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Meang audio word list
<p>On April 24, 2013, I documented the Meang language of Dala 达腊, Napo County, Guangxi, China. Meang is also spoken in nearby Nianbi 念毕, which is a village part of the Dala village cluster / administrative village. My informant was Chen Mingxiu 陈明秀 (born January 12, 1958; female). She reported that the language is spoken only in Dala and Nianbi.</p> <p>Meang is spoken in Napo County, Guangxi, near the border with Vietnam’s Cao Bang province.</p> <p>The Napo County Almanac 那坡县志 reports that there are two branches of Yi in Napo County, Guangxi Province, namely the White Yi and Red Yi. The White Yi (白彝) are also locally called the White Lolo (白倮倮), High Trouser-Legged Yi (高裤脚彝), Skirt-Trouser Yi (裙裤彝), with the autonym Mángzuǒ (芒佐). The White Yi are reported to live in and around Nàlóng (那隆乡) in the villages of Dálà (达腊), Niànbì (念毕), Zhěxiáng (者祥), Yánhuá (岩华), Pōbào (坡报), Dáwàng (达汪), and Xiàmeyào (下么要).</p> <p>The Red Yi (红彝) are also called the Red-Headed Yi (红头彝) or Flower-Waisted Yi (花腰彝), with autonyms Mángjí (芒集) or Miējí (乜集). According to the Napo County Almanac, they reside in and around Xiàhuá Township (下华乡) in the villages of Pōwǔ (坡五) and Pōkāngtún (坡康屯).</p>
Maza audio word list
<p>The Maza (ma³³zɑ⁵³) live in the single village of Mengmei 孟梅 (qha³³le⁵³), located on a rocky hilltop overlooking the administrative village center of Puyang 普阳 in Muyang Township, Funing County, Yunnan, China. Liang Min, et. al (2007:1) report that Qabiao speakers living in Dongdu Village 董渡村, Donggan Township 董干镇 further to the southwest had originally migrated in the 1600’s and 1700’s from locations called Pumei 普梅 (Qabiao name: gə³³mei³³) and Puyang 普阳 (Qabiao name: gə³³wan⁵⁵). The Red Gelao of La Pao, Hà Giang province, Vietnam refer to the Qabiao as o⁵⁵mei³³, which in Red Gelao refers to the Lolo as well (Hsiu 2014 field notes). Interestingly, the Qabiao of China are officially classified as ethnic Yi, possibly due to certain cultural similarities to Mangish (Mondzish) speakers.<br> </p> <p>Maza has a Qabiao substratum that suggests a gradual assimilation of resident Qabiao speakers by Mondzish speakers.</p> <p><br> The Maza are also locally known as the White Flowery Lolo, or "Baihua Luo" 白花倮.</p> <p> </p>
Mango audio word list
<p>On April 21, 2013, which was market day in Babao Town, I discovered the Mango language of Mumei 木美. It is also spoken in Zhelai 者赖. there are only elderly speakers in both villages. My informant was Gui Yongquan 桂永权 (born May 17, 1949; male). He did not know the Mango people's ancestral place of origin. He also reported 72 villages in Heizhiguo and Babao with the prefix Mu- 木.</p> <p>Mango (ma⁵⁵ŋo²¹) is a critically endangered language spoken only by the elderly in the two villages of Mumei 木美 (mei⁵⁵te³³) and Zhelai 者赖 (ɕi⁵⁵te³³) of Babao Town (ba³³wo²¹), Guangnan County, Yunnan, China. There should be no more than 50 speakers in both villages. Ziwo Lama (2012) reports another Mangish variety known as Manga (ma³³ŋa³³) is spoken in nearby Gedang village 格当村, Funing County, but whether Manga and Mango are mutually intelligible or not remains open to question. The Guangnan County Almanac (2001) also lists them as a Yi subgroup called “Guwo 估涡” in Mumei 木美. It is possible that this is an exonym given to them by other Yi groups, where the Chinese transliteration “wo 涡” would correspond to ŋo²¹ in the autonym ma⁵⁵ŋo²¹, and “gu 估” would be general prefix for ethnic Yi or Lolo.</p> <p>Based on their similar autonyms and neighboring locations, Mango and Manga could possibly be closely related languages, although this has yet to be confirmed with Lama’s unpublished data of Manga. Ziwo Lama had collected a word list of Manga in 2003, but none of the data has been included in Ziwo Lama (2012).</p> <p>Mango is the only Mangish language that has final stops. I have found two final stops /-t/ and /-k/, as in ʑat⁵³ ‘chicken’ and tjok⁵³ ‘nose’. Nong Zhuang is the only other language in contact with Mango that has final stops. Since Mango is spoken relatively close to the Zhuang-majority town center of Babao, frequent contact with Zhuang may have likely helped Mango retain (or develop) final stops.</p>
Ukwuani audio word list
<p>Recorded in May 2013 in Guangzhou, China.</p> <p>Informant, Victor Okeyia, is an Ukwuani speaker from Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.</p>
Mankon audio word list
<p>Recorded in May 2013 in Guangzhou, China.</p> <p>Informant, Alfred Che, is a Mankon speaker from Northwest Province, Cameroon.</p>
Muangphe audio word list (2013)
<p>I made two trips to the Muangphe village of Xinfazhai, Heizhiguo Township, Guangnan County, Yunnan, China in August 2012 and April 2013. Both times, my informant was Luo Youwang 罗友旺, the mayor of Xinfazhai village. Muangphe has pharyngeal consonants like Northern Qiang, Atayal, and Amis.<br> <br> Muangphe (muaŋ⁵³, muaŋ⁵⁵phe²¹) is spoken in 5 villages of Babao and Heizhiguo townships, with ethnic Muangphe found in a total of 7 villages. They are known locally to other ethnic groups as the Lai 俫 or Lairen 俫人, which is also applied to the Austroasiatic-speaking Bolyu located further to the north in Longlin County, Guangxi. Phonologically, Muangphe is characterized by the pre-velarization of many of its initials; this does not occur in any of the other Muangphe languages.<br> <br> Locals of Xinfazhai 新发寨 report that Muangphe is most vigorously spoken in their village by both adults and children, while it is spoken to a lesser extent in the four villages of Jilai 吉赖, Mudilang 木底郎, Wabiao 瓦标, and Muliang 木良. Xinfazhai locals report that the language is not being transmitted to children in, and is thus likely moribund, in those four villages. Muangphe is spoken only by very few elderly individuals in Mulou 木娄and Mulong 木聋 villages, both located in Xinjie administrative village新街村. Based on these demographics, speakers of Muangphe number at least 200 but do not exceed 1,000. It is by all means an endangered language, and is moribund in most villages except for at least Xinfazhai 新发寨.<br> <br> Xinfazhai locals report that their ancestors had come from a location further to the east called “Jiangxi 江西”. They also claim to have bronze drums inherited from their ancestors, which are maintained and kept hidden by the village elders. An ethnic Han resident of Mulang 木浪 reports watching the local Yi performing bronze drum dances a few decades ago, but says that they are no longer performed. Traditional ethnic clothing is not worn in any of the Muangphe villages.<br> <br> Many village names in Heizhiguo township and Babao township contain the prefix “Mu- 木”. This likely signifies that the village used to have, or currently has, a Mangish-speaking population, since they have autonyms prefixed maŋ- ~ muŋ-. Similarly, areas that were historically Buyang have many village suffixed “-yang 央” (Li Jinfang 1999).<br> <br> </p>
Muangphe audio word list (2012)
<p>I made two trips to the Muangphe village of Xinfazhai, Heizhiguo Township, Guangnan County, Yunnan in August 2012 and April 2013. Both times, my informant was Luo Youwang 罗友旺, the mayor of Xinfazhai village. Muangphe has pharyngeal consonants like Northern Qiang, Atayal, and Amis.<br> <br> Muangphe (muaŋ⁵³, muaŋ⁵⁵phe²¹) is spoken in 5 villages of Babao and Heizhiguo townships, with ethnic Muangphe found in a total of 7 villages. They are known locally to other ethnic groups as the Lai 俫 or Lairen 俫人, which is also applied to the Austroasiatic-speaking Bolyu located further to the north in Longlin County, Guangxi. Phonologically, Muangphe is characterized by the pre-velarization of many of its initials; this does not occur in any of the other Muangphe languages.<br> <br> Locals of Xinfazhai 新发寨 report that Muangphe is most vigorously spoken in their village by both adults and children, while it is spoken to a lesser extent in the four villages of Jilai 吉赖, Mudilang 木底郎, Wabiao 瓦标, and Muliang 木良. Xinfazhai locals report that the language is not being transmitted to children in, and is thus likely moribund, in those four villages. Muangphe is spoken only by very few elderly individuals in Mulou 木娄and Mulong 木聋 villages, both located in Xinjie administrative village新街村. Based on these demographics, speakers of Muangphe number at least 200 but do not exceed 1,000. It is by all means an endangered language, and is moribund in most villages except for at least Xinfazhai 新发寨.<br> <br> Xinfazhai locals report that their ancestors had come from a location further to the east called “Jiangxi 江西”. They also claim to have bronze drums inherited from their ancestors, which are maintained and kept hidden by the village elders. An ethnic Han resident of Mulang 木浪 reports watching the local Yi performing bronze drum dances a few decades ago, but says that they are no longer performed. Traditional ethnic clothing is not worn in any of the Muangphe villages.<br> <br> Many village names in Heizhiguo township and Babao township contain the prefix “Mu- 木”. This likely signifies that the village used to have, or currently has, a Mangish-speaking population, since they have autonyms prefixed maŋ- ~ muŋ-. Similarly, areas that were historically Buyang have many village suffixed “-yang 央” (Li Jinfang 1999).<br> </p>
Kim Mun (Ban Khet) audio word list
<p>On February 4, 2014, I had also collected about 25 words of Kim Mun (kim⁵⁵mun⁵³) in bản Khét, Bạch Đích commune, Yen Minh district, Ha Giang province, Vietnam.</p>
Mien (Dingjiapo) audio word list
<p>On April 23, 2013, I visited the Mien (Guo Yao 过瑶) village of Dingjiapo 丁家坡, Muyang Township 木央乡, Funing County, Yunnan, China and interviewed Liu Zhengqin 刘正勤 (born October 1955, male).</p>
Inati (Guimaras) audio word list
<p>In September 2013, I recorded 2 dialects of Inati in the Philippines.</p> <ul> <li>An Ati settlement in Jordan, Guimaras. Turnoff to the right as one is approaching the Sibunag municipality gate from the harbor.</li> <li>Poblacion 4, Hamtic, Antique, Panay Island</li> </ul> <p>In Jordan, Guimaras, my informants reported that they had relatives in Barotac Viejo, Iloilo. The villagers are impoverished, and reported often skipping meals. Villagers there also make some woven handicrafts (basketry, etc.) for a living.</p>
Inati (Hamtic) audio word list
<p>In September 2013, I recorded 2 dialects of Inati in the Philippines.</p> <ul> <li>An Ati settlement in Jordan, Guimaras. Turnoff to the right as one is approaching the Sibunag municipality gate from the harbor.</li> <li>Poblacion 4, Hamtic, Antique, Panay Island</li> </ul> <p>In Jordan, Guimaras, my informants reported that they had relatives in Barotac Viejo, Iloilo. The villagers are impoverished, and reported often skipping meals. Villagers there also make some woven handicrafts (basketry, etc.) for a living.<br> <br> In Hamtic, my Ati Informants were Delia Panden and Carlito Panden of Poblacion 4, Hamtic, Antique.<br> <br> Carlito Panden is a pastor at a local Protestant church that is very close to the town center, while Delia Panden is an elementary school teacher. They speak Inati, Kinaray-a, Tagalog, and English. Their church gets some funding from churches in South Korea too.<br> <br> The Panden couple also expressed interest in publishing their Inati vocabulary notes as a book.<br> <br> Carlito Panden also brought me to Tina Victory Church, which was located in Barangay Tina.<br> <br> Tina Victory Church<br> Agape Christian International Ministries, Inc.<br> In partnership with Book Sung Church, Daegu, Korea<br> Barangay Tina, Hamtic, Antique, Philippines</p>
Mongphu audio word list
<p>Mongpho (autonym: mɔŋ⁵⁵pʰɤ²¹) is spoken by both adults and children in the villages of Lisa 里洒 (28 households; in Guangnan County, Yunnan, China), Zhilun 值伦, Upper Zhemei 上者梅, Lower Zhemei 下者梅, and Muyang 木杨, in Funing County, by perhaps several hundred speakers. As far as I know, Mongpho was not previously identified and documented, and constitutes a new, yet unknown language. It appears to be most closely related to Mango and Maza.</p> <p>My informant was Wei Yan 韦艳, a 26-year-old man in Lisa 里洒.</p> <p><br> On May 9, 2015 in Lisa 里洒, I found Dong Son-style bronze drums, which are hundreds or perhaps over 1,000 years old, which belong to the speakers of a new language called Mongpho [mɔŋ55 pho21]. They are stored in the attic of a local house. The larger drum with 4 frogs is the "female" drum, while the other one is the "male" drum. These drums [zi55] were used along with the mouth-organ [ȵaŋ55] to guide the souls of the deceased up into heaven, much like how the Hmong use the qeej. However, now they have lost the knowledge of how to play these drums.<br> <br> The Mongpho people said that they do not know how old the drums are, but one man said that they might date back to the Ming Dynasty.<br> <br> Other related languages are reportedly spoken in Musi 木思, Muhan 木寒, Mugang 木杠, Gedang 格当, and Damujiang 大木匠, which my informants listed as villages that speak similar languages that are not the same as Mongpho of Lisa.</p>
Kathu (Balong) audio word list (2015)
<p>Recorded on May 7, 2015</p> <p>This word list focuses mostly on lexical items that could potentially have initial consonant clusters.</p> <p><br> The road to the Kathu villages is extremely rocky, and only one driver (“Xiaoliu” 小刘 who was from that area himself) was willing to take me up there, out of nearly 10 different drivers who said they wouldn't take anyone up there even if they were offered 500-600 yuan. A few decades ago, Kathu children had to walk 4 hours each way to school in Nanping Town and then another 4 hours back, in addition to having to cook for themselves.<br> <br> Kathu speakers said their ancestors came from “Jiangxi” 江西.<br> <br> My Kathu informants were:<br> Wang Anxing 王安兴 (M), 60<br> Tian Huiping 田桂平 (F), 56<br> <br> Kathu is also spoken in Dayashao 大牙扫, which also has many Zhuang speakers, just like in Balong.<br> <br> The Kathu are known by many other local ethnic groups as “Flowery Buttocks” 花屁股.<br> <br> There are 3 more Kathu villages located outside Nanping Township, namely Jiala 甲腊, Jiamu 甲墓, and Bazi 坝子, which are located in Laojing Village 老井村 of Dongbao Township 董堡乡 (located on the southern banks of the Xiyang River 西洋江). They had reported migrating over from the Anwang-Balong area, and the dialect is slightly different. All children speak the language.</p>
Motang audio word list
<p>Recorded on May 6, 2015</p> <p><br> "Motang" (or "Mosang" or "Motangsang" [mo²¹taŋ²¹saŋ⁵¹]) is spoken by only 6 elderly speakers in the single village of Longtan 龙潭, Guangnan County, Yunnan. Middle-aged speakers do not remember any phrases. The ethnic group is also called Laoben 老本族 or Black Yi 黑彝族.<br> <br> My Informant was Chen Wanjin 陈万金. Chen is a native of Dagulu and grew up speaking the Dagulu language, but moved to Longtan when he was 15 for "economic reasons."<br> <br> The names of all the remaining Motang speakers are as follows.</p> <ul> <li>陈万金 Chen Wanjin</li> <li>宗志倍 Zong Zhipei</li> <li>宗志塘 Zong Zhitang</li> <li>王文义 Wang Wenyi</li> <li>王文针 Wang Wenzhen</li> <li>农兴兰 Nong Xinglan</li> </ul> <p>There are two clans in the village.</p> <ul> <li>Chen 陈 clan (Mauphu speakers of Dagulu): from Yingtian Prefecture of Nanjing 南京应天府</li> <li>Wang 王 clan (Motang speakers of Longtan): from Luoping County 罗平县</li> </ul> <p>Mauphu and Motang are closely related languages.</p>
Nyang audio word list
<p>On February 9, 2014, I interviewed a speaker of Nyang or "Puzai" (pu⁵⁵zai⁵⁵) in bản Huổi Sen, xã Mường So, huyện Phong Thổ, Lai Chau province, Vietnam. My informant was a man about 30 years old who was fluent in standard Mandarin (Putonghua), Southwestern Mandarin, Vietnamese, and Nyang.<br> </p> <p>Nyang turned out to be a Northern Tai language. The linguistic evidence suggests that the ancestors of the Nyang might have migrated from Guizhou.</p>
Hmong (Fengqing) audio word list
<p>On April 25, 2014 in Guodazhai Township, Fengqing County, Yunnan Province, China, I collected data on Miao of Dashitouzhai 大石头寨 and Malutang 马鹿塘. The Miao there speak a form of Chuanqiandian Miao, otherwise known as Hmong. All children speak the language in Dashitouzhai and Malutang. My informant was an elderly woman who also sang some Miao folk songs for me.</p>
Laha (Na Tay) audio word list
<p>On a chilly morning in February 13, 2014, I went to Pi Toong commune, Mường La district, Sơn La province, Vietnam and found that there was one isolated Laha village there called Nà Tạy. The name of the village is in Black Thai, where Nà means 'field', and Tạy is a kind of wild edible fruit found in the local forests. Nà Tạy is located in a relatively flat area closer to the river, with higher-quality arable land and rice fields surrounding it. This points to the historically earlier arrival of the Laha, as they were able to secure better farming land than later migrants such as the Black Thai and Hmong.<br> <br> Another isolated Laha village in Pi Toong commune is located about 25 km away. 2 or 3 Kháng villages (incl. bản Pá Hơp) are located over 40 km away in Nậm Giông commune, on the other side of the Sông Đà river. Most of the houses in the Laha village are on stilts, and the women dress just like that Black Thai (Thai Dam), with topknot hairstyles. The khaen mouth organ of the Black Thai is not played by the Laha in this village. Fortunately, the children still speak Laha. Villagers report that the Laha villages in Mường Bú and Chieng Xom communes, closer to Sơn La City, cannot speak Laha anymore but can still understand some of it.<br> <br> My informant was Quàng Văn Chiêu (male, born Sept. 26, 1989; completely fluent in Vietnamese, Laha, and Black Thai).<br> <br> Laha of Noong Lay commune (which Edmondson had researched) preserves final -l and initial Cl-, but Pi Toong does not. However, r- / -r- (initial/medial r; sometimes a retroflex and sometimes an alveolar trill; I think they're in complementary distribution) is very interesting, and may point to retroflexes in Proto-Kra. Noong Lay Laha has d- instead of r-. v- also comes as a surprise, as it is not present in either Noong Lay or Ta Mit Laha.</p> <ul> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) phl- : Laha (Pi Toong) f-</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) pl- : Laha (Pi Toong) ph-</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) bl- : Laha (Pi Toong) v-</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) -l : Laha (Pi Toong) -n</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) kl- : Laha (Pi Toong) k-</li> <li>Laha (Noong Lay) d- : Laha (Pi Toong) r- [but not always]</li> </ul> <p>Some forms are also more similar to Ta Mit Laha than to Noong Lay Laha. But Pi Toong Laha is obviously the same language as Noong Lay Laha, and my informant could understand Edmondson's recordings of Noong Laha but not Ta Mit Laha.<br> <br> This is a previously undocumented variety of Laha. Evidently more research needs to be done urgently on different dialects, especially since conservative features of the language such as initial clusters, final -l, etc. may be lost among younger generations as with the Saek language of Nakhon Phanom province, Thailand.</p> <p>Their autonym was xon⁵⁵xa³⁵, with xon⁵⁵ meaning 'person' in Tai Dam.</p>
Red Gelao (Bach Dich) audio word list
<p>On February 4, 2014, I interviewed Lý Tớ Sải 李德才, a 45-year-old Red Gelao (va³⁵dei²¹) man in La Pao, Bạch Đích commune, Hà Giang province. Ly was illiterate, and was more fluent in Southwestern Mandarin (Yunnanese) than in Vietnamese. His speech slightly differed from that of Jerold Edmondson's Red Gelao informant.</p>
Va (Southern) audio word list
<p>On April 10-11, 2014, I collected about 270 words from Northern Va and about 100 words from Southern Va. Both are spoken in several scattered villages in Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China. Southern Va is spoken only by middle-age and elderly people, but not by children. It is more conservative and retains many sesquisyllabic prefixes, particularly /s-/, which are not retained in Northern Va. Northern Va, which is also vigorously spoken by children, may have about 2,000 speakers, and for Southern Va, perhaps just under 1,000. The Va of Mojiang County are geographically isolated from other Austroasiatic-speaking groups, as no other Austroasiatic languages are spoken within perhaps a 100-km radius.<br> <br> My Northern Va informant, surnamed Li 李, is a 27-year-old male shopkeeper who is fluent in Putonghua (standard Mandarin), Southwestern Mandarin, and Va. He has worked in Kunming for a few years before. According to Li, the ancestors of the Va were also called “Mang 莽” in the past, and had migrated from the Dali area, which is located much further to the northwest. My Southern Va informant is 42-year-old Wang Lijuan 王丽娟. Data collection on Southern Va was performed under time constraints, since it was done during a bus break by the side of a road while I was on my way to the Mojiang county seat.<br> <br> My Northern Va informant claimed that Southern Va is very difficult for him to understand, but my Southern Va informant reported that she understands Northern Va perfectly well. Also, speakers are aware that Va numerals (except 1-3) are from Tai. However, most of their neighbors are Kaduo (kha31 tu31) speakers, a Southern Loloish group; the Tai are a minority in the region.<br> <br> Northern Va is spoken in about 8 villages in Taihe Administrative Village 太和村, Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China by about 600 ethnic Bulang households or just over 2,000 families. All generations, including children, speak the language fluently.<br> • Wamo 挖墨<br> • Xinzhai 新寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> • Jiuzhai 旧寨<br> • Dazhai 大寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> • Xiaozhai 小寨 (Upper 上 and Lower 下 hamlets)<br> <br> Southern Va is spoken in the following villages of Zhenglong Administrative Village 正龙村, Jingxing Township 景星乡, Mojiang County, Yunnan, China. The children do not speak Va.<br> • Pingtian 平田<br> • Banglao 蚌老 (culture and language best preserved)<br> • Miena 乜那<br> • Binggu 丙故<br> • Yin’gou 阴沟<br> • Yakou 丫口 (culture and language least preserved)<br> <br> Even though their autonym is “Va,” their language is fully Angkuic, and does not have any Waic influence or substrate.</p>
Mien (Shangwujiang) audio word list
<p>On May 4, 2013, I visited Shangwujiang Township 上梧江瑶族乡, Shuangpai County, Hunan, China which was accessible only by boat. My informant was an elderly Mien lady.</p>
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