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FIGURE 4 in Solving the cryptic diversity of the genus Manerebia Staudinger in northern Peru description of new species and considerations on the biogeographical role of the Huancabamba Deflection (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Pronophilina)
FIGURE 4. Adults (left—dorsum, right—venter) A. M. granatus n. sp. ♂ Holotype, Ecuador, Paquisha Alto B. M. granatus n. sp. ♂ Paratype, Peru, Alto Río Nieva C. M. granatus n. sp.♀, Ecuador, San Andrés D. M. placida n. sp. ♂ Holotype, Ecuador, Zamora - Arcoiris
FIGURE 2 in Solving the cryptic diversity of the genus Manerebia Staudinger in northern Peru description of new species and considerations on the biogeographical role of the Huancabamba Deflection (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Pronophilina)
FIGURE 2. Adults (left—dorsum, right—venter) A. M. prattorum udima n. ssp. ♂ Paratype, Peru, vía Hacienda Udima B. M. prattorum udima n. ssp. ♀ Paratype, Peru, vía Hacienda Udima C. M. inducta n. sp. ♂ Holotype, Peru, Lagunas Arrebiatadas D. M. inducta n. sp. ♀ Paratype, Ecuador, Jimbura —San Andrés road
FIGURE 1 in Solving the cryptic diversity of the genus Manerebia Staudinger in northern Peru description of new species and considerations on the biogeographical role of the Huancabamba Deflection (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Pronophilina)
FIGURE 1. Adults (left—dorsum, right—venter) A. M. ronda n. sp.♂ Holotype, Peru, Laguna Salahuindo B. M. ronda n. sp.♀ Paratype, Peru, Laguna Salahuindo C. M. ronda amplia n. ssp. ♂ Holotype, Peru, Kañaris D. M. rufanalis (?) ♂, Peru, Hacienda Udima
Figure 2 in Reproductive biology of direct developing and threatened frog Adelophryne maranguapensis (Anura, Eleutherodactylidae) reveals a cryptic reproductive mode for anurans and the first record of parental care for the genus
Figure 2. Climatic parameters in Serra de Maranguape between the months of April 2010 and April 2012. Precipitation (columns); maximum relative humidity of air (blue line), minimum relative humidity of air (blue dashes), maximum temperature (red line), minimum temperature (red dashes), musical note (occurrence of vocalisations), egg (presence of egg masses); * without field work.
Determining the efficacy of camera traps, live capture traps, and detection dogs for locating cryptic small mammal species
<p>Metal box (e.g., Elliott, Sherman) traps and remote cameras are two of the most commonly employed methods presently used to survey terrestrial mammals. However, their relative efficacy at accurately detecting cryptic small mammals has not been adequately assessed. The present study therefore compared the effectiveness of metal box (Elliott) traps and vertically oriented, close range, white flash camera traps in detecting small mammals occurring in the Scenic Rim of eastern Australia. We also conducted a preliminary survey to determine effectiveness of a conservation detection dog (CDD) for identifying presence of a threatened carnivorous marsupial, <i>Antechinus arktos,</i> in present-day and historical locations, using camera traps to corroborate detections. 200 Elliott traps and 20 white flash camera traps were set for four deployments per method, across a site where the target small mammals, including <i>A. arktos</i>, are known to occur. Camera traps produced higher detection probabilities than Elliott traps for all four species. Thus, vertically mounted white flash cameras were preferable for detecting the presence of cryptic small mammals in our survey. The CDD, which had been trained to detect <i>A. arktos</i> scat, indicated in total 31 times when deployed in the field survey area, with subsequent camera trap deployments specifically corroborating <i>A. arktos</i> presence at 100% (3) indication locations. Importantly, the dog indicated twice within Border Ranges National Park, where historical (1980s-1990s) specimen-based records indicate the species was present, but extensive Elliott and camera trapping over the last 5-10 years have resulted in zero <i>A. arktos</i> captures. Camera traps subsequently corroborated <i>A. arktos</i> presence at these sites. This demonstrates that detection dogs can be a highly effective means of locating threatened, cryptic species, especially when traditional methods are unable to detect low-density mammal populations.</p>
Cryptic diversity on cliffs: Aster sanqingensis, a new species of Asteraceae from Eastern China
<p>It is generally believed that cliffs bear low biodiversity because of its harsh habitats. However, another reason, i.e. insufficient investigation caused by the inaccessibility of the cliffs, could not be excluded. In the genus Aster, two cliff species, <em>Aster fanjingshanicus</em> and <em>Aster tianmenshanensis</em>, respectively growing on the slate and limestone cliffs, were established. During our extensive field investigations, the third cliff species of Aster growing on granite cliffs from Eastern China was found. Based on the evidence from molecular phylogeny, morphology, and micro-morphology, we proposed that it should be treated as a new species and named <em>Aster sanqingensis.</em> It is described and illustrated here. Considering its limited number of individuals, highly localized distribution, and disturbed habitat, we proposed to treat it as a critically endangered species. Our new finding indicates there is cryptic biodiversity on the cliffs remaining to be discovered.</p>
Establishment of a fecal DNA quantification technique for rare and cryptic diet constituents in small mammals - raw data
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>DNA-based approaches have highly improved the applicability of dietary studies aimed at investigating ecological processes. These studies have provided direct insights into, otherwise difficult to measure, interactions between species and trophic levels, food web structure and ecosystem functioning. However, despite these advances, DNA-based methods have been struggling to accurately quantify the whole breadth of diet constituents because of methodological biases, such as amplification bias and digestive processes. This study is, to our knowledge, the first diet study that used droplet digital PCR to quantify diet constituents. We manipulated the diet of wild caught wood mice (<em>Apodemus sylvaticus</em>) by feeding them with a known amount of small vegetable seeds (onion and carrot) and quantified the DNA traces of these diet constituents in fecal samples. The sensitivity of the technique combined with the control on the experimental design allowed mitigation of methodological bias. We were able to accurately determine DNA concentrations of small vegetable seeds in the diet of wood mice. Quantification of target DNA demonstrated significant differences in DNA content when one vs. five seeds were consumed. <a name="_Hlk96526385"></a>These differences remained significant when the age, sex, and other diet constituents of the mice were altered. Different DNA markers, targeting different parts of the chloroplast, influenced onion DNA detectability. However, all onion and carrot markers showed higher DNA content for higher seed numbers. Overall, the sensitive DNA based approach developed in this study allows for minimally-invasive quantification of small diet constituents in feces, which would otherwise be undetectable with traditional methods.</span></p>
On following pages: 477. Fringed Long-footed Myotis (Myotis fimbriatus); 478. Rickett's Big-footed Myotis (Myotis pilosus); 479. Mandelli's Myotis (Myotis sicarius); 480. Bechstein's Myotis (Myotis bechsteinii): 481. Long-tailed Myotis (Myotis longicaudatus); 482. Daubenton's Myotis (Myotis daubentonii); 483. Reddish Myotis (Myotis soror); 484. Fraternal Myotis (Myotis fraten; 485. Bokhara Myotis (Myotis bucharensis); 486. Lesser Myotis (Myotis blythii); 487. Greater Myotis (Myotis myotis); 488. Maghreb Myotis (Myotis punicus); 489. Natterer's Myotis (Myotis nattereri); 490. Cryptic Myotis (Myotis crypticus); 491. Schaub's Myotis (Myotis schaubi); 492. Escalera's Myotis (Myotis escaleral), 493. Zenati Myotis (Myotis zenatius); 494. Peking Myotis (Myotis pequinius); 495. Far Eastern Myotis (Myotis bombinus); 496. Large Myotis (Myotis chinensis). in Vespertilionidae
On following pages: 477. Fringed Long-footed Myotis (Myotis fimbriatus); 478. Rickett's Big-footed Myotis (Myotis pilosus); 479. Mandelli's Myotis (Myotis sicarius); 480. Bechstein's Myotis (Myotis bechsteinii): 481. Long-tailed Myotis (Myotis longicaudatus); 482. Daubenton's Myotis (Myotis daubentonii); 483. Reddish Myotis (Myotis soror); 484. Fraternal Myotis (Myotis fraten; 485. Bokhara Myotis (Myotis bucharensis); 486. Lesser Myotis (Myotis blythii); 487. Greater Myotis (Myotis myotis); 488. Maghreb Myotis (Myotis punicus); 489. Natterer's Myotis (Myotis nattereri); 490. Cryptic Myotis (Myotis crypticus); 491. Schaub's Myotis (Myotis schaubi); 492. Escalera's Myotis (Myotis escaleral), 493. Zenati Myotis (Myotis zenatius); 494. Peking Myotis (Myotis pequinius); 495. Far Eastern Myotis (Myotis bombinus); 496. Large Myotis (Myotis chinensis).
On following pages: 296. Golden-tipped Bat (Phoniscus papuensis); 297. Hardwicke's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula hardwickii); 298. Flat-skulled Woolly Bat (Kerivoula depressa); 299. Sri Lankan Woolly Bat (Kerivoula malpasi: 300. Cryptic Woolly Bat (Kerivoula crypta); 301. Dark Woolly Bat (Kerivoula furva); 302. Kachin Woolly Bat (Kerivoula kachinensis); 303. Indochinese Woolly Bat (Kerivoula dongduongana); 304. Krau Woolly Bat (Kerivoula krauensis); 305. Titania's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula titania); 306. Least Woolly Bat (Kerivoula minuta); 307. Small Woolly Bat (Kerivoula intermedia); 308. Papillose Woolly Bat (Kerivoula papillosa); 309. Lenis Woolly Bat (Kerivoula lenis); 310. Clearwinged Woolly Bat (Kerivoula pellucida); 311. Painted Woolly Bat (Kerivoula picta); 312. Whitehead's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula whitehead); 313. Flores Woolly Bat (Kerivoula flora); 314. Fly River Woolly Bat (Kerivoula muscina); 315. Saint Aignan's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula agnella); 316. Bismarck Woolly Bat (Kerivoula myrella); 317. Lesser Woolly Bat (Kerivoula lanosa); 318. Ethiopian Woolly Bat (Kerivoula eriophora); 319. Tanzanian Woolly Bat Kerivoula africana); 320. Smith's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula smithii); 321. Coppery Woolly Bat (Kerivoula cuprosa); 322. Spurrell's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula phalaena); 323. Damara Woolly Bat (Kerivoula argentata). in Vespertilionidae
On following pages: 296. Golden-tipped Bat (Phoniscus papuensis); 297. Hardwicke's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula hardwickii); 298. Flat-skulled Woolly Bat (Kerivoula depressa); 299. Sri Lankan Woolly Bat (Kerivoula malpasi: 300. Cryptic Woolly Bat (Kerivoula crypta); 301. Dark Woolly Bat (Kerivoula furva); 302. Kachin Woolly Bat (Kerivoula kachinensis); 303. Indochinese Woolly Bat (Kerivoula dongduongana); 304. Krau Woolly Bat (Kerivoula krauensis); 305. Titania's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula titania); 306. Least Woolly Bat (Kerivoula minuta); 307. Small Woolly Bat (Kerivoula intermedia); 308. Papillose Woolly Bat (Kerivoula papillosa); 309. Lenis Woolly Bat (Kerivoula lenis); 310. Clearwinged Woolly Bat (Kerivoula pellucida); 311. Painted Woolly Bat (Kerivoula picta); 312. Whitehead's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula whitehead); 313. Flores Woolly Bat (Kerivoula flora); 314. Fly River Woolly Bat (Kerivoula muscina); 315. Saint Aignan's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula agnella); 316. Bismarck Woolly Bat (Kerivoula myrella); 317. Lesser Woolly Bat (Kerivoula lanosa); 318. Ethiopian Woolly Bat (Kerivoula eriophora); 319. Tanzanian Woolly Bat Kerivoula africana); 320. Smith's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula smithii); 321. Coppery Woolly Bat (Kerivoula cuprosa); 322. Spurrell's Woolly Bat (Kerivoula phalaena); 323. Damara Woolly Bat (Kerivoula argentata).
One of the first cryptic mammal species discovered, when it was separated from the morphologically similar R. tumida (= R. bickhami) based on karyological studies. Karyotype of 2n = 42 of R. genowaysi is identical to that observed in R. velilla, but these species are genetically distinct; their ranges do not overlap. R. genowaysi is morphologically very similar to other species within the R. tumida complex and is sympatric with R. bickhami (2n = 34). Monotypic. Distribution. Two nearby localities in Pacific lowlands of S Chiapas, S Mexico. in Vespertilionidae
One of the first cryptic mammal species discovered, when it was separated from the morphologically similar R. tumida (= R. bickhami) based on karyological studies. Karyotype of 2n = 42 of R. genowaysi is identical to that observed in R. velilla, but these species are genetically distinct; their ranges do not overlap. R. genowaysi is morphologically very similar to other species within the R. tumida complex and is sympatric with R. bickhami (2n = 34). Monotypic. Distribution. Two nearby localities in Pacific lowlands of S Chiapas, S Mexico.
Data from: Hidden island endemic species, and their implications for cryptic speciation within soil arthropods
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Specialisation to the soil environment is expected to constrain the spatial scale of diversification within animal lineages. In this context, the existence of flightless arthropod lineages, adapted to soil environments, but with broad geographic ranges, represent something of an anomaly. Here we investigate the diversification process within one such 'anomalous' soil specialist: <em>Geomitopsis franzi </em>Coiffait, 1978, an eyeless and flightless beetle species strongly adapted to the endogean environment but distributed across several oceanic islands.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Canary Islands</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> <em>Geomitopsis</em> (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We performed an integrative study, including molecular phylogenetics, population genomics, and morphometry. Four DNA regions (two mitochondrial and two nuclear) were amplified and sequenced for 159 specimens from 58 localities sampled across five islands for phylogenetic analyses, and a dated phylogenetic tree was obtained using a mitogenome dataset<em>. </em>ddRAD-seq data was generated to evaluate mtDNA lineages in sympatry against the biological species concept.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We found high levels of genetic differentiation (>8% COI gene divergence) among populations from different islands and among geographically coherent lineages within single islands. Lineages within Tenerife presented significant patterns of isolation by distance, with ddRAD-seq providing evidence that lineages represent biological species. Morphometric analyses revealed limited variation, with most lineages lacking diagnostic characters.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> <em>Geomitopsis franzi</em> is comprised of at least seven lineages that merit consideration as biological species, and is best considered as a complex of cryptic species. The limited morphological variation across these lineages is consistent with adaptation to the endogean environment placing strong constraints on morphological change. The evolution of cryptic species should be favoured when such constraints are coupled with limited dispersal ability, which characterises <em>G. franzi</em>, and is a trait that broadly characterises the soil mesofauna. We suggest that cryptic species diversity is likely to be a recurrent feature across soil adapted arthropod species with range sizes that appear inconsistent whith a low potential for dispersal.</p>
Figure 5 in Genetic, bioacoustic and morphological analyses reveal cryptic speciation in the warbling vireo complex (Vireo gilvus: Vireonidae: Passeriformes)
Figure 5. Example song spectrograms and photos for each of the three warbling vireo genetic groups used in our DFA of songs. The colours of the outlines of the spectrograms and photos correspond to DFA results in Figure 4. Photos were taken by the first author.
Figure 4 in Genetic, bioacoustic and morphological analyses reveal cryptic speciation in the warbling vireo complex (Vireo gilvus: Vireonidae: Passeriformes)
Figure 4. Plots of the first two canonical axes based on DFA of warbling vireo songs. Colours and shapes correspond to three of the four microsatellite genetic groups (Black Hills are not included): eastern (red/circle), north-western (green/ square) and south-western (blue/triangle). The largest shape represents the mean centroid for each genetic group.
Figure 3 in Genetic, bioacoustic and morphological analyses reveal cryptic speciation in the warbling vireo complex (Vireo gilvus: Vireonidae: Passeriformes)
Figure 3. Thirty-seven warbling vireo populations genotyped at 14 microsatellite loci. Colours correspond to the four genetic groups from STRUCTURE: eastern (red), north-western (green), south-western (blue) and the Black Hills (orange) (see Fig. 2). The eastern (Medicine Hat, M HAT; left circle) and north-western (Cypress Hills, C HILLS; right circle) groups from the SEAB population are shown separately. Refer to Table 1 for population abbreviations and sample sizes.
Figure 2 in Genetic, bioacoustic and morphological analyses reveal cryptic speciation in the warbling vireo complex (Vireo gilvus: Vireonidae: Passeriformes)
Figure 2. Hierarchical STRUCTURE plots (K = 2) based on genotypes from 14 microsatellite loci. Populations with additional hierarchical structure are in yellow. Each bar represents a single individual, and the Q value is the percent ancestry of that individual to each genetic group. (A) All populations (red = eastern group), (B) western populations and the Black Hills (orange), (C) remaining western populations (north-western = green; south-western = blue). Refer to Table 1 for population abbreviations and sample sizes.
Figure 1 in Genetic, bioacoustic and morphological analyses reveal cryptic speciation in the warbling vireo complex (Vireo gilvus: Vireonidae: Passeriformes)
Figure 1. Range distributions of the three warbling vireo subspecies in this study based on Phillips (1991) and American Ornithologists' Union (1998) in gray scale on the map. Circles on the map show sampling locations included in the cyt b analysis (top inset). Black circles are eastern haplotypes, whereas white circles are western haplotypes. The eastern (Medicine Hat, M HAT; left circle) and western (Cypress Hills, C HILLS; right circle) groups from the SEAB population are shown separately. The ATPase 6 and 8 results are not on the map (bottom inset) and do not include the eastern group. Colours in the haplotype networks correspond to our microsatellite genetic groups: eastern (black), north-western (grey), south-western (white) and the Black Hills (striped). Each circle is a haplotype, and its size is proportional to how many individuals share that haplotype. Cross hatches in the haplotype networks represent more than one nucleotide difference. Refer to Table 1 for population abbreviations and sample sizes.
Figure 6 in Genetic, bioacoustic and morphological analyses reveal cryptic speciation in the warbling vireo complex (Vireo gilvus: Vireonidae: Passeriformes)
Figure 6. Contemporary ecological niche models for three of the four warbling vireo microsatellite genetic groups (Black Hills are not included): north-western (top), south-western (middle) and eastern (bottom). The logarithmic scale on the left depicts the percent likelihood of habitat suitability based on climate variables.
FIGURE 6 in The unexpected gecko: A new cryptic species within Urocotyledon inexpectata (Stejneger, 1893) from the northern granitic Seychelles
FIGURE 6. Holotype of Urocotyledon norzilensis sp. nov. (BMNH 1987.1388) from Praslin Island, Seychelles. A—Detail of head (from left to right) in dorsal, right and left lateral and ventral views. B—Dorsal and ventral view of whole specimen. C—Detail of pelvic region in ventral view. Scale bars in 1mm increments. Photos by Kevin Webb (NHM).
FIGURE 7 in The unexpected gecko: A new cryptic species within Urocotyledon inexpectata (Stejneger, 1893) from the northern granitic Seychelles
FIGURE 7. Skull of holotype of Urocotyledon norzilensis sp. nov. (BMNH 1987.1388) in A—lateral, B—dorsal, C—ventral, D—medial, E—frontal and F—posterior view. Each color represents a different bone present in the head.
FIGURE 4 in The unexpected gecko: A new cryptic species within Urocotyledon inexpectata (Stejneger, 1893) from the northern granitic Seychelles
FIGURE 4. Holotype of Urocotyledon inexpectata (USNM 20433) from Mahé Island, Seychelles. A—Detail of head (from left to right) in dorsal, right and left lateral and ventral views. B—Dorsal and ventral view of body and tail. Scale bars in 1mm increments. Round structures on limbs and tail are pins located to fix the animal. Photos provide by USNM.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.