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Fig. 5 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 5. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/16 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 40–45% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone.

Fig. 4 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 4. Histological sections of femur PM TSU 16/0-54 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 30–35% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2–A4). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 2 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 2. Histological sections of the smallest femur PM TSU 120-Sh3-125 (<20% of maximal femoral size) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; hatchling stage, under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Microanatomical (A1) and histological (A2) overview of the cortex showing primary highly vascularized bone. Note the presence of radial primary osteons and primary vascular canals. Close-up of the cortex, showing predominantly reticular orientation of the primary osteons and primary vascular canals (A3). Details of the composition of the primary bone tissues of the cortex (A4). Note the presence of the incipient fibrolamellar complex. Abbreviations: lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteon; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; wb, woven bone.

Fig. 1 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic outline of the femur of Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia, indicating the relative positions of sections taken for histological examination. A. Sections taken from specimens from Paleontological Museum of Tomsk State University (PM TSU). B. Sections taken from specimens from Kuzbass State Museum of Local Lore (KOKM).

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Fig 2 in Ordovician enigmatic sclerite-type elements from western Argentina: possible oldest axial components of alcyonacean octocorals

Fig 2. Alcyonacean octocoral Catenatus argentinus gen. et sp. nov. sclerite-type elements from the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian), Lenodus variabilis– Yangtzeplacognathus crassus zones, San Juan Formation, San Juan Province, Argentina and its chemical composition by surface EDX analysis. A. Siliceous sclerite-type element, CEGH-UNC 27474, sample LG42 (unpolished sample). B. Phosphatic sclerite-type, CEGH-UNC 27475, sample RIN34. C. Partially broken element showing a solid inner structure, CEGH-UNC 27471, sample LG42. D, E. Thin sections of isolated elements of Catenatus argentinus gen. et sp. nov., showing the internal homogeneous structure, CEGH-UNC 27472, sample LG42 (D), and CEGH-UNC 27473, sample FSJ 3º hardground (E). Scale bars 100 μm.

Fig. 7 in First palaeoscolecid from the Cambrian (Drumian, Miaolingian) Marjum Formation of western Utah, USA

Fig. 7. Palaeogeographic distribution of Cambrian palaeoscolecids in Laurentia. For each occurrence, the numbers in parentheses refer to the number of palaeoscolecid specimens known (left) and the number of species they represent (right). The Rosella Formation Lagerstätte is positioned between the Lagerstätten of the American Great Basin and those of the Canadian Rockies, because the Cassiar terrane was located near present-day Idaho in the Cambrian, and subsequently migrated more than 2000 km to the North (Pope and Sears 1997). Abbreviations: Fm., Formation; Sh., Shale. Background map adapted from Cocks and Torsvik (2011).

Fig. 5 in First palaeoscolecid from the Cambrian (Drumian, Miaolingian) Marjum Formation of western Utah, USA

Fig. 5. Scleritome of the palaeoscolecid Arrakiscolex aasei gen et sp. nov. from the Drumian, Cambrian Marjum Formation in the House Range of Utah, USA (Grey Marjum locality). A. SEM micrographs of paratype (KUMIP 314101). A1, dense and homogeneous distribution of the plates on the surfaces of annuli; A2, interannular region showing alternation between plate-free areas and plate-covered areas ("columns"; arrowheads). B. SEM micrographs of holotype (KUMIP 314100). B1, homogeneous distribution of the plates; B2, single plate, showing the swollen inner region surrounded by a raised marginal rim.

Fig. 3 in First palaeoscolecid from the Cambrian (Drumian, Miaolingian) Marjum Formation of western Utah, USA

Fig. 3. SEM micrograph and SEM-EDS elemental maps of the posterior region of KUMIP 204770 (Ottoia? sp.), from the Drumian, Cambrian Marjum Formation in the House Range of Utah, USA (Sponge Gully locality). A1, SEM micrograph of the analyzed area (posterior trunk region); A2–A6, SEM-EDS elemental maps of P, Ca, C, Fe, and Mg, respectively.

Fig. 4 in First palaeoscolecid from the Cambrian (Drumian, Miaolingian) Marjum Formation of western Utah, USA

Fig. 4. Palaeoscolecid Arrakiscolex aasei gen et sp. nov. from the Drumian, Cambrian Marjum Formation in the House Range of Utah, USA (Grey Marjum locality). A. Holotype (KUMIP 314100). A1, general view of counterpart with location of close-up; A2, detailed view of trunk annulation; A3, general view of part. B. Paratype (KUMIP 314101), general view, showing trunk annulation and location of SEM micrograph in Fig. 5A1 (dashed line rectangle, arrowheads point to the limits of poorly preserved part of the fossil).

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Fig. 1 in Ordovician enigmatic sclerite-type elements from western Argentina: possible oldest axial components of alcyonacean octocorals

Fig. 1. The geographical and geological context of the Ordovician alcyonacean octocoral Catenatus argentinus gen. et sp. nov. from the San Juan Formation, Argentina. A. Location map of the studied localities with Ordovician alcyonacean sclerite-type elements from the Argentine Precordillera, San Juan Province, Argentina (1, Oculta Creek, Sierra de Los Cauquenes; 2, Los Gatos Creek, Cerro Viejo; 3, Amarilla Creek, Cerro Viejo; 4, Punta Negra Anticline; 5, Sierra de Rinconada). B. Simplified stratigraphic column of the San Juan Formation in the Argentine Precordillera, with location of the productive samples.

Fig. 2 in First palaeoscolecid from the Cambrian (Drumian, Miaolingian) Marjum Formation of western Utah, USA

Fig. 2. Ottoid scalidophoran Ottoia? sp. (KUMIP 204770) from the Drumian, Cambrian Marjum Formation in the House Range of Utah, USA (Sponge Gully locality). A1, general view showing body orientation and location of close-ups; A2, detailed view of anterior region, showing the partially everted introvert and digestive tract; A3, detailed view of posterior region, showing location of possible bases of caudal hooks; A4, SEM micrograph showing trunk annulation, arrowheads point to fossil margins; A5, SEM micrograph of anterior region, showing introvert and a few introvert hooks, arrowheads point to fossil margins; A6, SEM micrograph of introvert hooks.

Fig. 7 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 7. Pachydomid bivalves from the Guadalupian (Permian), Teresina and Serra Alta formations, respectively, Paraná Basin, Brazil. A. Holdhausiella elongata (Holdhaus, 1918), DZP-20441, silicified shell, left valve, note the pointed anterior margin of the shell. B. Anhembia gigantea (Mendes, 1949), DGP/7-91, composite mold, left valve; B1, detail of a well-developed rostrum, B2, general view. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 6. Drawing of the pachydomid bivalve Leinzia similis (Holdhaus, 1918) (sensu stricto) showing the general morphology. The hinge area and anterior muscles scars are highlighted. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle scar; app, anterior pedal protractor muscle scar; apr, anterior pedal retractor muscle scar; sck, socket; th, tooth.

Fig. 8 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 8. Ontogenetic series of the pachydomid bivalve Leinzia sp. (sensu lato) from the Serrinha Member, Rio do Rasto Formation after Runnegar and Newell (1971: fig. 24). Sketches based on external comarginal ornamentation (rugae and growth lines) of individual shells. A, B, based on Runnegar and Newell 1971: fig. 24j, f, respectively. Note the differences in the shell shape of both specimens and those illustrated in Fig. 9; also, note the ubiquitous rostrum in the specimen in Fig. 9B.

Fig. 5 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 5. Pachydomid bivalve Leinzia similis (Holdhaus, 1918) (sensu stricto), Rio do Rasto Formation, Guadalupian (Permian), Paraná Basin, Brazil. A. DGP/7-88, right valve, detail of the cardinal margin showing a strongly deformed rostrum (arrowed). B. DGP/7-85, external mold, left valve; B1, the comarginal rugae on the anterior rostrum (arrow); B2, general view of the shell with well-preserved anterior rostrum. Scale bars A, B1, 1 mm; B2, 5 mm.

Fig. 9 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 9. Ontogenetic series of pachydomid bivalves Leinzia similis (sensu lato) (A) from the Yaguari Formation (after Morton and Herbst 1990) and Leinzia similis (sensu stricto) DGP/7-85 (B) from the Serrinha Member, Rio do Rasto Formation. Sketches based on external comarginal ornamentation (rugae and growth lines) of individual shells. Note the differences in the shell shape of both specimens: double posterior carina (A), the anterior rostrum developed since the early ontogenetic stages (B).

Fig. 3 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 3. Pachydomid bivalve Leinzia similis (Holdhaus, 1918) (sensu stricto), composite molds, Rio do Rasto Formation, Guadalupian (Permian), Paraná Basin, Brazil. A. DGP/7-88, left valve (A1) with well-defined, forwardly inclined, triangular socket (arrowed); right valve (A2), note the deformed anterior rostrum margin of the shell (arrowed); splayed open valves (A3). B. DZP-20417, right valve, note the well-developed triangular blunt tooth (arrowed). C. DZP-20416A, right valve showing well-defined escutcheon (arrowed). D. DGP/7-86, a slightly deformed specimen with articulated valves and broken anterior margin, note the straight slightly curved posterior margin of the shells. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 1 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 1. Chart showing the main bivalve assemblages and constituent species recorded in the Permian Passa Dois Group, except the Irati Formation (A), and location of Paraná Basin, Brazil (B). Species composition (not to scale): 1, Kidodia cf. K. stockleyi; 2, Barbosaia angulata; 3, Holdhausiella elongata; 4, Tambaquyra camargoi; 5, Rioclaroa lefevrei; 6, Maackia contorta; 7, Ferrazia simplicicarinata; 8, Anhembia gigantea; 9, Anhembia froesi; 10, Pinzonella illusa; 11, Ferrazia cardinalis; 12, Casterella gratiosa; 13, Angatubia cowperesioides; 14, Othonella araguaiana, 15, Plesiocyprinella carinata; 16, Terraia aequilateralis; 17, Runnegariella fragilis; 18, Favalia arcuata; 19, Roxoa corumbataiensis; 20, Coxesia mezzalirai; 21, Cowperesia anceps; 22, Pinzonella neotropica; 23, Naiadopsis lamellosus; 24, Jaquesia brasiliensis; 25, Terraia curvata, 26, Beurlenella elongatella; 27, Cowperesia emerita; 28, "Leinzia" curta; 29, Terraia bipleura; 30, Astartellopsis prosoclina; 31, Oliveiraia pristina; 32, Terraia altissima; 33, Leinzia similis (sensu stricto); 34, Terraia decarinata; 35, Palaeomutela platinensis; 36, Relogiincola delicata; 37, Palaeomutela australis. Data from Mendes (1952), Runnegar and Newell (1971), Simões et al. (1998), Matos et al. (2017), and Guerrini et al. (2019).

Fig. 4 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 4. Pachydomid bivalve Leinzia similis (Holdhaus, 1918) (sensu stricto), Rio do Rasto Formation, Guadalupian (Permian), Paraná Basin, Brazil. A. DGP/7-88, composite mold, left valve; A1, detail of the well-defined triangular socket (arrowed); A2, latex cast of specimen in A1, showing the hinge with well-defined triangular socket (arrowed); also note the absence of true lateral teeth; A3, details of the anterior adductor, pedal protractor, and pedal retractor muscle scars (arrows); A4, anterior muscle scars (outlined). B. DZP-20417, composite mold, right valve; B1, well-developed triangular, subcardinal, blunt tooth (arrowed); B2, latex cast showing the triangular socket (arrowed) and the hinge without true lateral teeth. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 2. A in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 2. A. Location of the studied area in the southern part of the Paraná State, south Brazil. The outcrop belt of the Passa Dois Group is in grey. B. Map of the Paraná State, Brazil (frame indicates the southern part where studied area is located) (modified from Rohn and Rösler 2000; Guerrini et al. 2019). C. Geological map showing the main geographic area of occurrence of Leinzia similis (sensu stricto). Cartographic base: Mineropar 2006 (Mapa geológico do Estado do Paraná, 1:250 000). D. Columnar section of the Rio do Rasto Formation; note the constrained stratigraphic distribution of Leinzia similis (sensu stricto) in the Serrinha Member. Abbreviations: C, calcareous mudstone; CS, coarse sandstone; G, gravel; FS, fine sandstone; MS, medium sandstone; S, siltstone.