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FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic consideration of eight Chinese bisexual Artemia populations, based on the morphology of frontal knob and gonopod and the result of cross-breeding tests
FIGURE 1. Ventral view of the head of Artemia (Lagkor Co population), showing the position of frontal knobs and their appearance in frontal view. CE = compound eye. E = exopodite of second antenna. FA = first antenna. FK = frontal knob. P = protopodite of second antenna. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic consideration of eight Chinese bisexual Artemia populations, based on the morphology of frontal knob and gonopod and the result of cross-breeding tests
FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the frontal knobs of Chinese bisexual Artemia populations to show the appearance of frontal knobs (A, C, E and H; frontal view) and the arrangement of spines (B, D, F, G and I). (A, B) SIN. (C, D) BDJR. (E, F, G) YIM (arrows in F point to spines arranged in a pattern of sextuplet; G is an enlarged image of a cluster of spines in septuplet pattern). (H, I) JYH. Abbreviations of Artemia populations see Table 1. Scale bars: A, C, E and H = 100 µm; B, D, F and I = 20 µm; G = 10 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic consideration of eight Chinese bisexual Artemia populations, based on the morphology of frontal knob and gonopod and the result of cross-breeding tests
FIGURE 5. The distal gonopod spines of the bisexual Artemia from China. (A, B) Panoramic images of the gonopods of LGC (A) and BDJR (B) to show the position of three groups of distal gonopod spines (in B, the position of exolateral spines is arrowed). (C) Orthostichous spines of LGC. (D) Orthostichous spines of BDJR. (E) Posterior spines of LGC. (F) Exolateral spines of YIM. (G) Exolateral spine and spinules (arrowed) of CMC. BG = basal gonopod; BGS = basal gonopod spine; DG = distal gonopod; ES = exolateral spines; FT = finger-like tip; OS = orthostichous spines; PS = posterior spines. Abbreviations of Artemia populations see Table 1. Scale bars: A and B = 100 µm; C–F = 10 µm; G = 5 µm.
FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic consideration of eight Chinese bisexual Artemia populations, based on the morphology of frontal knob and gonopod and the result of cross-breeding tests
FIGURE 7. Scatterplot of the first two canonical discriminant functions (group centroids) results from the discriminant analysis of six morphometric characters in eight Chinese Artemia populations. Abbreviations of Artemia populations see Table 1.
Age- and sex-dependent variation in relatedness corresponds to reproductive skew, territory inheritance and workload in cooperatively breeding cichlids
<p>Kin selection plays a major role in the evolution of cooperative systems. However, many social species exhibit complex within-group relatedness structures, where kin selection alone cannot explain the occurrence of cooperative behaviour. Understanding such social structures is crucial to elucidate the evolution and maintenance of multi-layered cooperative societies. In lamprologine cichlids, intragroup relatedness seems to correlate positively with reproductive skew, suggesting that in this clade dominants tend to provide reproductive concessions to unrelated subordinates to secure their participation in brood care. We investigate how patterns of within-group relatedness covary with direct and indirect fitness benefits of cooperation in a highly social vertebrate, the cooperatively breeding, polygynous lamprologine cichlid Neolamprologus savoryi. Behavioural and genetic data from 43 groups containing 578 individuals show that groups are socially and genetically structured into subgroups. About 17% of group members were unrelated immigrants, and average relatedness between breeders and brood care helpers declined with helper age due to group membership dynamics. Hence the relative importance of direct and indirect fitness benefits of cooperation depends on helper age. Our findings highlight how both direct and indirect fitness benefits of cooperation and group membership can select for cooperative behaviour in societies comprising complex social and relatedness structures.</p>
Genotyping-by-sequencing data for a Haitian sorghum breeding program
<p>Rapid environmental change can lead to extinction of populations or evolutionary rescue via genetic adaptation. In the past several years, smallholder and commercial cultivation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a global cereal and forage crop, has been threatened by a global outbreak of an aggressive new biotype of sugarcane aphid (SCA; Melanaphis sacchari). Here we characterized genomic signatures of adaptation in a Haitian sorghum breeding population, which had been recently founded from admixed global germplasm, extensively intercrossed, and subjected to intense selection under SCA infestation. We conducted evolutionary population genomics analyses of 296 post-selection Haitian lines compared to 767 global accessions at 159,683 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Despite intense selection, the Haitian population retains high nucleotide diversity through much of the genome due to diverse founders and an intercrossing strategy. A genome-wide fixation (FST) scan and geographic analyses suggests that adaptation to SCA in Haiti is conferred by a globally-rare East African allele of RMES1, which has also spread to other breeding programs in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. De novo genome sequencing data for SCA resistant and susceptible lines revealed putative causative variants at RMES1. Convenient low-cost markers were developed from the RMES1 selective sweep and successfully predicted resistance in independent U.S. × African breeding lines and eight U.S. commercial and public breeding programs, demonstrating the global relevance of the findings. Together, the findings highlight the potential of evolutionary genomics to develop adaptive trait breeding technology and the value of global germplasm exchange to facilitate evolutionary rescue.</p>
Figure 8 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 8. Temporal variation in the sighting rate of dependent young Iberian bullfinches outside the nest in NW Spain. Records of dependent young include records of adults feeding young. Each record refers to one or several young individuals together, linked to one or two (pair) adult individuals which were definitely or very likely their parents. Number of field trips each month: 49 in June, 54 in July, 52 in August, 39 in September, 26 in October. Pooled data for 2001–2006.
Figure 5 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 5. Spring-summer relative abundance of proven and potential predators of Iberian bullfinches in NW Spain, for a 78 ha plot. Pooled data for 2001–2006. Spring: March to May. Summer: June to August. Sighting rate was estimated as the average number of individuals seen per field trip (summation of individuals/number of field trips) multiplied by 10. n: number of field trips.
Figure 3 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 3. Monthly distribution of clutch size in Iberian bullfinches in NW Spain. The month refers to when the clutch was completed. n: total number of complete clutches per month. Monthly mean clutch size ± SD. Pooled data for 2001–2005.
Figure 1 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 1. Monthly variation in signs of probable breeding of Iberian bullfinches in NW Spain, by direct observation. Nest building and subsequent nest attendance are excluded. Mate-feeding refers to male feeding a female. Courtship display refers to mutual dance and caressing. Twig-display refers to partners showing nest material to one another. n: total records per month. In brackets: number of records per field trip (31 field trips in March, 33 in April, 49 in May, 49 in June, 54 in July, 52 in August). Some individuals showed more than one sign uninterruptedly, thus the 114 grand total records correspond to 97 sightings. Pooled data for 2001–2006.
Figure 2 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 2. Temporal variation in Iberian bullfinch breeding stage, in 10-day periods, in NW Spain. For each nest, only one record of a specific breeding stage in a determined 10-day period is considered. They are records for 58 nests (56 found; 2 being built, not found). Pooled data for 2001–2006.
Figure 10 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 10. Mean number of dependent young Iberian bullfinches per record in NW Spain, in relation to sex involved in parental care and month. Young individuals observed outside the nest were considered. n: number of records. Records of dependent young include records of adults feeding young. Each record refers to only one or several young individuals together, linked to one or two (pair) adult individuals which were definitely or very likely their parents. Records in which it was not possible to determine the number of young bullfinches with accuracy were discarded. Pooled data for 2001–2006.
Figure 7 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 7. Yearly proportion of Iberian bullfinch juveniles and adults in NW Spain, according to August sightings. n: total number of identified individuals regarding age. Most juveniles had not started moult. Adults refer to males and females in adult plumage, which could have been non-moulting adults, moulting adults or (highly improbable) juveniles already moulted.
Figure 4 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 4. Iberian bullfinch nest success in relation to the month (above) and year (below) when success or failure was recorded, in NW Spain.
Figure 9 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 9. Monthly variation in sex differences in parental care for young Iberian bullfinches outside the nest in NW Spain, by direct observation. Records of dependent young include records of adults feeding young. Each record refers to only one or several young individuals together, linked to one or two (pair) adult individuals which were definitely or very likely their parents. Pooled data for 2001–2006.
Figure 6 in Breeding ecology of Eurasian bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhula in an Iberian hedgerow habitat
Figure 6. Yearly proportion of young Iberian bullfinches that left the nest in relation to number of eggs laid in complete clutches in NW Spain.
Figure 2 in Diversity of Chironomidae (Diptera) breeding in the Great Stour, Kent: baseline results from the Westgate Parks non-biting midge project
Figure 2. (a) Genus percent abundance per site, and (b) genus dominance plot per site in the Great Stour in Kent, UK.
Figure 3 in Diversity of Chironomidae (Diptera) breeding in the Great Stour, Kent: baseline results from the Westgate Parks non-biting midge project
Figure 3. (a) Dendrogram showing the Bray-Curtis dissimilarities among sites, and (b) Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and biplot of Chironomidae genera for sites in the Great Stour in Kent, UK.
Low reproductive success of the endangered Iberá Seedeater in its only known breeding site, the Iberá Wetlands, Argentina
<div class="page"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Subtropical grasslands are highly susceptible to habitat conversion and number among South America's most threatened ecosystems. The grasslands of northeastern Argentina have been identified as a priority conservation area for threatened capuchino seedeaters because they constitute the main breeding area of these migratory birds. The Iberá Seedeater (<em>Sporophila iberaensis</em>) is a newly described species in the Iberá Wetlands in Argentina whose biology is still poorly understood. The endangered species inhabits grasslands, but has only been reported to breed in the Iberá Wetlands ecoregion of northeastern Argentina. To explore the species' association with grassland vegetation, we studied the breeding biology (clutch size, hatching success, and fledgling production) of the Iberá Seedeater and the main parameters that influence nest survival and nest site selection. We conducted nest searches and banded adults and nestlings in Iberá National Park during the breeding seasons of 2016-2018. The breeding season of the Iberá Seedeater was highly synchronous and the cumulative probability of nest survival was 0.16. The daily nest survival rate decreased as the breeding season advanced, survival was lower for nests supported by <em>Rhynchospora corymbosa</em> than <em>Paspalum durifolium</em>, the two main nest substrates, and the main causes of nest failure were nest predation and strong winds. Additionally, the population exhibited male-biased site fidelity and a low female return rate. In contrast to other capuchinos, whose breeding biology is associated with upland grasslands, the Iberá Seedeater nested exclusively in flooded lowland grasslands on marsh plants. Thus, effective lowland grassland management is key to maintain the vegetation structure required for reproduction in the Iberá Seedeater.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Effect of Light Wavelength on Soybean Growth and Development in a Context of Speed Breeding
<p>Soybean breeding involves crossing and inbreeding for multiple generations to develop genetically-stable lines. The long generation times and the absence of easily-scalable double-haploid technologies cause early generations to be the major bottleneck in soybean breeding. Here we tested the effect of red and blue lights (RB) and full spectrum white lights (FS) generated by light emitting diode (LED) panels, coupled with 12 h light (29 °C) / 12 h darkness (27 °C) photothermal conditions, on the growth and development of soybean lines and breeding materials of diverse maturity groups in a context of speed breeding. We observed that RB light, when compared to FS light, reduced plant height by an average of 17.3 cm but did not affect vegetative biomass, pods and seeds per plants, nor the ability to meet a minimum of one seed per plant. Overall, the RB light treatment reduced days after planting (DAP) to physiological maturity (R7) by 1.5 d as compared to FS. The period between planting and the harvest of seeds (cycle time) of mid- and late-maturity soybean ranged from 63 to 81 d in the greenhouse, as compared to approximately 120 d typically observed in field conditions. Also, DAP to R7 was dependent on soybean maturity group. The use of RB lights, coupled with photothermal conditions herein reported, would allow to advance up to 5 generations of US-adapted soybean under a controlled environment, instead of the 1-3 generations currently possible. This methodology is simple and easily scalable for it maintains stable growing conditions throughout the crop cycle and it allows for simultaneous planting and harvesting within the same growth room. This could have a significant impact in genetic gain of U.S. soybean breeding programs.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.