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297 results for “warbler”
Data from: The effects of dietary macronutrients on flight ability, energetics, and fuel metabolism of yellow-rumped warblers Setophaga coronata
The catabolism of protein from organs and muscles during migratory flight is necessary to produce glucose, key metabolic intermediates, and water, but may have negative effects on flight range and refueling at stopovers. We tested the hypothesis, suggested by previous studies, that birds that eat high-protein insect diets use more protein for fuel in flight than those that eat high-carbohydrate fruits. First, we fed migratory yellow-rumped warblers synthetic fruit or mixed insect/fruit diets, and measured metabolic rates and fuel mixture under basal conditions and during exercise in a hop/hover wheel respirometer. Birds eating the fruit diet had greater plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations, and the higher protein mixed diet increased plasma uric acid only during feeding. Diet did not affect metabolic rates or the fuel mixture under resting or exercise conditions. We then fed yellow-rumped warblers synthetic diets that differed only in the relative proportion of carbohydrate and protein (60:15 versus 15:60 as % dry mass) and tested them in wind tunnel flights lasting up to six hours. Birds fed the high carbohydrate diet became heavier and fatter than when fed the high protein diet. Plasma uric acid concentration was increased and plasma phospholipid concentration was decreased by the high protein diet in the pre-flight state (after a 3 h fast), but diet only affected plasma phospholipids during flight (lower in high protein birds). Neither diet nor amount of body fat affected the rate of loss of lean mass or fat during flight. Inter-individual or seasonal differences in diet do not appear to influence the amount of protein catabolized during endurance flight. However, birds fed the high carbohydrate diet had greater voluntary flight duration, independent of body fatness, suggesting that there may be other performance benefits of high carbohydrate diets for migratory birds.
Data from: Hybridization between Townsend's Dendroica townsendi and black-throated green warblers D. virens in an avian suture zone
Hybrid zones between species provide natural systems for the study of processes involved in divergence, reproductive isolation and speciation. Townsend's Dendroica townsendi and black-throated green D. virens warblers are phenotypically and genetically divergent groups that occur in western and eastern North America respectively, with potential for range contact in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, where other west-east avian pairs come into contact. Although one potential hybrid (a phenotypic Townsend's warbler with the black-throated green mitochondrial DNA) has been previously reported, there have been no studies of interactions between the taxa in potential areas of sympatry. To determine whether interbreeding between these species is a regular occurrence we examined variation in individuals across the area of putative range overlap. Analysis of plumage, morphology, and mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear molecular markers (CHD1Z and numt-Dco1) shows surprisingly extensive hybridization between these species, with at least 38% of individuals in the hybrid zone being either hybrids or backcrosses. Each of the traits displays a sigmoidal cline centred along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains (molecular cline centres averaging 50 km east of the crest of the Rockies, ranging from 41 to 56 km). The clines are narrow (average molecular cline width is 60 km, ranging from 40 to 87 km) relative to the dispersal distance of related warbler species, suggesting that selection is maintaining the hybrid zone; we discuss possible sources of selection. Given the narrowness of the zone we recommend the two forms should continue to be treated as separate taxonomic species. Townsend's warblers also form an extensively studied hybrid zone with their more closely related southern relative, the hermit warbler D. occidentalis. The combined system of three discrete forms separated by narrow hybrid zones provides an excellent system for the study of hybridization, reproductive isolation and speciation.
Data from: Different ornaments signal male health and MHC variation in two populations of a warbler
Male traits that signal health and vigour are used by females to choose better quality mates, but in some cases the male trait selected by females differs among populations. Multiple male traits can be maintained through female mate choice if both traits are equally honest indicators of male quality, but tests of this prediction are rare. By choosing males based on such traits, females could gain direct benefits from males (assistance with parental care), but when females choose extra-pair mates based on these traits, females gain only male sperm, and potentially indirect genetic benefits for their offspring. In common yellowthroats (Geothylpis trichas), female choice of extra-pair mates targets two different plumage ornaments: the black mask in a Wisconsin population and the yellow bib in a New York population. Previously, we found that the black mask in Wisconsin is related to greater major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II variation, which in turn signals better survival and disease resistance. In this study, we examined the signalling function of the yellow bib in New York to test whether it signals the same aspects of male quality as the black mask in Wisconsin. As predicted, we found that the yellow bib in New York is most closely associated with MHC variation, which also signals survival and resistance to blood parasites. Thus, the ornament preferred by females differs between the two populations, but the different ornaments signal similar aspects of male health and genetic quality, specifically information regarding MHC variation and potential indirect genetic benefits to females.
Lack of habitat segregation and no interspecific territoriality in three syntopic cryptic species of the golden-spectacled warblers Phylloscopus (Seicercus) burkii complex
<p>It is widely accepted that exploitative competition prevents the coexistence of any two or more closely-related species unless differences exists in their ecological niches and resource use. In sibling bird species, exploitative competition is reduced mainly by spatial segregation of competing species. Spatial segregation can be achieved in two basic ways: by using different habitats or microhabitats that each species is predominately exploiting, or by interspecific territoriality. To our knowledge, either habitat segregation or interspecific territoriality or both have been found in all dyads and groups of sympartic sibling bird species studied so far. In this study, we investigated the coexistence of three cryptic sibling species of the golden-spectacled warblers Phylloscopus burkii complex in Hunan province, China: Ph. tephrocephalus, Ph. omeiensis and Ph. valentini. We analyzed their habitat preferences, and spatial interrelations between the species. In order to analyze either presence or absence of interspecific territoriality, we additionally performed con- and heterospecific playback experiments. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidences for either habitat segregation or interspecific territoriality in these three species.</p>
Data from: Hybrid origin of Audubon's warbler
Several animal species have recently been shown to have hybrid origins, but no avian examples have been documented with molecular evidence. We investigate whether the Audubon's warbler, one of four visually distinct species in the yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata) complex, may have originated through hybridization between two other species in this group, the myrtle warbler and black-fronted warbler. Analysis of nuclear AFLP and sequence markers shows that Audubon's warblers are genetically intermediate, and carry a mixture of alleles otherwise found only in one or the other of their putative parental species. Audubon's warblers also carry two deeply divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages, each shared with only one putative parental form. Broad clines between Audubon's and black-fronted warblers in AFLP markers call into question the validity of these two forms as full species; nevertheless, our results suggest that the Audubon's warbler likely originated through hybridization between two long-diverged species. It is likely that more cases of avian species of hybrid origin will be revealed by surveys of variation in nuclear DNA and other traits.
Data from: Genomic variation across the Yellow-rumped Warbler species complex
Populations that have experienced long periods of geographic isolation will diverge over time. The application of high-throughput sequencing technologies to study the genomes of related taxa now allows us to quantify, at a fine scale, the consequences of this divergence across the genome. Throughout a number of studies, a notable pattern has emerged. In many cases, estimates of differentiation across the genome are strongly heterogeneous; however, the evolutionary processes driving this striking pattern are still unclear. Here we quantified genomic variation across several groups within the Yellow-rumped Warbler species complex (Setophaga spp.), a group of North and Central American wood warblers. We showed that genomic variation is highly heterogeneous between some taxa and that these regions of high differentiation are relatively small compared to those in other study systems. We found that the clusters of highly differentiated markers between taxa occur in gene-rich regions of the genome and exhibit low within-population diversity. We suggest these patterns are consistent with selection, shaping genomic divergence in similar genomic regions across the different populations. Our study also confirms previous results relying on fewer genetic markers that several of the phenotypically distinct groups in the system are also genomically highly differentiated, likely to the point of full species status.
Data from: Prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites in the yellow-rumped warbler hybrid zone
Parasites can play a role in speciation, by exerting different selection pressures on different host lineages, leading to reproductive barriers in regions of possible interbreeding. Hybrid zones therefore offer an ideal system to study the effect of parasites on speciation. Here we study a hybrid zone in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains where two yellow-rumped warbler subspecies, Setophaga coronata coronata and S. c. auduboni, interbreed. There is partial reproductive isolation between them, but no evidence of strong assortative mating within the hybrid zone, suggesting the existence of a postzygotic selection against hybrids. Here, we test whether haemosporidian parasites might play a role in selecting against hybrids between S. c. coronata and S. c. auduboni. We screened birds from 5 transects across the hybrid zone for three phylogenetic groupings of avian haemosporidians Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon parasites and quantified intensity of infection. Contrary to our prediction, hybrids did not have higher haemosporidian parasite prevalence. Variation in Haemoproteus prevalence was best explained by an interaction between a birds' hybrid index and elevation, while the probability of infection with Leucocytozoon parasites was only influenced by elevation. We also found no significant difference in the diversity of haemosporidian lineages between the warbler subspecies and their hybrids. Finally, intensity of infection by Haemoproteus increased significantly with elevation, but was not significantly linked to birds' hybrid index. In conclusion, our data suggest that haemosporidian parasites do not seem to play a major role in selecting against hybrids in this system.
FIGURES 610 in Picobia paludicola sp. n. a new species of quill mite (Acari: Prostigmata: Syringophilidae) from the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola (Passeriformes: Sylviidae)
FIGURES 610. Picobia paludicola sp. n. Male. 6 Gnathosoma and propodosoma in dorsal view; 7 Hysterosoma in dorsal view; 8 Hysterosoma in ventral view; 9 Hypostomal apex in ventral view; 10 Peritremes.
FIGURES 15 in Picobia paludicola sp. n. a new species of quill mite (Acari: Prostigmata: Syringophilidae) from the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola (Passeriformes: Sylviidae)
FIGURES 15. Picobia paludicola sp. n. Female. 1 Dorsal view; 2 Ventral view; 3 Hypostomal apex in ventral view; 4 Peritremes; 5 Cheliceral digit.
FIGURES 1–4. Myrsidea yoshizawai. 1, Entire dorsoventral male. 2, Male genital sac sclerite. 3, Male genitalia. 4 in Four new species of Myrsidea Waterston chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the Malagasy warblers (Passeriformes)
FIGURES 1–4. Myrsidea yoshizawai. 1, Entire dorsoventral male. 2, Male genital sac sclerite. 3, Male genitalia. 4, Female metanotum and dorsoventral abdomen.
FIGURES 9–15. 9–11 in Chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from New World warblers (Passeriformes: Parulidae) from Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new species
FIGURES 9–15. 9–11. Myrsidea paleno sp. nov. 9. Female dorsoventral thorax and abdomen. 10, Male sternite II. 11. Male genital sac sclerite. 12–15. Myrsidea zeledoni sp. nov. 12. Female dorsoventral thorax and abdomen. 13. Male sternite II. 14. Male genital sac sclerite. 15. Distorted male genital sac sclerite. Scales 0.50 mm (Figs. 9, 12), 0.10 mm (Figs. 10, 13), 0.05 mm (Figs. 11, 14, 15).
FIGURES 1–8. 1–4 in Chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from New World warblers (Passeriformes: Parulidae) from Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new species
FIGURES 1–8. 1–4. Myrsidea basileuteri sp. nov. 1. Hypopharyngeal sclerites. 2. Female dorsoventral thorax and abdomen. 3, Male sternite II. 4. Male genital sac sclerite. 5–8. Myrsidea myiobori sp. nov. 5. Hypopharyngeal sclerites. 6. Female dorsoventral thorax and abdomen. 7. Male sternite II. 8. Male genital sac sclerite. Scales 0.50 mm (Figs. 2, 6), 0.10 mm (Figs. 3, 7), 0.05 mm (Figs. 1, 4, 5, 8).
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of feather mites (Acarina: Analgoidea) from the Moustached Warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (Passeriformes, Acrocephalidae), in Romania
FIGURE 2. Ingrassiella melanopogoni Constantinescu sp. nov., female. A—idiosoma, dorsal view; B—idiosoma, ventral view.
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of feather mites (Acarina: Analgoidea) from the Moustached Warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (Passeriformes, Acrocephalidae), in Romania
FIGURE 5. Trouessartia mironovi Constantinescu sp. nov., female. A—idiosoma, dorsal view; B—spermatheca; C—dorsal idiosoma, ventral view.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of feather mites (Acarina: Analgoidea) from the Moustached Warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (Passeriformes, Acrocephalidae), in Romania
FIGURE 1. Ingrassiella melanopogoni Constantinescu sp. nov., male. A—idiosoma, dorsal view; B—idiosoma, ventral view.
FIGURE 4 in Two new species of feather mites (Acarina: Analgoidea) from the Moustached Warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (Passeriformes, Acrocephalidae), in Romania
FIGURE 4. Trouessartia mironovi Constantinescu, sp. nov., male. A—idiosoma, dorsal view; B.—idiosoma, ventral view; C—genital apparatus.
FIGURE 3 in Two new species of feather mites (Acarina: Analgoidea) from the Moustached Warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (Passeriformes, Acrocephalidae), in Romania
FIGURE 3. Ingrassiella melanopogoni Constantinescu sp. nov., dorsal view of male legs. A—D, legs I–IV, respectively.
FIGURE 6 in Two new species of feather mites (Acarina: Analgoidea) from the Moustached Warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (Passeriformes, Acrocephalidae), in Romania
FIGURE 6. Trouessartia mironovi Constantinescu sp. nov., dorsal view of male legs. A—D, legs I–IV, respectively.
Data files for «Wood warbler population dynamics in response to mast seeding regimes in Europe», Journal: Ecology
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Mast seeding is the episodic, massive production of plant seeds synchronized over large areas. The resulting superabundance of seeds represents a resource pulse that can profoundly affect animal populations across trophic levels. Following years of high seed production, abundances of both seed consumers and their predators increase. Higher predator abundance leads to increased predation pressure across the trophic web, impacting non-seed consumers such as the wood warbler <i>Phylloscopus sibilatrix</i> through increased nest predation after tree mast years. Over the past 30 years, the frequency of tree seed masts has increased while wood warbler populations have declined in several regions of Europe. We hypothesised that increasing mast frequencies may have contributed to the observed population declines by creating suboptimal breeding conditions in years after masting. We measured reproductive output in four study areas in central Europe, which was between 0.61 and 1.24 fledglings lower in years following masting than non-masting. For each study area, we used matrix population models to predict population trends based on the estimated reproductive output and the local mast frequencies. We then compared the predicted with the observed population trends to assess if the frequency of mast years contributed to the population dynamics. In Wielkopolska National Park (PL) and Hessen (DE), masting occurred on average only every 4 years and populations were stable or nearly so, whereas in Jura (CH) and Białowieża National Park (PL), masting occurred every 2 and 2.5 years, respectively, and populations were declining. The simple matrix population models predicted the relative difference among local population trends over the past 10-20 years well, suggesting that the masting frequency may partly explain regional variation in population trends. Simulations suggest that further increases in mast frequency will lead to further declines in wood warbler populations. We show that changes in a natural process, such as mast seeding, may contribute to the declines of animal populations through cascading effects.</p>
FIGURE 10 in The type of Setophaga ruficoronata (Kaup 1851) is a hybrid: implications for the taxonomy of Myioborus warblers (Passeriformes: Parulidae)
FIGURE 10. The type of M. melanocephalus bolivianus Chapman, 1919 (AMNH 37927). Dorsal, ventral and side views, with the detail of the face. Considered a subspecies of the polytypic species Myioborus melanocephalus. Note the lack of appreciable differences with respect to M. m. malaris (Fig. 10). Photographs by Paul Sweet (American Museum of Natural History).
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