Find research datasets worth reusing

opennotspecifiedDec 2015View details →

FIGURE 3. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 3. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a partitioned Bayesian inference analysis of DNA sequences of the nuclear RAG1 gene (503 bp), showing relationships among species of Cophyla. Numbers at nodes are posterior probabilities (only values>0.9 shown). The tree was rooted with the same outgroups as in Fig. 2 (removed for better graphical representation).

Fig.11 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.11. Genital exoskeleton of Nannochorista andina (Mecoptera:Nannochoristidae); for musculature, refer to Mickoleit (2008) and see Fig. 1. A, genital appendages, dorsal view.B, genital appendages, ventral view.C, D, right coxopod and sperm pumping complex, dorsolateral oblique.EeI, sperm pumping complex:E, posterior view; F, dorsolateral oblique; G, lateral view; H, ventral view; I, ventrolateral oblique.Abbreviations: aed. apod. ¼ aedeagal apodem; CxaI ¼ gonocoxa or first gonocoxites;kam. ¼ kammersklerit; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen ¼ penial sclerite; Sty ¼ gonostylus; teg. ¼ tegimen. Note: Roman numerals indicate sclerite number; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion; italicized abbreviations indicate formal names for sclerites.

Fig. 6 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 6. Genital skeletomusculature of?Dendroleon sp. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). AeC, genitalia in situ: A, dorsal; B, lateral; C, ventral. D, E, right coxopod and peniallateropenital complex, posterolateral oblique, E with lateropenites partially removed. F, part of penial-lateropenital complex, mesal (internal). G, right coxopod, mesal. H, genitalia with left coxopod removed, mesal; I, disarticulated right coxopod and penial-lateropenital complex, mesal. Abbreviations: An ¼ anus; Cxt þ Sty ¼ coxostylar composite sclerite; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Lpedmp ¼ lateropenital dorsomedian process; Lpevll ¼ lateropenital ventrolateral lobe; Pen ¼ penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ gonostylus; TgIX þ Cxa ¼ tergocoxal composite. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 3 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 3. Genital skeletomusculature of Agulla sp. (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae). AeE, segment IX, genital appendages, and proctiger: A, lateral; B, ventral; C, distal; D, tergum removed,lateral oblique; E, left half removed and proctiger partially removed, mesal. F, coxopod piece, lateral oblique. GeI, right coxopod and sternum part, mesal. Abbreviations: An ¼ anus; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Cxaapd ¼ coxal apodeme; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen ¼ penis; Penscl ¼ penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ stylus; Styapd ¼ stylar apodeme; Stycnd ¼ stylar condyle; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig.14 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.14. Genital sclerites of Hystrichopsylla talpae (Siphonaptera:Hystrichopsyllidae), after Günther (1961); for musculature, see Fig.1. A, genital appendages, sternum IX, tergum IX, and proctiger. B, genital appendages, excluding tergal-coxital composite. Abbreviations: aed.apod. ¼ aedeagal apodem; aedt. ¼ aedeagaltasche; bulb.¼ bulbalis; Dstarm ¼ distal arm of sternum IX; Endph ¼ endophallus; endot.¼ endotendons; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Cxt ¼ gonocoxite; ham. ¼ hamulus; hypot.¼ hypotendon; inn. tub. ¼ innere tube; Llat ¼ lateral lamina of aedeagal apodem; Lmed ¼ medial lamina of aedeagal apodem; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; lun. skl. ¼ lunarsklerit; param. ¼ paramere; Pen ¼ penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; Prxarm ¼ proximal arm of coxosternum IX; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ gonostylus; TgIX ¼ tergum IX; virg. vent. ¼ virga ventralis; Y-skl. ¼ Y-sklerit. Note: Fragment numbers of gonocoxites and penites indicated with Roman numerals; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion.

Fig. 2 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 2. Genital skeletomusculature of Cimbex rubidus (Hymenoptera: Cimbicidae). A, tergite IX and proctiger. BeE, genital capsule: B, dorsal; C, ventral; D, lateral; E, cupula removed, lateral. FeG, right coxopod and penial sclerite: F, mesal; G, penial conjunctiva and musculature partially removed, mesal. H, right gonopod, penial musculature removed, mesal. I, volsella, mesal (dorsal). Abbreviations: An ¼ anus; Ce ¼ cercus; Cxa ¼ "basimere" (major part gonocoxa); CxtII ¼ "parossiculus" (minor part of second gonocoxital fragment); Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Lpesut ¼ lateropinial suture with ventromedial gonocoxite; Pen ¼ penis or penial sclerite; Penapd ¼ penial apodeme ("valvura"); Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ stylus; TgIX' ¼ tergite IX; TgIX'þCxtI ¼ "cupula" (composite sclerite of tergite IX plus basal/anterior fragment of gonocoxite). Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 8 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 8. Genital skeletomusculature of Hypera cf. postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). AeD, genitalia in situ within terminal abdominal segments: A, dorsal; B, lateral, left side, sternal-coxital muscle partially removed;C, ventral;D, lateral, right side. E, J, coxites I encircling coxites II and stylar composite,lateral,with sternum removed in E which shows the left side. FeJ, coxopenis (coxital-penial composite, CxtII þ Pen): F, endophallus partially exserted, ventrolateral oblique; G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, sternum in place, right side; J, ventrolateral oblique. Abbreviations: CxtI ¼ "phallobase" (first gonocoxites); CxtII þ Pen ¼ coxopenial composite; Endscl ¼ endophallic sclerite; StVIII ¼ sternum VIII; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Stap ¼ sternal apophysis; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 13 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 13. Genital skeletomusculature of Panorpa nuptialis (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). A, genitalia in situ, lateral. B, composite sclerite of tergum and sternum IX. CeE, genital appendages: C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, distal. FeH, right half of genital appendages: F, dorsolateral oblique; G, lateral, paired appendages of sperm pumping complex intact; H, lateral, left half of sperm pumping complex removed. I, J, mittelplatte and dorsal pseudoparameres (¼ kammersklerit plus second fragment of aedeagal apodem). K, pistilltrö ager, ventrolateral oblique.L, base of dorsal pseudoparameres, posterior view.M, base of dorsal pseudoparameres, internal (anterior) view. Abbreviations: Apd ¼ apodeme of pistilltrö ager; Ce ¼ cercus;d. ps. par. ¼ dorsal pseudoparamere; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa or first gonocoxites; Cxt ¼ gonocoxite; CxtAapd ¼ anterior apodeme of gonocoxite; CxtDapd ¼ dorsal apodeme of gonocoxite; mittelp. ¼ mittelplatte; pistillt. ¼ pistilltrö ager; Pen ¼ penis or penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ gonostylus; StyDcond ¼ dorsal stylar condyle; StyVcond ¼ ventral stylar condyle; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1. Note: Sclerite fragment numbers indicated with Roman numerals; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion.

Fig. 10 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 10. Genital skeletomusculature of Mengenilla sp. (Strepsiptera: Mengenillidae), modified from Hünefeld, Pohl, et al. (2011b). A, abdominal segment IX and proctiger in cross-section. Abbreviations: Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Pen ¼ penis; Prct ¼ proctiger; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Stap ¼ sternal apodeme; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 9 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 9. Genital skeletomusculature of Ilybius biguttulus (Coleoptera:Dytiscidae). AeD, genitalia in situ: A, dorsal; B, dorsolateral oblique; C, ventral; D, dorsal, tergal-coxital muscles removed.EeG, genitalia and anterior fragment of sternum IX (sternal apodeme): E, ventral; F, ventral,sternal muscle removed;G, dorsal.H, coxital-stylar composite sclerites spread away from coxopenis (composite of second coxites and penis, CxtII þ Pen), dorsolateral oblique. I, coxopenis, left side, lateral. Abbreviations: CxtI þ Sty ¼ coxostylar composite sclerite; CstII þ Pen ¼ coxopenial composite; Endscl ¼ endophallic sclerite; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Stap ¼ sternal apodeme; Styapd ¼ stylar apodeme; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 7 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 7. Genital skeletomusculature of Cantharis (Cantharis) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae). A, B, genitalia in situ: A, lateral; B, ventral. CeN, genitalia various aspects and states of dissection: C, whole, dorsal; D, E, stylus and muscle partially removed, dorsal; F, whole, ventral; G, dorsal portion of stylus removed, lateral; H, full stylus and part of penial sclerite removed; I, whole, ventrolateral oblique; J, stylus and muscle partially removed, dorsal; K, L, stylus partially removed, with K in ventrolateral oblique view, L in lateral view; M, N, coxites II and penial sclerite,partially dissected, with M in dorsal view, N in mesal (lateral) view.Abbreviations: CxtSty-art ¼ gonocoxite IIestylar articulation; Cxtpdp ¼ gonocoxite II posterodorsal process; CxtI ¼ "phallobase" (first gonocoxites); CxtII ¼ second gonocoxites (continuous with penis, forming "coxopenis" or CxtII þ Pen); Cxttvl ¼ gonocoxite II transverse lamella; Cxtvma ¼ gonocoxite I ventromedial apodeme; Pen ¼ penis and penial sclerite (continuous with CxtII, forming "coxopenis" or CxtII þ Pen); StIX ¼ sternum IX; Stap ¼ sternal apophysis; Sty ¼ gonostylus; Stydl ¼ gonostylar dorsal lobe; Stypdp ¼ gonostylar prosterodorsal process; Styvt ¼ gonostylar ventral tine; TgIX ¼ tergum IX; Tgap ¼ tergal apophysis. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig.16 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.16. Genital skeletomusculature of Pycnopsyche antica (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae).A, genital and pregenital segments, lateral.B, genital and postgenital segments, posterior.C, same as B, left coxopod removed. D, same as C, lateral oblique. E, genital and postgenital segments, ventral. F, genital appendages, dorsolateral oblique. G, same as F, left gonopod removed. H, right gonopod and piece of postgenital complex, muscles removed, mesal (medial). IeK, penial sclerite and lateropenites: I, dorsolateral; J, dorsolateral, sheath membrane removed; K, ventrolateral, base of penial sclerite torn open. Abbreviations:?Ce ¼ structures possibly homologous with cerci; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen ¼ penis or penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; Seg ¼ segment; St ¼ sternum; Sty ¼ gonostylus; Tg ¼ tergum.Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1. Note: Segment numbers indicated with Roman numerals; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion.

Fig. 17 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 17. Key skeletomuscular morphological apomorphies of genitalia here inferred, mapped on the phylogenetic chronogram of the Hexapoda pruned to the specific terminals compared in the present study (tree modified from Misof et al., 2014). Bayesian analysis may provide estimates of rate and timing of inferred transformations.1. Hexapoda: male gonopore(s) situated on a lateromedially-undifferentiated gonopod (the penis). 2. Protura: male gonopores situated on distal (second) endopodal segment. 3. Collembola, Diplura: penes independently reduced to papillae. 4. Ectognatha: male and female genitalia derived from appendages (primary and secondary gonopods) of two successive segments. 5. Ectognatha: male phallic complex reduced to single, simple structure (the penis), modified from gonopores of abdominal segment X. 6. Dicondylia: dorsoventral penial extrinsic muscle lost. 7. Gonapophyses (endopods of coxopods IX) probably lost once in the Odonatoptera (along stem to Odonata) and once or twice in the Chiastomyaria. 8. Odonata: plesiomorphic condition of gamete transfer via spermatophore retained, although the latter is deposited in the autapomorphic secondary genitalia. 9. Ephemeroptera, Neoptera: sperm directly deposited in the female via intromission of the penis.10. Ephemeroptera: gonopods derive multiannulate styli.11. Ephemeroptera: penis laterally articulated with tergum IX, bearing derived tergopenial musculature. 12. Neoptera: sternopenial muscle duplicated, resulting in novel penial promotor. 13. Polyneoptera: secondary gonopods (coxopods IX) not incorporated into penial ("phallic") complex, being rather (usually) undifferentiated from sternum IX.14. Two independent lines of increasing complexity and disparity observed in the penial complex of Polyneoptera, once for the Zoraptera, the other for the Orthopterida (i.e., core Polyneoptera). 15. Two independent lines of penial complex simplification observed in Polyneoptera, once for the Plecoptera, the other for the Dictyoptera (namely, reduction observed in Isoptera).16. Grylloblattodea: coxopods IX secondarily differentiated from sternum IX.17. Eumetabola: gonostyli strengthened for clasping, bearing differentiated abductor and adductor muscles.18. Condylognatha: dorsal extrinsic penial muscle gained. 19. Hemiptera: gonopods undifferentiated from fused tergum and sternum IX, forming pygophore; pygophore also bearing origins of the penial extrinsic muscles. 20. Endopterygota: penis completely integrated with gonopods developmentally and gonopods, as in Hemiptera, bear the origins of the penial extrinsic muscles. 21. Endopterygota: penial musculature is duplicated dorsoventrally, resulting in greater functional potential of copulatory apparatus (penial-gonopodal complex). 22. Endopterygota: lateropenite ("parandrite" or "paramere" sensu Verhoeff) uniquely derived from penial sclerite (skeletomusculature of Psocodea in need of renewed study).23. Hymenoptera: origin of cupula (¼ "basal ring"), which controls overall motion of gonopods. 24. Hymenoptera: parossiculus derived from ventromedial gonocoxa, forming volsellar complex with lateropenite ("digitus"). 25. Sialida (sensu Bodreaux,1979 modified from Handlirsch,1908): gonocoxae migrated dorsally, fusing with tergum IX over the penis. 26. Sialida: external gonopore dissociated from the penial sclerites (probably in correlation with female loss of ovipositor). 27. Coleopterida: lateropenite lost. 28. Strepsiptera: genitalia reduced, with only a penis (or coxopenis) expressed. 29. Coleoptera: ancestral gonocoxa divided into two parts: the first or anterior gonocoxites ("phallobase") bearing the insertions of the extrinsic gonopodal musculature, the second or posterior gonocoxites incorporated to completely integrated with the penis (forming "coxopenis"); gonostyli variably associated with phallobase. 30. Euantliophora: genitalic complexity increases to extreme degree, extant taxa inheriting an autapomorphic aedeagal apodem (present in Siphonaptera and Nannochoristidae). 31. Siphonaptera: gonopodites, bearing styli, fused with tergo-proctiger complex. 32. Siphonaptera: sternum IX with lateral elongate arms. 33. Siphonaptera: sperm-pumping complex significantly modified. 34. Mecoptera: sperm-pumping complex with mittelplatte (note uncertainty of homology for boreid penial sclerites).35. Boreidae: sperm-pumping complex reduced, most slerites lost. 36. Boreidae: spermatophore regained. 37. Pistillifera: pistilltrö ager derived in sperm-pumping complex. 38. Diptera: partial to complete integration of sternum IX with gonopods; increasing genitalic complexity observed. 39. Amphiesmenoptera with relatively unmodified genitalia, although Lepidoptera with lateromedially fused lateropenites ("median plate") and enlarged and unmusculated gonostylus.

Fig.12 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.12. Genital skeletomusculature of Apterobittacus apterus (Mecoptera:Bittacidae).AeC, genital and pregenital segments: A, lateral; B, distal; C, ventral.DeG, genital appendages and sternum IX: D, dorsal; E, lateral (partially dissected); F, lateral, left fragment of first coxite removed; G, same as F, with more muscle removed. H, left fragment of first coxite, mesal. IeN, complex of second coxite, lateropenite, and penial sclerite: I, lateral, first penial sclerite fragment removed; J, dorsal; K, dorsal, first penial sclerite fragment removed, dorsal.L, second coxites and first penial sclerite fragment removed,dorsal. M, same as L, dorsolateral oblique. N, first penial fragment,ventral (mesal), left and median tines partially broken. Abbreviations: Apd ¼ apodeme; Ce ¼ cercus; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa or first gonocoxites; Cxt# ¼ gonocoxite fragment; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen# ¼ penial sclerite fragment; Prct ¼ proctiger; Sclbr-b-a'' ¼ sclerotic bridge between mittelplatte and second fragment of aedeagal apodem; Sclbr-cxt-cxt ¼ sclerotic bridge between first gonocoxites; SegVII ¼ seventh abdominal segment; Seg VIII ¼ abdominal segment VIII; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ stylus; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1. Note: Sclerite fragment numbers indicated with Roman numerals; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion.

Fig.15 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.15. Genital skeletomusculature of Tipula (Hesperotipula) californica (Diptera:Tipulidae). AeE, whole genitalia: A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, posteroventral oblique; D, distal; E, distal, tergum and sternum IX removed. F, tergum IX, mesal (ventral). GeI, genitalia with tergum IX and left gonopod removed, dorsolateral: G, with proctiger; H, proctiger partially removed; I, proctiger completely removed. JeL, right coxopod: J, K, mesal (medial); L, distal, oblique. M, genitalia with tergum IX and left coxopod removed, dorsolateral. N, right coxopod and penial sclerites, mesal. O, penial sclerites, lateral. Abbreviations: Ce ¼ cercus; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen ¼ penis; PenI ¼ first penial sclerite; PenI- nd ¼ penial needle; PenII ¼ second penial sclerite; PenIIdt ¼ dorsal tines of second penial sclerite; PenIImd ¼ medial disc of second penial sclerite; PenIII ¼ third penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; StVIII ¼ sternum VIII; StIX ¼ sternum IX; St-br ¼ sternal bridge; StCxa-sut ¼ sternocoxal suture; Sty ¼ gonostylus; Sty-dt ¼ dorsal tine of gonostylus; Sty- rcpt ¼ stylar receptor; Sty-vt ¼ ventral tine of gonostylus; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

FIGURE 9 in Systematics of reptile-associated scale mites of the genus Pterygosoma (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) derived from external morphology

FIGURE 9. Strict consensus tree under implied weighting (K=11–17) with host and distribution data. New species groups are made in bold. Abbreviations of lizard generic names: A, Agama; Ac, Acanthocercus; B, Broadleysaurus; C, Calotes; D, Draco; G, Gerrhosaurus; L, Laudakia; M, Matobosaurus; P, Paralaudakia; Ph, Phrynocephalus; Pm, Psammophilus; Ps, Pseudotrapelus; T, Trapelus.

FIGURE 7 in Systematics of reptile-associated scale mites of the genus Pterygosoma (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) derived from external morphology

FIGURE 7. Strict consensus of 3 most parsimonious trees found under implied weighting (K=11). Numbers above branches are common synapomorphies (character numbers refer to Appendix 1). Abbreviations (refer to species established by Jack in 1962b and Fajfer and González-Acuña in 2013): lig, ligare; ger, gerrhosauri; in, inermis; arm, armatum; mel, melanum; hir, hirsti; tra, transvaalense; neu, neumanni; fim, fimbriata.

FIGURE 6 in Systematics of reptile-associated scale mites of the genus Pterygosoma (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) derived from external morphology

FIGURE 6. Strict consensus of 13802 equally maximum parsimonious trees found for unordered and unweighted data set using PRAP2 implemented in PAUP 4.0b.10 for Windows: ratchet analysis (1000 interactions with other options by default) three length 593, CI for phylogenetically informative characters 0,435; RI of 0,676. Numbers above nodes are Bremer indices.

FIGURE 5. Tarsi I–IV in Systematics of reptile-associated scale mites of the genus Pterygosoma (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) derived from external morphology

FIGURE 5. Tarsi I–IV of Pterygosoma (group A according to Jack, 1964) in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. A, in female; B, in protonymph; C, in larva.

FIGURE 3 in Systematics of reptile-associated scale mites of the genus Pterygosoma (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) derived from external morphology

FIGURE 3. Gnathosoma of Pterygosoma aqabensis Fajfer and Melnikov, 2014. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Palpal tarsi of: C, Pterygosoma persicus Hirst, 1926; D, Gerrhosaurobia bicolor (Lawrence, 1936); E, Pterygosoma levissima Fajfer and González-Acuña, 2013.