta, pscI = proximal setae of coxae I, pscII = posterior setae of coxa II, pscIII = posterior setae of coxae III, scIV = setae of coxae IV, st.1 = sternal setae 1, st.2 = sternal setae 2, st.3 = sternal setae 3, st.4 = sternal setae 4, stig. = stigma.
How does parasite environmental transmission stage concentration change before, during, and after disease outbreaks?
<p>Outbreaks of environmentally transmitted parasites require that susceptible hosts encounter transmission stages in the environment and become infected, but we also know that transmission stages can be in the environment without triggering disease outbreaks. One challenge for understanding the relationship between environmental transmission stages and disease outbreaks is that the distribution and abundance of transmission stages outside of their hosts have been difficult to quantify. Thus, we have limited data about how changes in transmission stage abundance influence disease dynamics; moreover, we do not know whether the relationship between transmission stages and outbreaks differs among parasite species. We used digital PCR to quantify environmental transmission stages of five parasites in six lakes in southeastern Michigan every two weeks from June to November 2021. At the same time, we quantified infection prevalence in hosts and host density. Our study focused on eight zooplankton host species (<em>Daphnia</em> spp. and <em>Ceriodaphnia</em> <em>dubia</em>) and five of their parasites from diverse taxonomic groups (bacteria, yeast, microsporidia, and oomycete) with different infection mechanisms. We found that parasite transmission stage concentration increased prior to disease outbreaks for all parasites. However, parasites differed significantly in the relative timing of peaks in transmission stage concentration and infection outbreaks. The 'continuous shedder' parasites had transmission stage peaks at the same time as or slightly after the outbreak peaks. In contrast, parasites relying on host death for transmission ('obligate killers') had transmission stage peaks before outbreak peaks. For most parasites, lakes with outbreaks had higher spore concentrations than those without outbreaks, especially once an outbreak began; the exception was for a parasite, <em>Pasteuria</em> <em>ramosa</em>, with very strong genotypic specificity of infection. Overall, our results show that disease outbreaks are tightly linked to transmission stage concentration; outbreaks were preceded by increases in transmission stage concentration in the environment and then were fueled by the production of more transmission stages during the outbreak itself, with concentrations decreasing to pre-outbreak levels as outbreaks waned. Thus, tracking transmission stages in the environment improves our understanding of the drivers of disease outbreaks and reveals how parasite traits may affect these dynamics.</p>
Figure 17 in Microscopic analysis of the developing dentition in the pouch young of the extinct marsupial Thylacinus cynocephalus, with an assessment of other developmental stages and eruption
Figure 17. Selected dentaries of Thylacinus showing differences in the diastemata between the premolars as the effect of increasing age. A, subadult (in labial view) with m3 erupted, but not m4. Only slight suggestions of diastemata are evident between the premolars; B (lingual view) and C (labial view), showing later stages of m4 eruption and the increase of diastemata in adults.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.