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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Extended Data Fig. 3 in A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK

Extended Data Fig. 3 | Maximum polyp width in cnidarians. Maximum polyp width plotted for extant cnidarian Classes and fossil groups. Auroralumina has a much larger polyp width than any other sampled medusozoan. Maximum conulariid polyp width is also larger than any sampled living medusozoan. Source data available with manuscript.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Data for the article "Antaeus: a retrograde group of tidal debris in the Milky Way's disk plane"

This archive contains the data shared in the context of the "Antaeus: a retrograde group of tidal debris in the Milky Way’s disk plane" (Oria et al. 2022) article. The data are under the form of .csv files containing the information on our sample of Antaeus stars from Gaia DR3, with added orbital information derived from the Milky Way potential of McMillan (2017).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2020View details →

Figs 22–25 in Contribution To The Taxonomy And Phylogeny Of The Genus Polia Ochsenheimer, 1816 (Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Hadenini): Species Groups And Pairs In The Holarctic Subgenus Polia S. Str.

Figs 22–25. Female genitalia of Polia species: 22 = P. hepatica (Clerck, 1759), slide no. RL12394, Austria, 23 = P. vespertilio (Draudt, 1934), slide no. VZ9972, Russia, Transbaikalia, 24 = P. imbrifera (Guenée, 1852), slide no. VZ9969, Canada, 25 = P. lama (Staudinger, 1896), slide no. RL12347, Kirghisia

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Interactions between land use, taxonomic group and aspects and levels of diversity in a Brazilian savanna: implications for the use of bioindicators

The study was carried out in the Triângulo Mineiro region of Minas Gerais state, covering the municipalities of Uberlândia, Monte Alegre, and Nova Ponte, in south-eastern Brazil. We conducted the study in five habitat types, comprising two natural habitats (savanna and semideciduous forest), and three anthropogenic land-uses: cattle pastures (planted with introduced Urochloa grasses), soy fields (where sampling took place when plants were at the vegetative phase) and  plantations of Eucalyptus trees (≥ 6 yrs old). Ants and beetles were sampled at the same 40 sites (8 replicates per land use), and birds at 30 sites (6 replicates per land use), only some of which were the same as for ants and beetles.  Ants that forage on ground and dung beetles were sampled using pitfall traps. Sampling took place in November and December (early wet season) 2017. In each site, eight traps were installed with traps located at the corners of a 100×100 m square, and at the mid-points of the sides of the square, keeping a minimum distance of 50 m between any two traps. All traps were at least 75 m distant from the edge of the respective land use. Traps were plastic containers (19 cm diam, 11 cm height) filled with 150 ml of a saline solution and detergent. Each trap had a wire hoop suspended over it to accommodate a small (4 cm diam, 4 cm height) plastic container for holding a dung bait. We used a 20 cm diameter plastic cover supported by three sticks to protect traps from rain. Traps were baited with ~40 g of a mixture of pig dung and human faeces (4:1 proportion) and left in the field for 48-hrs. Birds were surveyed using 20-min point counts in the rainy season (November 2017 to March 2018). At each site, five sampling points were established, 200 m distant from each other. All surveys started at sunrise (about 6 a.m.), and all species seen or heard from each point were recorded. Each sampling site was re-surveyed in the following dry season (April to October to 2018); however, for logistic reasons we were unable to re-survey the plantation sites.  Ant and dung beetle species were identified to species or morphospecies by comparison with named species in the Zoological Collection at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) or with specialist assistance from Fernando Vaz de Mello, respectively. Vouchers of all species have been deposited at UFU´s Zoological Collection. Birds were identified directly in the field and species names follow the checklist produced by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee. We classified species functionally based on primary diet, foraging location and/or behaviour, and body size, as these traits are known to be sensitive to habitat modifications and of importance for the ecosystem services provided by ants, birds, and dung beetles. Ant species were classified according to their diet as predators, fungivores, nectarivores or omnivores, and according to their main foraging location as arboreal, epigeal (aboveground) or hypogeal (in soil and litter), based on information provided by Brown (2000) and Silvestre et al. (2003). Species were further classified into four body size categories based on our measurements of body length (Weber´s length; Brown, 1953) of 1-5 ant workers per species: 1 (< 0.75 mm), 2 (0.75-1.74 mm), 3 (1.75-3 mm), and 4 (> 3 mm). Dung beetles were classified as coprophagous, necrophagous, frugivore, generalist or predator, according to the type of food resource each species is most often attracted to. This classification was based on over 30 years of field experience throughout Brazil by one of the authors of this study (FVM), who used multiple types of baits (e.g., carcasses, fruits, faeces) to attract and collect dung beetles, and/or on literature information. Although information about the “attractiveness” of different types of baits to dung beetles (used here as a proxy for primary diet) was not obtained directly in the sites of the present study, it is importat to note that we are not aware of any evidence of geographic or habitat variation in bait preference among tropical species of dung beetles. Dung beetles were also classified according to their foraging behaviour as: telecoprid (species that make a dung ball and roll it away for burial), paracoprid (species that store dung in tunnels dug immediately below the dung source), or endocoprid (species living within or immediately below the dung, without moving it). For this, we used the database of the Zoological Collection of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT). Whenever sample sizes allowed, 30 individuals from each species were weighed for determination of body mass (following Almeida et al., 2011), and species were classified according to the following ordinal scale: 1 (< 10 mg); 2 (10-99 mg); 3 (100-300 mg); and 4 (>300 mg). Each bird species was classified according to its primary diet as frugivores granivore, insectivore, nectarivore, carnivore, detritivore, or omnivore, and according to the main foraging location as ground, understory/shrubby vegetation, or tree canopy, based on the Wilman et al. (2014) database and our own field experience. Using these same sources, we obtained information on mean body weights of each species and assigned them to one of five size categories: 1- (<15 g); 2 (15-39 g); 3 (40-199 g); 4 (200-599 g); and 5 (> 600 g).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2020View details →

Fig. 84 in A revision of the Chilean Brachyglutini - Part 6. Revision of Achilia Reitter, 1890: A. grandiceps, A. valdiviensis, and A. bicornis species groups (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)

Fig. 84. Distribution map of Achilia bicornis and valdiviensis group. (l red circles) A. bicornis. (green squares) A. valdiviensis.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2013View details →

Figure 2 in The chennelli group of the Genus Therates Latreille (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) 114. Contribution towards the knowledge of Cicindelidae

Figure 2. Characteristics (1 to 14) used for evaluating homogenities (1 to 53) and the resultant data matrix.

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Data from: Network-based biostratigraphy for the late Permian to mid-Triassic Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) in South Africa enhances biozone applicability and stratigraphic correlation

The Permo-Triassic vertebrate assemblage zones (AZs) of South Africa's Karoo Basin are a standard for local and global correlations. However, temporal, geographical, and methodological limitations challenge the AZs reliability. We analyze a unique fossil dataset comprising 1408 occurrences of 115 species grouped into 19 stratigraphic bin intervals from the Cistecephalus, Daptocephalus, Lystrosaurus declivis, and Cynognathus AZs. Using network science tools we compare six frameworks: Broom, Rubidge, Viglietti, Member, Formation, including a framework suggesting diachroneity of the Daptocephalus/Lystrosaurus AZ boundary (Gastaldo). Our results demonstrate that historical frameworks (Broom, Rubidge) still identify the Karoo AZs. No scheme supports the Cistecephalus AZ, and it likely comprises two discrete communities. The Lystrosaurus declivis AZ is traced across all frameworks, despite many shared species with the underlying Daptocephalus AZ, suggesting the extinction event across this interval is not a statistical artifact. A community shift at the upper Katberg to lower Burgersdorp formations may indicate a depositional hiatus, which has important implications for regional correlations and Mesozoic ecosystem evolution. The Gastaldo model still identifies a Lystrosaurus and Daptocephalus AZ community shift, does not significantly improve recent AZ models (Viglietti), and highlights important issues with some AZ studies. Localized bed-scale lithostratigraphy (sandstone datums), and singleton fossils cannot be used to reject the patterns shown by hundreds of fossils, and regional chronostratigraphic markers of the Karoo foreland basin. Meter-level occurrence data suggest that 20–50 m sampling intervals capture Karoo AZs, unifying the use of meter-level placements of singleton fossils to delineate biozone boundaries and make regional correlations.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

FIG. 1 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 1. Heads, frontal views, of native North American species of the Drosophila funebris group. A. D. limpiensis (ex: type locality: Limpia Canyon, Texas). B. D. macrospina (ex: Rochester, NY). C. D. subfunebris (ex: type series: Pasadena, CA). D. D. trispina (ex: type series: Earp, CA). To the same scale.

FIG. 8 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 8. Detail of apices of aedeagi (ventral views) of native North American species of the D. funebris group (all to the same scale). A. D. limpiensis. B. D. macrospina (ex: New Orleans, LA). C. D. macrospina (ex: Piqua, OH). D. D. macrospina (ex: Missouri). E. D. trispina. F. D. subfunebris.

FIG. 2 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 2. Heads, lateral views, of native North American species of the Drosophila funebris group. A. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). B. D. macrospina (ex: Piqua, OH). C. D. subfunebris (ex: Pasadena, CA). D. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA). To the same scale.

FIG. 5 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 5. Male genitalia of native North American species of the Drosophila funebris group, ventral views (to same scale). A. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). B. D. macrospina (ex: St. Catherine's Island, GA). C. D. macrospina (ex: Rochester, NY). D. D. subfunebris (ex: Pasadena, CA). E. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA).

FIG. 4 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 4. Epandria (male) of native North American species of the Drosophila funebris group; posterolateral views (to same scale). A. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). B. D. macrospina (ex: Magazine Mtn., AR). C. D. subfunebris (ex: Pasadena, CA). D. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA).

FIG. 7 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 7. Aedeagi with aedeagal apodemes, ejaculatory apodemes (B, D, E), lateral views (all to same scale). A. D. macrospina (ex: Magazine Mtn., AR). B. D. macrospina (ex: Rochester, NY). C. D. limpiensis (Limpia Canyon, TX). D. D. trispina. E. D. subfunebris.

FIG. 6 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 6. External details of male terminalia, A–G: Cercal spines, right lateral views; H–K: Surstyli, lateral views. All to same scale. A. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). B. D. limpiensis (ex: Patagonia, Arizona). C. D. macrospina (ex: New Orleans, LA). D. D. macrospina (ex: Piqua, OH), dashed line indicates spine sometimes missing. E. D. subfunebris ex: Pasadena, CA). F. G. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA), G. showing right cercus with one less spine. H. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). I. D. macrospina (ex: New Orleans, LA). J. D. subfunebris (ex: Pasadena, CA). K. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA).

FIG. 3 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 3. Drosophila macrospina thorax and abdomen (all ex: Rochester, NY). A. Head and thorax, dorsal. B. Thorax, lateral. C. Abdomen, male. D. Abdomen, female.

FIG. 9 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 9. Female terminalia (oviscapts, spermathecal capsules, and minutely scaled oviprovector membrane [internal]) of North American species of the D. funebris group (all to same scale). A. D. funebris (introduced). B. D. limpiensis. C. D. macrospina (spermatheca of limpiensis and macrospina is identical). D. D. subfunebris. E. D. trispina.

Figure 16 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 16 Paratype male of Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) lobatus Zannou, Moraes & Oliveira – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Movable degit and spermatodactyl, d. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 15 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 15 Paratype male of Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) hartlandroweiEvans – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Spermatodactyl, d. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 14 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 14 Paratype male of Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) grewiaeZannou, Moraes & Oliveira – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Spermatodactyl, d. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.

Figure 13 in New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males

Figure 13 Paratype male of Ueckermannseius payetaeKreiter n. sp. – a. Dorsal shield, b. Ventral shields, c. Spermatodactyl, d. Genu, tibia and basitarsus of leg IV.