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299 results for “water analysis”
Trade-off between vegetation type, soil erosion control and surface water in global semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis
<p>Soil erosion control and water resource protection can closely interact during restoration of terrestrial ecosystems. In semi‐arid ecosystems, an urgent issue is how vegetation restoration can achieve the goal of soil erosion mitigation and water conservation, which in turn, feeds back to ecosystem functioning.</p> <p>We reviewed 78 articles from 22 countries in semi‐arid areas to evaluate the effects of vegetation type (i.e. forest, grassland and scrubland) on runoff and sediment yields across different environmental conditions (i.e. vegetation coverage, rainfall intensity, slope gradient and soil texture).</p> <p>Our meta‐analysis shows that runoff and sediment reduction both increased as the vegetation coverage increased, and tended to be stable when vegetation coverage exceeded 60%. Vegetation provided a greater benefit for sediment reduction than for runoff control under intense rainfall. Grasslands were generally more effective in reducing sediment than other vegetation types. Forests, grasslands and scrublands were most efficient in soil erosion control on 20°–30°, 0°–25° and 10°–25° slopes respectively. Grasslands and scrublands generally performed better with respect to soil erosion control on moderately coarse soils, whereas forests were most effective on medium‐textured and moderately fine soils.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications. Effective restoration and soil erosion control in semi‐arid ecosystems strongly depends on the selection of vegetation type. Our study further indicates that, for land managers, it is critical to consider local slope, and soil texture, and maintain appropriate vegetation coverage to achieve ecosystem sustainability. Grasslands might be particularly suitable to optimize the trade‐off between soil erosion control and surface water resource in semi‐arid regions.</p>
Data from: Genetic analysis of river, swamp and hybrid buffaloes of north-east India throw new light on phylogeography of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
This study analysed buffaloes from north-east India and compared their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variations with buffaloes of mainland India, China, Mediterranean and South-East Asia. Microsatellite genotypes of 338 buffaloes including 210 from six north-east Indian buffalo populations and three mainland Indian breeds were analysed to evaluate their genetic structure and evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic analysis and multidimensional scaling plot of pairwise FST revealed the clustering of all swamp-type buffaloes of north-east India with Lower Assamese (significantly hybrid type) buffaloes in one plane and all the mainland river buffaloes in another plane while the upper Assamese buffaloes being distinct from both these clusters. Analysis of mtDNA D-loop region of 530-bp length was performed on 345 sequences belonging to 23 buffalo populations from various geographical regions to establish the phylogeography of Indian water buffalo. The swamp buffaloes of north-east India clustered with both the lineages of Chinese swamp buffalo. Multidimensional scaling display of pairwise FST derived from mitochondrial DNA data showed clustering of upper Assamese, Chilika and Mediterranean buffaloes distinctly from all the other Indian buffalo populations. Median-joining network analysis further confirmed the distinctness and ancestral nature of these buffaloes. The study revealed north-east region of India forming part of the wider hybrid zone of water buffalo that may probably extend from north-east India to South-East Asia.
Data from: Effects of macrophytes on lake‐water quality across latitudes: a meta‐analysis
Macrophytes are widely recognized for improving water quality and stabilizing the desirable clear‐water state in lakes. The positive effects of macrophytes on water quality have been noted to be weaker in the (sub)tropics compared to those of temperate regions. We conducted a global meta‐analysis using 47 studies that met our set criteria to assess the overall effects of macrophytes on water quality (measured by phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration, total nitrogen concentration, total phosphorus concentration, Secchi depth, and the trophic state index) and to investigate how these effects correlate with latitude using meta‐regressions. We also examined if the effects of macrophytes on lake‐water quality differ with growth form in (sub)tropical and temperate areas by grouping the data and then comparing the effect sizes. We found that macrophytes significantly reduced phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration, total nitrogen concentration, total phosphorus concentration, as well as the trophic state index, but they did not have a significant overall effect on Secchi depth. The effects of macrophytes on reducing phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration, total nitrogen concentration, and the trophic state index did not differ with latitude. However, the reduction of total phosphorus concentration was greater at lower latitudes. We showed that at lower latitudes, the positive effects of macrophytes on water quality are similar to or greater than those at higher latitudes, thus challenging the prevailing paradigm of macrophytes being less effective at enhancing lake‐water quality in the (sub)tropics. Furthermore, our data showed that the macrophyte effects vary by growth forms, and the growth forms that positively affect water quality differ between the (sub)tropical and temperate areas. We showed a lack of significant macrophyte effects in surveys within and outside macrophyte stands, suggesting difference in the sensitivities of study designs or possibly weaker effects of macrophytes in lakes compared to experimental settings.
FIGURE 2 in The morphology and SSU rRNA gene sequence analysis of a poorly-known brackish water ciliate, Pinacocoleps tesselatus (Kahl, 1930) (Ciliophora, Colepidae) from Hangzhou Bay, China
FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of Pinacocoleps tesselatus (Kahl, 1930) from live cells (A–G), after silver carbonate impregnation (H, J), and after protargol impregnation (I). (A) Lateral view of a typical individual. (B) Anterior secondary plate. (C) Anterior main plate. (D) Posterior main plate. (E) Posterior secondary plate. (F) A squashed specimen showing the arrangement of plates. (G) Posterior view, arrows mark the posterior spines. (H) Lateral view, arrows denote the oral basket, arrowheads mark the extrusomes. (I) Anterior view, showing the oral structure, arrows indicate the adoral organelles. (J) Lateral view, showing the ciliary pattern. Scale bars (in A, J) = 30 μm; in (B–H) = 10 μm.
FIGURE 1 in The morphology and SSU rRNA gene sequence analysis of a poorly-known brackish water ciliate, Pinacocoleps tesselatus (Kahl, 1930) (Ciliophora, Colepidae) from Hangzhou Bay, China
FIGURE 1. Morphology and infraciliature of Pinacocoleps tesselatus (Kahl, 1930) Foissner et al. 2008 (A–E), P. similis (Kahl, 1933) Chen et al. 2010 (F, G), P. heteracanthus (Noland, 1937) Chen et al. 2010 (H), P. arenarius (Bock, 1952) Chen et al. 2010 (I), P. spiralis (Noland, 1937) Chen et al. 2010 (J), P. i n c u r v u s (Ehrenberg, 1833) Foissner et al. 2008 (K), and P. pulcher (Spiegel, 1926) Foissner et al. 2008 (L). (A) Lateral view of typical individual. (B) One row of plates. The circumoral plate is omitted. (C) Ciliary pattern at apical end of body. (D) Ciliary pattern of P. t e s s e l a t u s. (E) P. tesselatus (Kahl, 1930) (from Kahl 1930). (F) P. similis (Kahl, 1933) (from Chen et al. 2010). (G) P. similis (Kahl, 1933) (from Borror 1972). (H) P. heteracanthus (Noland, 1937) (from Noland 1937). (I) P. arenarius (Bock, 1952) (from Bock 1952). (J) P. spiralis (Noland, 1937) (from Noland 1937). (K) P. i n c u r v u s (Ehrenberg, 1933) (from Kahl 1930). (L) P. pulcher (Spiegel, 1926) (from Kahl 1930). AO = adoral organelle; AS = anterior spine; CC = caudal cilium; CK = circumoral kinety; Ma = macronucleus; Mi = micronucleus; PC = perioral ciliature; PS = posterior spine; SK = somatic kinety. Scale bars = 30 μm.
FIGURE 3 in The morphology and SSU rRNA gene sequence analysis of a poorly-known brackish water ciliate, Pinacocoleps tesselatus (Kahl, 1930) (Ciliophora, Colepidae) from Hangzhou Bay, China
FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on the small subunit (SSU) rDNA of Pinacocoleps tesselatus and other colepids. Numbers at branching points show bootstrap values of 1,000 replicates for ML tree and posterior probability for Bayesian (BI) tree, respectively. Fully supported (100%/1.00) branches are marked with solid circles. The scale bar corresponds to 10 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Taxonomic classification mainly follows Lynn (2008). GenBank numbers follow species names.
Fig. 2 in Chorological and Phenological Analysis of the Water Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera: Adephaga and Polyphaga) of Northern Tunisia
Fig. 2. Proportions of the water beetle fauna of northern Tunisia in four distributional categories.
Fig. 1 in Chorological and Phenological Analysis of the Water Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera: Adephaga and Polyphaga) of Northern Tunisia
Fig. 1. Map of the study area showing location of the study sites and principal regions in northern Tunisia.
Isotopic analysis: How our community analyzes soil and plant water samples for their isotopic composition
<p>As part of a project to develop a common methodological framework for water sampling, extraction, and isotopic analysis to study vegetation water use, we conducted an informal survey of current practices. A simple questionnaire via Google form was sent out to all members of the WATer isotopeS in the critical zONE (WATSON) European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action (#19120, 2020-2024) between July and September 2021. In this repository, we've included a brief write-up of this survey and the survey data. </p>
Pressure monitoring dataset and frequency domain analysis in Padua water distribution network
<p>The dataset includes:</p><ul><li>the acquired pressure signal at measurement section P036 with a high sampling frequency (indicated by "fre") for 24 hours;</li><li>the frequency domain analysis of three pressure datasets within a certain range, "omega", of frequencies</li></ul>
IODP Expedition 391 ICP-AES elemental analysis (interstitial water)
Elemental concentration in interstitial water samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Data are presented by element-wavelength pair (e.g., more than one calcium line may be reported). Elemental lines for which data do not exist for a particular expedition will not appear.
Figure S1: Nutrient concentration of lettuce (Lactuca sativa 'Rex') plants grown at different total incident light levels in deep water culture hydroponics. Lines show multiple regression analysis results, indicating no significant interactions. Each data point represents one plant. N = nitrogen, P = phosphorus, K = potassium, Ca = calcium, Mg = magnesium, S = sulfur, B = boron, Cu = copper, Fe = iron, Mn = manganese, and Zn = zinc.
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Shallow subsurface water-ice distribution in the lunar south pole: Analysis based on Mini-RF and multi-metrics
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Data from: Identifying conservation priorities for gorgonian forests in Italian coastal waters with multiple methods including citizen science and social media content analysis
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Gorgonian forests are among the most complex of subtidal habitats in the Mediterranean Sea, supporting high biodiversity and providing diverse ecosystem services. Despite their iconic status, the geographical distribution and condition of gorgonian species is poorly known. Using multiple online data sources, our primary aims were to compile, map and analyse observations of gorgonian forests in Italian coastal waters to assess the biological complexity of gorgonian forests; evaluate impacts and vulnerable species, and identify areas of special interest inside and outside of existing MPAs to help prioritise conservation strategies and actions.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Data from: Validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis in predicting total body water and adiposity among Senegalese school-aged children
Introduction: Childhood obesity is currently a serious public health challenge in developing countries. Therefore, an accurate assessment of adiposity is required. The objective of this study was to validate BIA prediction equations for the assessment of total body water and adiposity or percentage of body fat for the first time in Senegalese school-aged children. Methods: One-hundred-fifty-one (151) pupils who were 8-11 years old were randomly selected from four public schools in Dakar. The body composition measured by deuterium dilution method (DDM) was used as the reference method and compared to that predicted by BIA using a multi-frequency analyser. Stepwise backward multiple linear regression was performed to calculate TBW and %BF in a subsample, which were then validated it in the rest of the sample. The Bland and Altman approach was used to assess the agreement between the two methods (bias and limits of agreement). Results: FFM was higher in boys (24.6±6.9 kg) compared to girls (21.2±3.3 kg; P<0.001), and %BF was lower in boys (5.1±4.6 kg) compared to girls (5.3±3.8 kg; P<0.05). Overall, 11.3% of children were obese (%BF ≥25% in boys, and ≥30% in girls) and 4.6% were overweight/obese according to their BMI-z score (>+1). The equations developed were as follows: TBW=0.376(Height²/Z50)-0.470 (sex) +0.076(weight) +0.065(height)-2.28. %BF= -1.10(height²/Z50) +3.14(sex)+1.57(weight)-4.347. These specific equations showed good precision and a low and non-significant mean bias (0.11 kg, P=0.279; and 0.19 kg, P=0.764) for TBW and %BF, respectively. Conclusion: The newly developed equations can be used as an accurate and alternative tool for screening for obesity among African school-aged children in various settings
Genetic admixture and population structure analysis of Indian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using STR markers
<p><span>We generated genetic diversity data for 10 different buffalo populations of India using 20 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. The buffalo populations of Odisha were the primary focus, viz. Chilika, Paralakhemundi, Kalahandi, Sambhalpuri, and Manda. The total observed number of alleles ranged between 143 (Manda) and 301 (Paralakhemundi) with an average of 204 alleles per breed. The minimal spanning network based on Bruvo's distance, PCA based on the Fst values, and genetic admixture analysis using both the STRUCTURE and 'snapclust' could identify the Manda population distinct from other Odisha buffalo breeds as well as Chhattisgarhi buffalo breed. The Sambhalpuri buffalo population also clustered into two separate subpopulations, half of the unique sub-population located geographically south-wards displayed no admixture with any of the adjacent buffalo populations. The Sambhalpuri population requires elaborate analysis to confirm the existence of two distinct sub-populations and if they could be recognized as separate breeds. The limited number of sires in the Manda population has resulted in excess of heterozygosity. Furthermore, the Manda population is left with very little allelic richness and this poses a huge threat to the population's existence. In another way, the study has led to the identification of the Manda buffalo as a distinct population, and the germplasm has been registered based on the study.</span></p>
Elevated CO2 alleviates adverse effects of drought on plant water relations and photosynthesis: a global meta-analysis
<p><span>1. </span><span>The elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2) is expected to improve plant water relations and carbon (C) uptakes, with a potential to mitigate drought stress. However, the interactive effects of eCO2 and drought on plant physiology and growth are not clear. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We performed a meta-analysis on the interactive effects of eCO2 and drought on plant water relations, photosynthesis, biomass production and allocation. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found that eCO2 did not lead to conservation of soil water, but improved leaf water status under drought conditions as evidenced by a higher leaf relative water content and a less negative midday leaf water potential, resulting from reduced stomatal conductance (gs) and increased root to shoot ratio. Elevated CO2 retarded gs response to drought, which may be mediated by decreases in leaf abscisic acid concentration under eCO2 and drought. Drought imposed stomatal limitations on photosynthesis (A), which was alleviated by eCO2 via increasing intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). This led to a stronger A response to eCO2 under drought, supporting the "low Ci effect". However, no interaction of eCO2 and drought was detected on plant biomass production. Intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) increased proportionally with eCO2, while plant-scale WUE was less responsive to eCO2 regardless of water availability. The advantages of eCO2 on C3 plants over C4 plants under well-watered conditions diminished under drought conditions. Within C3 plants, drought caused a greater reduction in biomass for woody plants than for herbs. Biomass declined progressively as drought prolonged for plants growing in both ambient CO2 and eCO2. The physiology and biomass of plants growing in pots showed more negative responses to drought than those growing in field. Biomass increase in free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiments was significantly less than those in growth chamber and open top chamber experiments. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis</span><span>. These findings suggest that eCO2 can alleviate the adverse impacts of drought on plant water relations and C sequestration, and are of significance in the prediction of plant growth and ecosystem productivity under global changes.</span></p>
Dataset for Publication: Industrially Relevant Conditions in Lab-Scale Analysis for Alkaline Water Electrolysis
<p>The provided data contains the calculations and plots of the manuscript 'Industrially Relevant Conditions in Lab-Scale Analysis for Alkaline Water Electrolysis'. All experimental procedures and an in-depths analysis can be found <a href="https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/celc.202300432">there</a>. (DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202300432">10.1002/celc.202300432 )</a>. The data is available in .opju files (origin plots), .xlsx files (excel sheets for calculations) and in the .csv format. </p>
Rationalizing Systems Analysis for the Evaluation of Adaptation Strategies in Complex Human-Water Systems - Outputs Dataset
<p>Dataset containing the outputs of the paper entitled Rationalizing Systems Analysis for the Evaluation of Adaptation Strategies in Complex Human-Water Systems. Outputs are subdivided into PMAUP and SWAT-PMAUP folders. Scenario runs are available in the folder scenario, inside SWAT-PMAUP, together with the SWAT model setup used throughout the manuscript.</p>
Integrating Bayesian groundwater mixing modeling with on-site helium analysis to identify unknown water sources
<p>Analyzing groundwater mixing ratios is crucial for many groundwater management tasks such as assessing sources of groundwater recharge and flow paths. However, estimating groundwater mixing ratios is affected by various uncertainties, which are related to analytical and measurement errors of tracers, the selection of end-members and finding the most suitable set of tracers. Although these uncertainties are well recognized, it is still not common practice to account for them. We address this issue by using a new set of tracers in combination with a Bayesian modeling approach, which explicitly considers the possibility of unknown end-members while fully accounting for tracer uncertainties. We apply the Bayesian model we developed to a tracer set which includes helium-4 analyzed on-site to determine mixing ratios in groundwater. Thereby, we identify an unknown end-member, that contributes up to 84% to the water mixture observed at our study site. For the helium-4 analysis, we use a newly developed Gas Equilibrium Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometer (GE-MIMS), operated in the field. To test the reliability of on-site helium-4 analysis, we compare results obtained with the GE-MIMS to the conventional lab-based method, which is comparatively expensive and labor intensive. Our work demonstrates that (i) tracer-aided Bayesian mixing modeling can detect unknown water sources, thereby revealing valuable insights into the conceptual understanding of the groundwater system studied and ii) on-site helium-4 analysis with the GE-MIMS system is an accurate and reliable alternative to the lab-based analysis.</p>
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