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FIG. 9 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 9.—Oscillograms (A, D, G, J), spectrograms (B, E, H, K), and power spectra (C, F, I, L) of one advertisement call of each available Fritziana species: F. fissilis (A–C) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro; F. goeldii (D–F) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro; F. izecksohni (G–I) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro; and F. ohausi (J–L) from municipality of Petropólis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Spectrograms and power spectra with Hann window function, window size 512 samples, overlap 99%, and amplitude plotted on a logarithmic scale.

FIG. 8 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 8.—Oscillogram (A) and spectrogram (B) of five advertisement calls of Fritziana izecksohni from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. From left to right, note the decrease of pulse-group number per call and increase of pulse-group duration and pulse number (see text). Spectrogram with Hann window function, window size 512 samples, overlap 99%, and amplitude plotted on a logarithmic scale.

FIG. 3 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 3.—Dorsal view of the body (A), ventral view of the right foot (B), ventral view of the right hand (C), and lateral view of the head (D) from the holotype of Fritziana izecksohni (ZUFRJ 13978), an adult female from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Scale bars: 10 mm in A; 1 mm in B, C, D.

FIG. 7 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 7.—Oscillogram (A) and spectrogram (B) of one advertisement call of Fritziana izecksohni (adult male ZUFRJ 13317) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Oscillogram (C) and spectrogram (D) of the two pulse types, from left to right, short and long pulse (see text) belonging to the same specimen as depicted in panels A and B. Final longer pulse marked with asterisks. Spectrograms with Hann window function, window size 512 samples, overlap 99%, and amplitude plotted on a logarithmic scale.

FIG. 2.—A in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 2.—A male Fritziana izecksohni (A; ZUFRJ 13317), a male F. goeldii (B; UNIRIO 2538), a male F. ohausi (C; ZUFRJ 14094), and a male F. fissilis (D; ZUFRJ 14093) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro; and a female F. ulei (E; ZUFRJ 13337) from municipality of Nova Friburgo, state of Rio de Janeiro. Radiographs with nasals and sphenethmoid as assigned on panel A. Note the spaces (hatched) between the nasals and maxillae. Mouths of the five specimens are opened. Scale bars ¼ 2 mm.

FIG. 5 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 5.—Sketches of dorsal pattern variation of male paratypes (A: MNRJ 48613, SVL 21.5 mm; B: ZUFRJ 14528, SVL 25.1 mm) of Fritziana izecksohni. Note the interrupted pattern of an inverted triangle on the dorsum that differs from the holotype pattern seen in Fig. 4A.

FIG. 10 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 10.—Geographic distribution of the species of Fritziana in Brazil (upper-left inset). Fritziana aff. fissilis sp. 1 sensu Franz and de Mello (2015), and F. aff. fissilis sp. 2 sensu Castroviejo-Fisher et al. (2015).

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

dryad32/100

Abundance variations within feeding guilds reveal ecological mechanisms behind avian species richness pattern along the elevational gradient of Mount Cameroon

Two distinct diversity patterns are observed along tropical elevations: (a) decreasing number of species towards high elevations and (b) a hump-shaped pattern with the peak at mid-elevations. As diversity is likely supported by ecological capacity of the environment, decomposition of the overall richness into ecological facets and considering number of individuals within them is crucial for the proper understanding of richness patterns. We examined abundances of different avian guilds along the forested part of the elevational gradient on Mt. Cameroon. We (a) compared richness and abundance elevational patterns, (b) assessed the effective contribution of multiple guilds to richness and abundance patterns, and (b) assessed to which extent observed abundances of guilds differ from those expected by chance. We sampled birds in 2011–2015 during the dry season at seven elevations (30 m, 350 m, 650 m, 1100 m, 1500 m, 1850 m, 2200 m a.s.l.). For each assemblage, we estimated proportions of species and individuals that use particular diets, foraging modes, and feeding strata. We found that a rather decreasing pattern of species richness turns into a hump-shaped one if we look at the total abundances, implying different mechanisms behind these patterns. The number of species and individuals thus do not seem to be directly related, contrary to 'the more-individuals hypothesis'. Abundances of foliage gleaners at mid-elevations, nectarivores at high elevations, and frugivores at low elevations deviated from random expectations. Our results suggest that parts of ecological space are filled partly separately by bird species and individuals along elevation of Mt. Cameroon.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Characterization and amelioration of filtration difficulties encountered in metabolomic studies of Clostridium thermocellum at elevated sugar concentrations

Datasets and python codes to generate figures for the research paper published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology (DOI:10.1128/aem.00406-23).

FIG. 4 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa

FIG. 4. Mean pairwise distances (MPD) of multivariate traits (A and B), forearm length (C and D), greatest skull length (E and F), narrowest breadth of skull (G and H), ear length (I and J) and tail length (K and L) of insectivorous bat assemblages along the Mount Nimba elevational gradient. Observed MPD for each elevation is represented by the blue dots. A blue line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between observed MPD and elevation. The red dots indicate the expected MPD as calculated by 999 randomized community shuffles for figures on the left, and trait shuffles for figures on the right. A red line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between expected MPD and elevation. Instances where observed MPD differs significantly from the expected MPD are indicated by black rings

FIG. 2 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa

FIG. 2. Quadratic linear regression of species richness of assemblages versus elevation (P = 0.008; species richness = 34.32 - 7.893*elevation + 0.4881*elevation2)

FIG. 5 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa

FIG. 5. Mean nearest taxon distances (MNTD) of multivariate traits (A and B), forearm length (C and D), greatest skull length (E and F), narrowest breadth of skull (G and H), ear length (I and J) and tail length (K and L) of insectivorous bats along the Mount Nimba elevational gradient. Observed MNTD for each elevation is represented by the green dots. A green line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between observed MNTD and elevation. The red dots indicate the expected MNTD as calculated by 999 randomized community shuffles for figures on the left, and trait shuffles for figures on the right. A red line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between expected MNTD and elevation. Instances where observed MNTD differs significantly from the expected MNTD are indicated by black rings

FIG. 3 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa

FIG. 3. Dendrogram of bat functional groups present on Mount Nimba. Eight functional groups were identified, each represented by a different colour. See Supplementary Table S1 for full species names

FIG. 1 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa

FIG. 1. Study sites in Liberia and Guinea (Google Earth, 2015) and their assignment to the eight elevation belts. Key for site colours: red: <500 m; green: 500–600 m; yellow: 601–800 m; blue: 801–900 m; purple: 901–1100 m; black: 1101–1200 m; orange: 1201– 1400 m; white: 1401–1600 m

Fig. 2 in Explaining mammalian abundance and elevational range size with body mass and niche characteristics

Fig. 2.—Relationship between ABD (mean abundance) and ER (elevational range size) of small mammals along the (a) Wolong, (b) Luoji, (c) Gongga, (d) Baima Snow, and (e) Sejila gradients. ABD and ER were log10(x + 1) transformed. Open circles indicate individual species (n value represents the number of species), and the best fitted line as calculated by linear regression analysis (not accounting for the effects of phylogeny) is shown.

Fig. 4 in Explaining mammalian abundance and elevational range size with body mass and niche characteristics

Fig. 4.—Scatterplots illustrating the relationships between NP (niche position) and ABD (mean abundance, a–e) and ER (elevational range size, f–j) of small mammals along the Wolong, Luoji, Gongga, Baima Snow, and Sejila gradients. All the three variables were log10(x + 1) transformed. Open circles indicate individual species, and the best fitted line as calculated by linear regression analysis (not accounting for the effects of phylogeny) is shown.

Fig. 1 in Explaining mammalian abundance and elevational range size with body mass and niche characteristics

Fig. 1.—Alternative path models used in phylogenetic path analysis to assess the relationships among body mass (MASS), niche breadth (NB), niche position (NP) on mean abundance (ABD) and elevation range size (ER) of species. The hypothesized relationships among variables are described via regression formulas shown at the top of each model and depicted by the direction of the arrows.

Fig. 3 in Explaining mammalian abundance and elevational range size with body mass and niche characteristics

Fig. 3.—Scatterplots illustrating the relationships between MASS (body mass) and ABD (mean abundance, a–e) and ER (elevational range size, f–j) of small mammals along the Wolong, Luoji, Gongga, Baima Snow, and Sejila gradients. All the three variables were log10(x + 1) transformed. Open circles indicate individual species, and the best fitted line as calculated by linear regression analysis (not accounting for the effects of phylogeny) is shown.

Fig. 5 in Explaining mammalian abundance and elevational range size with body mass and niche characteristics

Fig. 5.—Scatterplots illustrating the relationships between NB (niche breadth) and ABD (mean abundance, a–e) and ER (elevational range size, f–j) of small mammals along the Wolong, Luoji, Gongga, Baima Snow, and Sejila gradients. All the three variables were log10(x + 1) transformed. Open circles indicate individual species, and the best fitted line as calculated by linear regression analysis (not accounting for the effects of phylogeny) is shown.

Fig. 6 in Explaining mammalian abundance and elevational range size with body mass and niche characteristics

Fig. 6.—Best supported model from phylogenetic path analysis along the five gradients. Arrows represent the effects of MASS (body mass), NP (niche position), and NB (niche breadth) on ABD (mean abundance) and ER (elevational range size), and values aside are standardized regression coefficients. Red arrows indicate positive effects and blue arrows indicate negative effects. See the results of all six candidate models for each gradient in Supplementary Data SD7.