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Figure 1 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 1. Midleg, Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini - Adelopsis leo. A, dorsal/internal view. B, ventral/external view. C, a hypothetical cross-section of a tarsomere of the left leg, showing what we refer to as the dorsal ('df'), internal lateral ('ilf'), ventral ('vf') and external lateral ('elf') faces of the tarsomere, as well as the inner ('icv') and external ('ecv') 'corners' of the ventral face of the tarsomere. Fe = femur; Ta = tarsus; Ti = tibia.

Figure 3 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 3. Meso- and metatarsus, Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini - Adelopsis leo. A, B, mesotarsus (part). C, D, metarsus (part). A, C, ventro-lateral-internal view. B, D, ventro-lateral-external view. tI-tV = first to fifth tarsomeres; bs = 'bachelor seta'; tw = 'twin spines'; circle = pointy apices of 'twin spines' facing opposite to each other; arrow = pair of setae at the apical margin of mesotarsomere IV; ellipse shows that the 'twin spines' are articulated to a single elevation on the integument.

Figure 11. Mesotarsus. A-F, Camiarinae. I-L, Leiodinae. A, B in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 11. Mesotarsus. A-F, Camiarinae. I-L, Leiodinae. A, B, Agyrtodini – Dictydiella turneri. C, D, Camiarini – Baeosilpha rufescens. E, F, Neopelatopini – Catopsolius laevicollis. G, H, Coloninae – Colon (Mesagyrtes) hirtale. I, J, Estadiini – Dietta sp. K, L, Pseudoliodini – Pseudcolenis grandis. A, C, E, G, I, K, ventro-lateral-internal view; B, D, F, H, J, L, ventro-lateralexternal view. tI-tIII = first to third tarsomeres.

Figure 10. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae. A-H, Leptodirini. A, B in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 10. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae. A-H, Leptodirini. A, B, Bathysciotina – Bathysciotes khevenhuelleri tergestinus. C, D, Leptodirina – Leptodirus hochenwarti. E, F, Platycholeina – Platycholeus opacellus. G, H, Pholeuina – Diaprysius serullazi. I, J, Sciaphyini – Sciaphyes sibiricus. A, C, E, G, I, ventro-lateral-internal view. B, D, F, H, J, ventro-lateral-external view. tI-tIII = first to third tarsomeres.

Figure 8 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 8. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Anemadini. A, Nemadina – Nemadus colonoides, female. B, C, Paracatopina – Paracatops alacris. D, Anemadina – Anemadus italicus. A, C, ventro-lateral-external view. B, D, ventro-lateral-internal view. tI-tIV = first to fourth tarsomeres; bs = 'bachelor seta'.

Figure 6 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 6. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Eucatopini. A, Eucatops sp. B, C, Eucatops (Napocatops) giganteus. A, B, ventro-lateralinternal view. C, ventro-lateral-external view. tI-tIV = first to fourth tarsomeres; tw = 'twin spines' (the one marked with? might represent a twin spine, although being a single spine – see text); stars = periapical spines of the apical crown of spines.

Figure 7 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 7. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Anemadini. A-C, Eunemadina. A, B, Dissochaetus vanini. C, Eunemadus chilensis. D, Nemadina – Nemadus colonoides, female. A, C, D, ventro-lateral-internal view. B, ventro-lateral-external view. tI-tV = first to fifth tarsomeres; tw = 'twin spines'.

Figure 2 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 2. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini - Adelopsis leo, articulation between tarsomeres I (below) and II (above). A, lateral-external view. B, ventral view. C, lateral-internal view. bs = 'bachelor seta'; tw = 'twin spines'; arrow = additional slender setae; stars = periapical spines of the apical crown of spines.

Figure 5 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 5. Mesotarsus, Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini. A, B, Ptomaphagus (Adelops) brevior. C, D, Ptomaphagus (s.s.) divaricatus, right leg, mirrored image. E, Ptomaphagus (Appadelopsis) cumberlandus. A, C, E, ventro-lateral-internal view. B, D, ventrolateral-external view. tI-tIV = first to fourth tarsomeres; bs = 'bachelor seta'; tw = 'twin spines'.

Figure 12. Data from Table 1 in The 'twins' and the 'bachelor', new potential synapomorphies inside the Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)

Figure 12. Data from Table 1 mapped on taxonomic diagrams of the subfamily Cholevinae. A, the 'traditional' division of the Cholevinae (based on Newton, 1998). B, phylogenetic analysis of the Cholevinae [based on Antunes-Carvalho et al. (2019: fig. 25) – in our figure we represent non-monophyletic taxa with a double line connection]. Taxa without an assigned symbol were not studied here. 'Anemadini' as a taxon is not represented in (B), because it was considered non-monophyletic in that study; however, its subtribes are represented. The black squares denote taxa where the features studied here were observed – 'T' denotes presence of 'twin spines' and 'B' denotes presence of a 'bachelor seta'; the open squares with a 'X' denote taxa where the features studied were not observed in the specimens analysed.

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FIGURES 5–18. Figures 5, 6 in Notes on the diatom collection of the Natural History Museum, London (BM) IX: Campylodiscus hardmanianus, with a discussion on synapomorphy and the poverty of molecular monophyly

FIGURES 5–18. Figures 5, 6: Specimens from BM 8909 ('L.H.[ardman] (D) | No. 199 | HoNg KoNg', scaLe bar = 20μm. Figures 7, 8: Specimens from BM 9000 ('L.H.[ardman] | No. 200 | HoNg KoNg' [seLected specimeNs], scaLe bar = 20μm. Figures 9, 10: Specimens from BM Adams G304 ('Hong Kong | E.G.[rove] 12/87'), scaLe bar = 50μm. Figures 11, 12: Specimens from BM8910 ('Campylodiscus hardmanianus Grev. | 9/81 | Hong Kong', broken coverslip), scale bar = 20μm. Figure 13: Specimens from BM 12860 (Cleve & Möller slide no. 80), 'Carpentaria Bay' [= Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpenteria], Australia, scaLe bar = 20μm. Figure 14: Unpublished drawing of Campylodiscus hardmanianus Grev. Figures 15, 16: Specimens from BM Adams GC833 ('Campylodiscus daemelianus | SamaraNg | 29/12/88), scaLe bar = 20μm. Figures 17, 18: Specimens from BM Adams GC831 ('Campylodiscus daemelianus | 9.81 | 26/33 | HoNg KoNg', scaLe bar = 20μm.

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FIGURES 19–29. Figures 19, 20 in Notes on the diatom collection of the Natural History Museum, London (BM) IX: Campylodiscus hardmanianus, with a discussion on synapomorphy and the poverty of molecular monophyly

FIGURES 19–29. Figures 19, 20: Specimens of Campylodiscus hardmanianus var. grovei Deby from BM Adams GC829, 'Derbend', Caspian Sea, Russia, scaLe bar = 20μm. Figures 21, 22: Specimens of Campylodiscus hardmanianus var. grovei Deby from BM 53492, 'Derbent', Caspian Sea, Russia, scale bar = 50μm. Figure 23: Specimen (?) of 'C. sonderianus' from BM 35870, 'TypeN-PLatte | I.D. MöLLer', scaLe bar = 50μm. Figure 24: Reproduction of the published name (designation) for 'Campylodiscus Sonderianus Grun. n. sp.' in Möller (1877, p. 13). Figures 25, 6: Specimens of Campylodiscus daemelianus from BM 26853, 'Yarra, Yarra', Australia (Van Heurck, Types du Synopsis des Diatomées de Belgique, No. 542 ('Yarra-Yarra (AUstraLie)', scaLe bar = 50μm. Figure 27: Specimen of Coronia echeneis from Wismar, Germany, BM 12875, Cleve & Möller, no. 115, 'Lebend im Hafen von Wismar', scaLe bar = 20μm. Figures 28, 9: Specimen of 'C. sonderianus' from BM 64450, 'ChaLLeNger StatioN 233', 'T.E.Doeg', scaLe bar = 50μm.

Fig. 13 in The egg-brooding frogs Fritziana Mello-Leit˜ao, 1937 and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Amphibia: Anura): osteology and putative synapomorphies for hemiphractid frogs

Fig. 13. Parsimonious optimization onto Echevarría et al. (2021) phylogenetic hypothesis (A) lenght of squamosal zygomatic ramus (B) extension of otic ramus of squamosal. See Supplemental Material for the complete matrix, including outgroups. Gray represents unknown condition.

Fig. 2 in The egg-brooding frogs Fritziana Mello-Leit˜ao, 1937 and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Amphibia: Anura): osteology and putative synapomorphies for hemiphractid frogs

Fig. 2. Skull (ventral view) of Fritziana and Flectonotus species (A) Fr. goeldii (B) Fr. ohausi (C) Fr. fissilis (D) Fr. tonimi (E) Fr. izecksohni (F) Fr. ulei (G) Fl. pygmaeus; and (H) Fl. fitzgeraldi. Roman typeface is used to label the bones, whereas italics are used to designate a part of a bone (e.g., ramus, process). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in The egg-brooding frogs Fritziana Mello-Leit˜ao, 1937 and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Amphibia: Anura): osteology and putative synapomorphies for hemiphractid frogs

Fig. 5. Vertebral column (dorsal view) of Fritziana and Flectonotus species represented by (A) Fr. tonimi; and (B) Fl. fitzgeraldi. Roman typeface is used to label the bones, whereas italics are used to designate a part of a bone. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in The egg-brooding frogs Fritziana Mello-Leit˜ao, 1937 and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Amphibia: Anura): osteology and putative synapomorphies for hemiphractid frogs

Fig. 6. Pectoral girdle (ventral view) of Fritziana and Flectonotus species represented by Fr. tonimi and Fr. goeldii. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 9 in The egg-brooding frogs Fritziana Mello-Leit˜ao, 1937 and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Amphibia: Anura): osteology and putative synapomorphies for hemiphractid frogs

Fig. 9. Parsimonious optimization onto Echevarría et al. (2021) phylogenetic hypothesis (A) anterolateral extent of anterior process of vomer (B) lenght of postchoanal process of vomer. See Supplemental Material for the complete matrix, including outgroups. Gray represents unknown condition.

Fig. 4 in The egg-brooding frogs Fritziana Mello-Leit˜ao, 1937 and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Amphibia: Anura): osteology and putative synapomorphies for hemiphractid frogs

Fig. 4. Mandible and Hyolaryngeal apparatus (dorsal view) of Fritziana and Flectonotus species represented by (A) Fr. goeldii; and (B) Fl. fitzgeraldi. Roman typeface is used to label the bones, whereas italics are used to designate a part of a bone. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in The egg-brooding frogs Fritziana Mello-Leit˜ao, 1937 and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Amphibia: Anura): osteology and putative synapomorphies for hemiphractid frogs

Fig. 3. Skull (lateral view) of Fritziana and Flectonotus species (A) Fr. goeldii (B) Fr. ohausi (C) Fr. fissilis (D) Fr. tonimi (E) Fr. izecksohni (F) Fr. ulei (G) Fl. pygmaeus; and (H) Fl. fitzgeraldi. Roman typeface is used to label the bones, whereas italics are used to designate a part of a bone (e.g., ramus, process). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 15 in The egg-brooding frogs Fritziana Mello-Leit˜ao, 1937 and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Amphibia: Anura): osteology and putative synapomorphies for hemiphractid frogs

Fig. 15. Parsimonious optimization onto Echevarría et al. (2021) phylogenetic hypothesis (A) ossification extension of sternum (B) relative length of Fingers II See Supplemental Material for the complete matrix, including outgroups. Gray represents unknown condition.