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FIGURE 9 in DNA barcodes reveal that the widespread European tortricid moth Phalonidia manniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two species

FIGURE 9. Neighbor-Joining tree (Kimura 2 Parameter model) of Phalonidia and Gynnidomorpha COI (DNA barcode) sequences. The scale bar indicates 1% sequence difference.

FIGURES 6A–6B in DNA barcodes reveal that the widespread European tortricid moth Phalonidia manniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two species

FIGURES 6A–6B. Cochylis udana Guenée, 1845 lectotype male genitalia. Fig. 6A: male genitalia (phallus removed). Fig. 6B: Phallus.

FIGURES 1A–1F. Adult specimens. Fig. 1A in DNA barcodes reveal that the widespread European tortricid moth Phalonidia manniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two species

FIGURES 1A–1F. Adult specimens. Fig. 1A: Phalonidia udana male (Finland). Fig. 1B: Phalonidia udana male (Finland), Fig. 1C: P. m a n n i a n a male (Finland), Fig. 1D: P. m a n n i a n a male (Austria), Fig. 1E: P. m a n n i a n a male (Germany), Fig. 1F: P. manniana male (Germany).

FIGURES 8A–8C in DNA barcodes reveal that the widespread European tortricid moth Phalonidia manniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two species

FIGURES 8A–8C. Holotype of Phalonidia tolli Razowski, 1960. Fig. 8A: adult male. Fig. 8B: male genitalia (phallus removed). Fig. 8C: Phallus.

FIGURES 3A-3C. Female genitalia. Fig. 3A, 3B in DNA barcodes reveal that the widespread European tortricid moth Phalonidia manniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two species

FIGURES 3A-3C. Female genitalia. Fig. 3A, 3B: Phalonidia udana. Fig. 3C: P. manniana. 3A, genitalia slide NHMO 2065; 3B, genitalia slide NHMO 2066; 3C, genitalia slide LAA 2011.015.

FIGURE 10 in DNA barcodes reveal that the widespread European tortricid moth Phalonidia manniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two species

FIGURE 10. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree of Cochylini, based on COI sequences. The tree is rooted to Tortrix viridana (Tortricidae, Tortricini). Node bootstrap support values are indicated by the nodes.

FIGURE 7 in DNA barcodes reveal that the widespread European tortricid moth Phalonidia manniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two species

FIGURE 7. Comparison of valvae of Phalonidia manniana and P. udana with C. notulana lectotype, C. udana lectotype and P. tolli holotype included.

FIGURES 2A-2G. Male genitalia. Fig. 2A–2D in DNA barcodes reveal that the widespread European tortricid moth Phalonidia manniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two species

FIGURES 2A-2G. Male genitalia. Fig. 2A–2D: Phalonidia udana. Fig. 2E–2H: P. m a n n i a n a. 2A–2B, genitalia slide NHMO 2063; 2C–2D, genitalia slide NHMO 2068; 2E–2F, genitalia slide NISK 20003; 2G–2H, genitalia slide NHMO 2064. 2B, 2D, 2F, 2H show the phallus of the preparations.

FIGURE 61–66 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 61–66. Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov. male genitalia: 61. Base of gonostylus; 62, 64, 65. Genitalia; 63. Upper part of gonostylus; 66. Hairs on the inner process of gonostylus; (61–63—ventral, 64—oblique latero-dorsal, 65—lateral view).

FIGURE 49–60 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 49–60. Structure of male genitalia: 49–51. Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov.; 52–54. D. albipila; 55–58. D. hirtipes; 59– 60. D. sinuata; (49, 52, 55—dorsal view; 50, 53, 56—dorso-ventral view; 51, 57, 59—base of gonostylus in lateral view; 54— base of gonostylus in latero-ventral view; 58, 60—base of gonostylus in ventral view).

FIGURE 41–48 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 41–48. Structure of male sterna and genitalia: 41–42. Sternum 8 (ventral view; scale = 0.5 mm); 43–44. Apex of sternum 8 (ventral view; scale = 0.1 mm); 45–48. Genitalia (45–46—dorsal, 47–48—ventral view; scale = 0.5 mm);.(41, 43, 45, 47—Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov.; 42, 44, 46, 48—D. hirtipes).

FIGURE 1–8 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 1–8. Females of Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov. Two different forms of color pubescence (left—the female from the Kiev region; right—from the Kherson region of Ukraine): 1, 2. Female in dorsal view (scale = 5 mm); 3, 4. Female in lateral view (scale = 5 mm); 5, 6. Head in frontal view (scale = 1 mm); 7, 8. Metasoma in ventral view (scale = 2 mm).

FIGURE 30–40 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 30–40. Structure of body. 30–37. Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov.: 30. Malar area (scale = 0.5 mm); 31. Pygidial plate (scale = 0.2 mm); 32–34. Hind tibia (scale = 1 mm); 35. Sternum 6; 36. Sternum 7; 37. Sternum 8; 38–40. D. hirtipes: 38. Sternum 6; 39. Sternum 7; 40. Sternum 8; (35–40—dorsal view; scale = 0.5 mm); (30–31—female; 32–40—male).

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Fig. 1 in Widespread support for a global species list with a formal governance system

Fig. 1. Survey results showing (A) generally strong agreement that there would be a net benefit to creation of a single global species list across all respondent groups; (B) overall preferences for representation on an oversight board; (C) overall preferences for oversight options of an independent board, a committee of an existing organization, or an NGO; and (D) common problems encountered by respondents, including competing lists, outdated information, and the absence of lists.

Fig. 5 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 5. Color phenotypes and phyloheatmap of the morphological characters of E. meriana and E. atleticana, visualized using the (A) mtDNA and (B) UCE phylogenies. Circles at the end of individual names indicate the color phenotype of that individual. Names above the phyloheatmaps indicate the character that was measured. BL, Body length; HW, Head width; ID, Intertegular distance;WTII,Width of colored bands on tergum II; WTIII,Width of colored bands on tergum III. In this phyloheatmap, each column of the measured characters was standardized to have the same variance prior to analysis.The scale below indicates how much each value deviates from the mean.The colors of the clades correspond to geographic regions outlined in Fig. 1. Green: Central America, Orange: Choco region, Blue: Amazon Forest, and Pink: Atlantic Forest.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 4. Chronogram of the phylogenetic relationships in the E. meriana and E. bombiformis species complexes estimated using BEAST2 and 500 UCE loci. All nodes had a posterior probability of 1. The arrow indicates the node used for calibration of the tree and acronyms correspond to geographic regions outlined in Fig. 1. CA, Central America; CR, Choco Region; AM, Amazon Forest; AF, Atlantic Forest. In the calibration point, M = mean age, and S = confidence interval.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the E. meriana and E. bombiformis species complexes based on (A) mitochondrial data (mtDNA; CO1 and Cytb) and (B) ultraconserved elements (UCE; 2022 loci). The mtDNA phylogeny was estimated using Bayesian inference in BEAST2, posterior probabilities on nodes were all above 0.9 except for nodes with asterisks (*). The UCE phylogeny was estimated with maximum likelihood using IQ-TREE and a concatenated 100% completeness matrix. Support values on nodes indicate ultrafast bootstrap (UFB) and SH-like (SH) approximate likelihood ratio test scores (SH-aLRT). All support values were above 95/95 except for nodes indicated with asterisks (* or **). One of the E. cingulata individuals (TA12) was pruned to improve the cophylogenetic visualization.The colors of the clades correspond to geographic regions outlined in Fig. 1. Green: Central America, Orange: Choco region, Blue: Amazon Forest, and Pink: Atlantic Forest.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of the different color phenotypes in the E. meriana and E. bombiformis species complexes. (A) Colored areas in the map indicate approximate distribution for both species complexes as well as the different areas that correspond to lineages recovered in López-Uribe et al. (2014), including Central America (green), Choco region (orange), Amazon Forest (blue), and Brazilian Atlantic Forest (pink). (B) Photos of color phenotypes are shown for each species and the geographic region in which that phenotype is present. Photos of E. meriana and E. bombiformis by NashTurley, photos of E. niveofasciata and E. atleticana by Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 3. Maximum clade credibility (MCC) species tree of the phylogenetic relationships in the E. meriana and E. bombiformis species complexes estimated under the multi-species coalescent model (MSC) using *BEAST in BEAST2.The species tree was estimated using the 50 most informative UCE loci from the 100% completeness dataset. Nodes without labels had posterior probabilities <0.5.The colors of the clades correspond to geographic regions outlined in Fig. 1. Green: Central America, Orange: Choco region, Blue: Amazon Forest, and Pink: Atlantic Forest.

Fig. 6 in Phylogenomics reveals within species diversification but incongruence with color phenotypes in widespread orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 6. Scatterplots of first against second principal component of the morphological measurements of the (A) E. bombiformis and (B) E. meriana complexes. Insets display boxplots of the first principal component between groups outlined by geographic regions: CA, Central America (Green); CR, Choco Region (Orange); AM, Amazon Forest (Blue); AF, Atlantic Forest (Pink). The letters above boxplots represent groups that are statistically differentiated after a Tukey′s honest significant test. Colors represent individuals grouped by geographic regions.