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Figure 6 in The first endocast of the extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)
Figure 6. Semicircular canals in eight species of Columbiformes. A, Raphus cucullatus; B, Caloenas nicobarica; C, Goura cristata; D, Gallicolumba luzonica; E, Didunculus strigirostris; F, Phaps chalcoptera; G, Chalcophaps indica; H, Columba livia. Columns from left to right: lateral, rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral views. Abbreviations: aa, ampulla of anterior semicircular canal; asc, anterior semicircular canal; c, cochlea; cc, common crus; hsc, horizontal semicircular canal; pa, ampulla of posterior semicircular canal; psc, posterior semicircular canal; vf, vestibular fenestra. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 3 in The first endocast of the extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)
Figure 3. Dorsal view of the endocasts of nine species of Columbiformes. A, Raphus cucullatus; B, Pezophaps solitaria; C, Caloenas nicobarica; D, Goura cristata; E, Gallicolumba luzonica; F, Didunculus strigirostris; G, Phaps chalcoptera; H, Chalcophaps indica; I, Columba livia. Abbreviations: c, cerebrum; cb, cerebellum; dcv, dorsal cerebral vein; fl, floccular lobe; ob, olfactory bulb; ol, optic lobe; os, occipital sinus; se, sagittal eminence; sv, semicircular vein;?, damaged portion of endocranium resulting in outpocket of endocast. Scale bars = 15 mm.
Figure 2 in The first endocast of the extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)
Figure 2. Rostral view of the endocasts of nine species of Columbiformes. A, Raphus cucullatus; B, Pezophaps solitaria; C, Caloenas nicobarica; D, Goura cristata; E, Gallicolumba luzonica; F, Didunculus strigirostris; G, Phaps chalcoptera; H, Chalcophaps indica; I, Columba livia. Abbreviations: c, cerebrum; cca, cranial carotid artery; mo, medulla oblongata; ob, olfactory bulb; ol, optic lobe; pb, pituitary body; se, sagittal eminence; II, V, IX–XI, cranial nerves II, V, IX–XI. Scale bars = 15 mm.
Figure 4 in The first endocast of the extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)
Figure 4. Right lateral view of the endocasts of nine species of Columbiformes. A, Raphus cucullatus; B, Pezophaps solitaria; C, Caloenas nicobarica; D, Goura cristata; E, Gallicolumba luzonica; F, Didunculus strigirostris; G, Phaps chalcoptera; H, Chalcophaps indica; I, Columba livia. Abbreviations: c, cerebrum; cb, cerebellum; cca, cranial carotid artery; fl, floccular lobe; mo, medulla oblongata; ob, olfactory bulb; ol, optic lobe; pb, pituitary body; se, sagittal eminence; sv, semicircular vein; II–XI, cranial nerves II–XI;?, damaged portion of endocranium resulting in outpocket of endocast. Scale bars = 15 mm.
Figure 1 in The first endocast of the extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)
Figure 1. Alternative phylogenies showing the placement of Raphus cucullatus amongst close relatives. A, the Raphinae (R. cucullatus and Pezophaps solitaria) are sister to Goura. Redrawn from Janoo (2000: fig. 3). B, the Raphinae are sister to the Goura clade. Redrawn from Janoo (2000: fig. 4). C, the Raphinae are sister to Caloenas. Redrawn from Shapiro et al. (2002). D, the Raphinae are sister to Caloenas. Redrawn from Heupink et al., 2014;. E, the Raphinae are sister to Caloenas. Redrawn from Besnard et al. (2015).
FIGURE 3 in Rediscovery of Parahyparrhenia bellariensis (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): A presumed extinct grass from Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 3. Parahyparrhenia bellariensis in Gandikota Fort Hill. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Basal portion. D. Magnified lowest bulged sheath. E. Ligule. F. Raceme. G. Heterogamous spikelets. (Photography by: Shahid Nawaz)
FIGURE 4 in Rediscovery of Parahyparrhenia bellariensis (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): A presumed extinct grass from Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 4. Illustration of the spikelets of Parahyparrhenia bellariensis. A. Portion of spiciform-raceme. B–L: Sessile spikelet and its parts. B. Sessile spikelet. C1. Lower glume (dorsal). C2. Lower glume (ventral). C3. Apex of lower glume. C4. T.S. of lower glume. D1. Upper glume (ventral). D2. Upper glume (lateral). D3. Apex of upper glume. E. Lower lemma. F. Upper lemma. G1. Upper palea. G2. Apex of upper palea. G3. Apex of upper palea. H. Anthers. I. Lodicules. J. Pistil. K1. Caryopsis. K2. T.S. of caryopsis. L. Callus of sessile spikelet. M. Rhachis internode. N. Pedicel. O–W: Pedicelled spikelet and its parts. O. Callus. P. Pedicelled spikelet. Q1. Lower glume (dorsal). Q2. Lower glume (ventral). R. Upper glume. S. Lower lemma. T. Upper lemma. U. Upper palea. V. Anthers. W. Lodicules. (Illustrated by Shahid Nawaz from "Shahid Nawaz GK-302")
FIGURE 2 in Rediscovery of Parahyparrhenia bellariensis (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): A presumed extinct grass from Andhra Pradesh, India
FIGURE 2. Habitats of Parahyparrhenia bellariensis. A & B: Gandikota Fort Hill. C. Gooty Fort Hill. (Photography by: Mr. Mohammad Yusuf Mujawar & Shahid Nawaz)
Figure 1 in Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?
Figure 1. Stratigraphical ranges of the anomodonts used in this study. Modified from Angielczyk & Kurkin (2003) and Angielczyk & Walsh (2008). Oudenodon range updated from Botha & Angielczyk (2007). Kingoria is now referred to as Dicynodontoides following Angielczyk et al. (2009). Vertical solid bars and open bars indicate ranges and ghost lineages, respectively. Abbreviations: Chsn, Changhsingian; Ciste., Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone; Eodicyn., Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone; Ind., Induan; Lystro., Lystrosaurus; Olen., Olenekian; Prist., Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone; PTB, Permo-Triassic boundary; Tap., Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone; Tropid. Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone; Wn, Wordian. Numbers indicate million years ago. Stratigraphical chart follows Catuneanu et al. (2005).
Figure 4. Permo-Triassic dicynodont bone histology. A in Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?
Figure 4. Permo-Triassic dicynodont bone histology. A, juvenile Dicynodon humerus SAM-PK-K5576d; B, subadult Dicynodon humerus NMQR3633a; C, subadult Lystrosaurus maccaigi ulna NMQR3663b; D, juvenile Lystrosaurus declivis tibia NMQR735b; D, E, adult Lystrosaurus humerus (possibly Lystrosaurus declivis) NMQR3678; F, late subadult Kannemeyeria femur NMQR2674b. Arrows indicate enlarged channels in all genera. Scale bars: D, E = 500 mm; A, B, C, F = 413 mm.
Figure 6. Permo-Triassic eutherapsid bone histology. A in Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?
Figure 6. Permo-Triassic eutherapsid bone histology. A, subadult gorgonopsian Scylacops femur SAM-PK-10188; B, adult therocephalian Pristerognathus femur SAM-PK-11557; C, late subadult nonmammalian cynodont Cynognathus femur SAM-PK-K6235a; D, early subadult nonmammalian cynodont Diademodon ulna SAM-PK-K8971c. Enlarged channels are absent from these taxa. Arrows indicate growth rings. Scale bars: B, D = 500 mm; A, C = 413 mm.
Figure 3. Permo-Triassic dicynodont bone histology. A, subadult Cistecephalus ulna NMQR1465b in Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?
Figure 3. Permo-Triassic dicynodont bone histology. A, subadult Cistecephalus ulna NMQR1465b; B, early subadult Dicynodontoides tibia NMQR479a; C, adult Rhachiocephalus ulna SAM-PK-3714a; D, subadult Tropidostoma tibia SAM-PK-K9960c; E, adult Oudenodon femur SAM-PK-K4807a; F, adult Aulacephalodon femur NMQR3016. Arrows indicate enlarged midcortical channels in Rhachiocephalus and Aulacephalodon. Scale bars: A, D, E = 500 mm; B, C, F = 413 mm.
Data for: Rapid increase in snake dietary diversity and complexity following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction
<p>Datasets and codes associated with the manuscript "Rapid increase in snake dietary diversity and complexity following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction"</p>
Rise and fall of †Pycnodontiformes: Diversity, competition and extinction of a successful fish clade
<p>Pycnodontiformes was a successful lineage of primarily marine fishes that broadly diversified during the Mesozoic. They possessed a wide variety of body shapes and were adapted to a broad range of food sources. Two other neopterygian clades possessing similar ecological adaptations in both body morphology (Dapediiformes) and dentition (Ginglymodi) also occurred in Mesozoic seas.<b> </b>Although these groups occupied the same marine ecosystems, the role that competitive exclusion and niche partitioning played in their ability to survive alongside each other remains unknown. Using geometric morphometrics on both the lower jaw (as constraint for feeding adaptation) and body shape (as constraint for habitat adaptation), we show that while dapediiforms and ginglymodians occupy similar lower jaw morphospace, pycnodontiforms are completely separate. Separation also occurs between the clades in body shape so that competition reduction between pycnodontiforms and the other two clades would have resulted in niche partitioning. Competition within pycnodontiforms seemingly was reduced further by evolving different feeding strategies as shown by disparate jaw shapes that also indicate high levels of plasticity. Acanthomorpha was a teleostean clade that evolved later in the Mesozoic and which has been regarded as implicated in driving the pycnodontiforms to extinction. Although they share similar body shapes, no coeval acanthomorphs had similar jaw shapes or dentitions for dealing with hard prey like pycnodontiforms do and so their success being a factor in pycnodontiform extinction is unlikely. Sea surface temperature and eustatic variations also had no impact on pycnodontiform diversity patterns according to our results. Conversely, the occurrence and number of available reefs and hardgrounds as habitats through time seems to be the main factor in pycnodontiform success. Decline in such habitats during the Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene might have had deleterious consequences for pycnodontiform diversity. Acanthomorphs occupied the niches of pycnodontiforms during the terminal phase of their existence.</p>
FIGURE 1. 1a in Anampses viridis Valenciennes 1840 (Pisces: Labridae) — a case of taxonomic confusion and mistaken extinction
FIGURE 1. 1a. Anampses caeruleopunctatus IP colour form, 164 mm SL, Marcus I., Japan (photo J.E.Randall). 1b. Anampses caeruleopunctatus IP colour form, underwater photograph, Sodwana Bay, South Africa (photo D. Polack).
FIGURE 2. 2a in Anampses viridis Valenciennes 1840 (Pisces: Labridae) — a case of taxonomic confusion and mistaken extinction
FIGURE 2. 2a. Anampses caeruleopunctatus TP colour form, 203 mm SL, Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt (photo J.E.Randall). 2b. Anampses caeruleopunctatus TP colour form, underwater photograph, Sodwana Bay, South Africa (photo D. Polack).
FIGURE 5 in Anampses viridis Valenciennes 1840 (Pisces: Labridae) — a case of taxonomic confusion and mistaken extinction
FIGURE 5. Original ms drawing by Ehrenberg used by Valenciennes for his description of Anampses chlorostigma Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes (1840). Reproduction courtesy of Bibliothèque centrale, MNHN.
Life history strategy and extinction risk in the warm desert perennial spring ephemeral Astragalus holmgreniorum (Fabaceae)
<p>This study of Astragalus holmgreniorum examines its adaptations to the warm desert environment and whether these adaptations will enable it to persist. Its spring ephemeral hemicryptophyte life history strategy is unusual in warm deserts. We used data from a 22-year demographic study supplemented with reproductive output, seed bank and germinant survival studies to examine the population dynamics of this species using discrete-time stochastic matrix modeling. The model showed that A. holmgreniorum is likely to persist in the warm desert in spite of high dormant-season mortality. It relies on a stochastically varying environment with high inter-annual variation in precipitation for persistence, but without a long-lived seed bank, environmental stochasticity confers no advantage. Episodic high reproductive output and frequent seedling recruitment along with a persistent seed bank are adaptations that facilitate its survival. These adaptations place its life history strategy further along the spectrum from 'slower' to 'faster' relative to other perennial spring ephemerals. Extinction risk for small populations is relatively high even though mean λs >1 because of high variance in year quality. This risk is also strongly dependent on seed bank starting values, creating a moving window of extinction risk that varies with population size through time. Astragalus holmgreniorum life history strategy combines the perennial spring ephemeral life form with features more characteristic of desert annuals. These adaptations permit persistence in the warm desert environment. A promising conclusion is that new populations of this endangered species can likely be established through direct seeding.</p>
Figure 2 in Mitochondrial sequences of the extinct Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus confirm its phylogenetic placement
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships among the extinct Hippopotamus minor and the two extant hippopotami based on the completeMT dataset and the Bayesian inference BEAST method. Neoceti was used as an outgroup to root the tree. The red asterisk indicates the calibration point of the BEAST analysis. Numbers next to the nodes correspond to the estimated divergence times. Numbers on the branches (within brackets) are bootstrap values for the maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining methods and posterior probabilities for the Bayesian inference (BI and BEAST) methods. The embedded photograph shows one of the Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus petrous bones that was sampled to generate the mitogenomic data used in the phylogenetic analyses. Photo credit: Nikolaos Psonis.
Figure 1 in Mitochondrial sequences of the extinct Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus confirm its phylogenetic placement
Figure 1. Map of Cyprus with Hippopotamus fossil sites (black dots), modified from Nicolaou et al. (2020). Aetokremnos is located at the southern part of the island (red dot). The small rock shelter is depicted in the embedded photograph. Photo credit: Christos Christophides.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.