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FIGURE 11 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 11. Female and Male SVL (Mean±Sd, in mm) and clutch size (Mean±Sd) in three allopatric (N. humayuni, N. petraeus and N. jog) and three sympatric (N. jog, N. kempholeyensis and Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov.) species of Nyctibatrachus.
FIGURE 8 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 8. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. in axillary amplexus. Adult male (Holotype ZSI/WGFRS/V/A/860) on top of adult female in swampy evergreen forest of Kathalekan, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. Female not collected.
FIGURE 10 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 10. Co-occurring congeneric (COCG) species of Nyctibatrachus in Kathalekan. a. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis, b. N. jog and c. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov.
FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree for all 28 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree for all 28 nominal species of Nyctibatrachus and an outgroup (Indirana sp.) based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA. Number at the branches indicate bootstrap values. Bootstrap values less than 50 are indicated with an asterisk. Area marked with grey belong to N. sanctipalustris clade.
FIGURE 6. a in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 6. a. Male approaching the eggs; b. Male standing upright locating the egg clutch; c. Male covering the egg clutch with sand gravels and mud from the stream bed; d. Male leaving the place after covering the egg mass with sand and mud.
FIGURE 5. a in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 5. a. Male and female in courtship (male and female are marked with symbols); b. Axillary amplexus in the pair; c. Amplected pair standing upright on their hindlimb before oviposition; d. Female doing a handstand at the time of releasing eggs.
FIGURE 4b. Type II in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 4b. Type II advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.
FIGURE 1 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 1. Study localities (blue circles) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. in the Western Ghats of India.
FIGURE 4a. Type I in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 4a. Type I advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.
FIGURE 9 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI/WGFRS/V/A/860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb.
FIGURE 12 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 12. Non-metric multidimensional scale (NMDS) analysis of allopatric and sympatric species of Nyctibatrachus based on SVL (both male and female), maximum number of eggs in a clutch, type of amplexus, parental care, mud covering behavior, oviposition site and position of male and female at oviposition. Allopatric species namely N. humayuni, N. petraeus and N. jog are clustered in one group, while N. kempholeyensis and Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. forms two distinct clusters.
FIGURE 2 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)
FIGURE 2. Advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.
Incorporation of soil-derived covariates in progeny testing and line selection to enhance genomic prediction accuracy in soybean breeding
<p>The availability of high-dimensional molecular markers has allowed plant breeding programs to maximize their efficiency through the genomic prediction of a phenotype of interest. Yield is a highly complex and quantitative trait whose expression is sensitive to environmental stimuli. In this research, we investigated the potential of incorporating soil texture and its interaction with molecular markers through covariance structures to enhance predictive ability. A total of 797 advanced soybean breeding lines derived from 367 unique bi-parental populations were genotyped using the Illumina Infinium BARCSoySNP6K BeadChip and tested for yield for five years in Tiptonville silt loam, Sharkey clay, and Malden fine sand environments. Four statistical models were considered, including a default GBLUP model (M1), a reaction norm model (M2) accounting for the interaction between molecular markers and the environment (GE), an expansion of M2 including soil type (S), and the interaction between soil type and molecular markers (GS) (M3), and an alternative version of M3 without the GE term. Four cross-validation scenarios simulating progeny testing and line selection were implemented (CV2, CV1, CV0, and CV00). Across environments, the addition of GS in M3 decreased the amount of variability captured by both the environment (-30.4%) and residual (-39.2%) terms as compared to M1. Within environments, the GS term in M3 reduced the variability captured by the residual term by roughly 60% and 30% when compared to M1 and M2, respectively. M3 outperformed all models in CV2 (0.577), CV1 (0.480), and CV0 (0.488). The addition of soil texture seems to structure the environment term revealing its components that could enhance or hinder the predictability of a model. The availability of soil texture before the growing season may maximize the functionality of covariance structures, particularly in scenarios with untested genotypes in untested environments. Genomic selection can optimize the efficiency of a soybean breeding program by allowing the reconsideration of field experimental design, allocation of resources, reduction of preliminary trials, and shortening of the breeding cycle.</p>
Nonideal nest box selection by tree swallows breeding in farmlands: evidence for an ecological trap?
<p>Animals are expected to select a breeding habitat using cues that should reflect, directly or not, the fitness outcome of the different habitat options. However, human-induced environmental changes can alter the relationships between habitat characteristics and their fitness consequences, leading to maladaptive habitat choices. The most severe case of such nonideal habitat selection is the ecological trap, which occurs when individuals prefer to settle in poor-quality habitats while better ones are available. Here we studied the adaptiveness of nest box selection in a tree swallow (<i>Tachycineta bicolor</i>) population breeding over a 10-year period in a network of 400 nest boxes distributed along a gradient of agricultural intensification in southern Québec, Canada. We first examined the effects of multiple environmental and social habitat characteristics on nest box preference to identify potential settlement cues. We then assessed the links between those cues and habitat quality as defined by the reproductive performance of individuals that settled early or late in nest boxes. We found that tree swallows preferred nesting in open habitats with high cover of perennial forage crops, high spring insect biomass, and high density of house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>), their main competitors for nest sites. They also preferred nesting where the density of breeders and their mean number of fledglings during the previous year were high. However, we detected mismatches between preference and habitat quality for several environmental variables. The density of competitors and conspecific social information showed severe mismatches, as their relationships to preference and breeding success went in opposite direction under certain circumstances. Spring food availability and agricultural landscape context, while related to preferences, were not related to breeding success. Overall, our study emphasizes the complexity of habitat selection behavior and provides evidence that multiple mechanisms may potentially lead to an ecological trap in farmlands. </p>
FIGURE 8 in Description of a new subterranean breeding brown frog (Ranidae: Rana) from Japan
FIGURE 8. Holotype of Rana kyoto sp. n.. Top left to right: dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of whole body; bottom left: photo in wild; and bottom right: ventral view of hand and foot. Scale bars indicate 10 mm for whole body, hand, and foot, whereas photo in wild is not scaled.
FIGURE 6. A in Description of a new subterranean breeding brown frog (Ranidae: Rana) from Japan
FIGURE 6. A comparison of measurement ratio to SVL in males. The ratio value with significant difference in Dunn's multiple comparison tests are shown. Boxplots indicate range, lower quartile, median, and upper quartile. Asterisks show the combinations with significant difference in Kruskal-Wallis test.
FIGURE 3 in Description of a new subterranean breeding brown frog (Ranidae: Rana) from Japan
FIGURE 3. Maximum-likelihood tree based on the mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences of Rana tagoi and its allies. Asterisks indicate the node with statistical support by bootstraps (single:> 70%; double:> 90%). For definition of the lineages, see Results.
FIGURE 5 in Description of a new subterranean breeding brown frog (Ranidae: Rana) from Japan
FIGURE 5. Plots of first against second canonical axis based on CANDISC for male specimens of two Rana species. Solid lines outline the samples of each mt-lineage, and broken lines outlines samples from sympatric populations of each lineage.
FIGURE 1 in Description of a new subterranean breeding brown frog (Ranidae: Rana) from Japan
FIGURE 1. Map showing the sampling area of this study (A) with the range of the Rana tagoi mt-lineages A-1a, A-1b, and B-2a in the Kinki District (B). The type localities of R. t. tagoi (circle), R. t. yakushimensis (double circle), R. t. okiensis (triangle), R. sakuraii (inverse triangle), R. neba (square), as well as Rana kyoto sp. n. (star) are also shown.
FIGURE 4 in Description of a new subterranean breeding brown frog (Ranidae: Rana) from Japan
FIGURE 4. Histogram of adult SVL (mm) of two Rana species. A: histogram for males in total; B–D: separated histograms of males of mt-lineages A-1b, A-1a, and B-2a, respectively; and E: females in total.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.