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Fig. 9 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 9. Geographic distribution of extant and fossil representatives of the demosponge family Phymaraphiniidae.

Fig. 8 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 8. Choanosomal desma skeleton of the extant phymaraphiniid sponge Kaliapis incrustans (Vacelet and Vasseur, 1971) from Madagascar, MNHN E531, Tu63, composed of trider desmas.

Fig. 5 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 5. Morphological variability of the phymaraphiniid sponge Pickettispongia tabelliformis (Chapmann and Crespin, 1934) from the Fitzgerald River National Park (B, Doyle Road; A, C Hamersley River area), Australia, upper Eocene. A. Opposite side views (A1, A2) and transverse section (A3) showing narrow slit in the middle, WAM 2023.3/a. B. ZPAL PF. 14/10. C. Opposite side views (C1, C2) and transverse section (C3) showing narrow slit in the middle, ZPAL Pf. 14/11.

Fig. 2 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 2. Specimens of phymaraphiniid sponges illustrated by Chapman and Crespin (1934) and Laubenfels (1953). A, B. Type material of Twertupia subglabra (Chapman and Crespin, 1934) (originally Thamnospongia subglabra; Chapman and Crespin 1934: pl. 9: 17, 18), Hamersley River area, Australia, upper Eocene. A. Holotype, GSWA H1. B. Paratype GSWA H16. C, D. Twertupia subglabra (originally Stachyspongia neoclavatella; Laubenfels 1953: text-fig. 2A right and left), SW Australia, exact locality unknown, upper Eocene, WA23732 (two different specimens with the same collection number). E. Type material of Pickettispongia tabelliformis (Chapman and Crespin, 1934) (originally Discodermia tabelliformis; Chapman and Crespin 1934: pl. 7: 7), Hamersley River area, Australia, upper Eocene. GSWA 1/3966, E1, E2, opposite surface views, E3, section view.

Fig. 4 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 4. Skeletal features of the phymaraphiniid sponge Twertupia subglabra (Chapmann and Crespin, 1934), from the Fitzgerald River National Park (A, B, F, H, Doyle Road; C, D, E, G, I, Hamersley River area), Australia, upper Eocene. A. Upper surface showing ectosomal disco/phyllotriaenes; between them rhizoclone-like modified desmas are visible, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A822. B. General view of the choanosomal skeleton with canal openings, ZPAL Pf. 14/ st.A819. C. Detailed view of choanosomal skeleton surface showing trider desmas and their sculpture in oblique view, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.906. D. Surface of choanosomal skeleton showing development of the secondary skeleton composed of flattened modified triders covering canal openings, ZPAL Pf. 14/ st.906. E. Young trider desma partly incorporated into the skeleton, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A743. F. Surface of choanosomal skeleton showing variable sculpturing of the triders, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A819. G. Details of trider sculpture and articulations, ZPAL Pf. 14/st.906. H, I. Trider sculpture variability. H. ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A748. I. ZPAL Pf. 14/st.A821.

Fig. 1 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 1. Palaeogeography of the Eocene in SW Australia (A) and location of investigated sections (B, stars). Eocene sediment shaded. Based on Gammon et al. (2000b).

Fig. 7 in Eocene phymaraphiniid demosponges from South Western Australia: filling the gap

Fig. 7. Loose spicules of the extant phymaraphiniid sponge Kaliapsis incrustans (Vacelet and Vasseur, 1971) from Madagascar, MNHN E531, Tu63. A–C. Microrhabds. D, E. Amphiasters. F–J. Ectosomal phyllotriaenes in top (F–H, note tuberculation) and lower surface views (I, J, note short rhabd).

Fig. 4 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 4. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica marincovichi (Kiel and Amano, 2010), from the Oligocene Kulthieth Formation, Alaska, USA. A. Rubber peel of holotype UCMP 555221 showing internal features including hinge dentition of the right valve. B. Paratype UCMP 555223, internal mold of a left valve, showing adductor muscle scars and small pallial sinus. C. Paratype UCMP 555224, an articulated specimen showing inflation, lunular incision, and escutcheon (C1) and external sculpture of right valve (C2). All images from Kiel and Amano (2010).

Fig. 3 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 3. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica knapptonensis (Amano and Kiel, 2007) from the upper Oligocene part of the Lincoln Creek Formation at Knappton, along the Columbia River, western Washington, USA. A. Holotype USNM 534954, left valve showing external surface (A1) and hinge (A2). B. Paratype USNM 534956, left valve showing external surface (B1) and hinge (B2). C. USNM 534955, posterior part of a left valve showing external surface (C1) and the posterior end of the nymphal ridge (C2). All images (except C2) from Amano and Kiel (2007).

Fig. 2 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 2. The vesicomyid bivalve Squiresica knapptonensis (Amano and Kiel, 2007) from the West Fork Satsop seep deposit, lower Oligocene, Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington, USA. A. NRM PAL Mo 195149, articulated specimen with partially preserved shell, in lateral (A1, A3) and dorsal (A2) views. B. NRM PAL Mo 195150, left valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell; B2, close-up showing pallial line and anterior adductor muscle scar (dotted line). C. NRM PAL Mo 195151, left valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell (C2) and with posterior adductor muscle scar barely visible (dotted line in C1). D. NRM PAL Mo 195153, articulated specimen showing inflation and ligament. E. NRM PAL Mo 195152, small specimen with fully preserved shell, view on outer shell surface. F. NRM PAL Mo 195154, right valve embedded in matrix, with partially preserved shell, showing pallial line and anterior adductor muscle scar. G. NRM PAL Mo 195155, left valve with mostly preserved shell.

Fig. 1 in A new genus of chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves from the Oligocene of western North America

Fig. 1. Map showing location of the studied localities in North America (inset) and western Washington State, USA. 1, the new West Fork Satsop seep deposit; 2, Knappton, the type locality of Squiresica knapptonensis.

Fig. 2 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 2. Upper dentition (anterior to the left) of hegetotheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A, B. "Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich, 1932)". A. MCNAM-PV 5076, left P1–M3 in occlusal view. B. MCNAM-PV 5086, right maxillary fragment with P4–M1 (reversed), in occlusal (B1) and labial (B2) views. C. "Prohegetotherium cf. P. schiaffinoi", MCNAM-PV 4982, right maxillary fragment with M1–M3 (reversed) in occlusal (C1) and labial (C2) views. D, E. Hegetotheriinae indet. D. MCNAM-PV 4185, left M1 or M2 in occlusal view. E. MCNAM-PV 4612, left P4 or M1 in occlusal view. F, G. Prosotherium garzoni Ameghino, 1897. F. MCNAM-PV 4991, right maxillary fragment with M1–M2 (reversed) in occlusal view. G. MCNAM-PV 5016, right maxillary fragment with P2–M1 (reversed) in occlusal view.

Fig. 5 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 5. Dental remains (anterior to the left, except for D) of interatheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A–K. Argyrohyrax proavus Ameghino 1897. A. MCNAM-PV 4962, right maxillary fragment with DP1–DP4–M1, occlusal view reversed). B. MCNAM-PV 4961, maxillary fragments with left C–M2 in occlusal view (B1), see erupting C in SOM 1: fig. S5A, B and right P2–M2 in occlusal view (B2). C. MCNAM-PV 4986, left maxillary fragment with M1–M2 in occlusal view. D. MCNAM-PV 4245, mandibular symphysis with broken teeth in rostral view. E. MCNAM-PV 4646, right mandibular fragment with broken dp1–p2–p3 in occlusal view. F. MCNAM-PV 5082, right mandibular fragment with p2–m1 in occlusal view. G. MCNAM-PV 4963, right mandibular fragment with dp3–p4–m2 and separated m3 in occlusal G1, G2) and lingual (G3, G4) views. H. MCNAM-PV 4308, right lower molar (unerupted m3?) in occlusal view. I. MCNAM-PV 4622, left m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. J. MCNAM-PV 4623, right m3 in occlusal view. K. MCNAM-PV 5081, left m1 or m2 (reversed) in occlusal view. L. Interatheriidae indet. MCNAM-PV 4724, right upper molar in occlusal (reversed) (L1) and opposite (L2) views.

Fig. 1 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 1. Hegetotheriid notoungulate "Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich, 1932)" from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. MCNAM-PV 5076, skull in ventral (A1, A2), dorsal (A3, A4), left lateral (A5, A6), and occipital (A7, A8) views. White and gray areas indicate well-preserved bone or teeth and broken bone or teeth respectively; black areas indicates foramina, sulci and other natural depresions while striped areas indicate matrix. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A7) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, A6, A8).

Fig. 4 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 4. Dental remains (anterior to the left) of the archaeohyracid notoungulate Archaeohyrax suniensis Billet, Patterson, and de Muizon, 2009, from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A. MCNAM-PV 4357, rostrum and palate with right P2–M3 and left P2– M2 in dorsal (A1), palatal (A2), and right lateral (reversed) (A3) views. B. MCNAM-PV 4379, palate with left DC and both series DP2–DP4–M1–M2 in occlusal view. C. MCNAM-PV 3983, right DP3 (C1) and DP4 (C2) (reversed) of the same individual in occlusal view. D. MCNAM-PV 4204, left DP4 in occlusal (D1) and posterior (D2) views. E. MCNAM-PV 4605, left mandibular fragment with remnants of c–p1 and p2–p4 in labial (E1) and occlusal E2) views. F. MCNAM-PV 4719, left mandibular fragment with p4–m3 in occlusal view. G. MCNAM-PV 4721, right mandibular fragment with m1– m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. H. MCNAM-PV 4199, left mandibular fragment with alveoli of anterior teeth and fragments of p2–p3 in occlusal view H1), and associated left m3 in occlusal-labial view (H2). I. MCNAM-PV 4231, left mandibular fragment with p3–p4 in occlusal view. J. MCNAM-PV 4608, left mandibular fragment with m1–m2 in occlusal view. K. MCNAM-PV 4794, associated right premolars (reversed), possible p2 (K1), p3 (K2), and m3 (K3).

Fig. 3 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 3. Lower dentition (anterior to the left) of hegetotheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A–F. "Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich, 1932)". A. MCNAM-PV 5076, mandible with left and right p1–m3 in occlusal (A1), ventral (A3), and left labial (A4) views, occlusal detail of left p1–m3 (A2). B. MCNAM-PV 5086, right mandibular fragment with p3–m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. C. MCNAM-PV 5018, left mandibular fragment with p4–m3 in occlusal (C1) and lingual (reversed) (C2) views. D. MCNAM-PV 5019, left mandibular fragment with p4–m3 in occlusal view. E. MCNAM-PV 5083, left mandibular fragment with p3–m3 in occlusal view. F. MCNAM-PV 5022, left mandibular fragment with p4–m2 in occlusal view. G. Hegetotheriopsis sulcatus Kramarz and Paz, 2013, MCNAM-PV 3852, left premolar (p4?) in occlusal view. H, I. Prosotherium garzoni Ameghino, 1897. H. MCNAM-PV 5017, right mandibular fragment with p4–m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. I. MCNAM-PV 4992, right mandibular fragment with p4–m1 (reversed) in occlusal view.

Fig. 8 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 8. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/13 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 100% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Note moderately vascularized cortex that is predominantly composed of parallel-fibred bone and the predominantly longitudinal orientation of vascular canals. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae.

Fig. 7 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 7. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/9-10 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 90% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, A2) and close-ups of the cortex (A3, A4) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the parallelfibred bone in the outermost part of the cortex. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon; tb, trabeculae.

Fig. 6 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 6. Histological sections of femora KOKM 4652/1 (A) and KOKM 4652/11 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; subadult stage; about 63–70% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, B1) under polarized light with lambda waveplate and without lambda waveplate (A3) and close-ups of the cortex (A2, A4, B2) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the presence of the fibrolamellar complex and four LAGs (white arrows). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae. subadults indicate a continuing period of fast growth with a The femur KOKM 4652/11 (about 63% of maximal femocyclical temporary and local decrease in growth rate. ral size; Fig. 6B) is poorly preserved, but reticular canals and

Fig. 3 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 3. Histological sections of femora PM TSU 16/0-55 (A) and PM TSU 16/0-56 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage; about 30% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1), close-up of the cortex (A2), and histological overview of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A3) and without lambda waveplate (A4). Note the presence of erosion bays, secondary bone, and LAGs (white arrows). Microanatomical overview (B1) and close-up of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (B2). Note the presence of erosion bays. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; LAGs, lines of arrested growth; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.