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6,175 results for “Composite”
Supplementary tables for the article "A novel approach for discovering correlations between elemental and molecular composition using laser-based spectroscopic techniques"
<p>Table S1. Collection conditions of zooplankton samples. Data in the salinity and temperature columns, separated by a slash sign, are the characteristics of surface and bottom water.</p> <p>Table S2. The results of elemental analysis of zooplankton by ICP-AES and ICP-MS (as provided by IO RAS).</p> <p>Table S3. List of emission signals used to construct spider diagrams.</p> <p>Table S4. List of spectral ranges eliminated from LIBS data to improve the performance of chemometric algorithms.</p> <p>Raw LIBS and Raman spectra of zooplankton.</p> <p> </p>
Land use influences the composition and antimicrobial effects of propolis
<p>Honey bee propolis is a complex, resinous mixture created by bees using plant sources such as leaves, flowers, and bud exudates. This study characterized how cropland surrounding apiaries affects the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of propolis. The chemical composition and compound abundance of the propolis samples were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and the antimicrobial effects were analyzed using the 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC<sub>50</sub>) assay against four relevant bee pathogens, <span class="html-italic">Serratia marcescens, Paenibacillus larvae, Lysinibacillus sphaericus,</span> and <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span>. Propolis composition varied significantly with apiary, and cropland coverage predicted mean sum abundance of compounds. The apiary with the highest cropland coverage exhibited significantly higher MIC<sub>50</sub> values for <span class="html-italic">S. marcescens</span> and <span class="html-italic">K. pneumoniae</span> compared to other apiaries. These results demonstrate that agricultural land use surrounding honey bee apiaries decreases the chemical quality and antimicrobial effects of propolis, which may have implications for the impacts of land use on hive immunity to potential pathogens.</p>
Composition and functional potential of the mammary microbiota prior to and following breast tumor diagnosis
<p>These data were generated to analyze the human breast tissue microbiome composition and functional potential. We analyzed and compared the resident bacterial taxa of histologically normal breast tissue (healthy, H) with those of tissues donated prior to (pre-diagnostic, PD, ) and after (adjacent normal, AN, and tumor, T) breast cancer diagnosis to determine the role of the breast tissue microbiome in breast cancer. DNA was isolated from 165 tissue samples, 9 negative controls, and 1 positive control and submitted for Illumina Miseq paired-end sequencing of the V3 - V4 region of the 16S gene. 16S amplicons were pre-processed into amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) using DADA2. To infer bacterial function in breast cancer, we predicted the functional bacteriome from these ASVs using PICRUSt2 and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. </p>
Case simulation: LES RF20 composite case
<p>This dataset contains the model configuration files and selected output data of the large-eddy simulation experiments as described in the publication: "Aerosol-cloud-turbulence interactions in well-coupled Arctic<br> boundary layers over open water"</p>
Nitrogen availability and plant functional composition modify biodiversity-multifunctionality relationships
<p><span>The ability of an ecosystem to deliver multiple functions at high levels (multifunctionality) typically increases with biodiversity but there is substantial variation in the strength and direction of biodiversity effects, suggesting context-dependency. A better understanding of the drivers of this context dependency is essential to predict effects of global change on ecosystems. To determine how different factors modulate the effect of diversity on multifunctionality, we established a large grassland experiment with 216 communities, crossing a manipulation of plant species richness (1, 4, 8, 20 species) with manipulations of resources (nitrogen enrichment), plant functional composition (gradient in mean specific leaf area [SLA] to manipulate abundances of exploitative, fast-growing vs. conservative, slow-growing species), plant functional diversity (variance in SLA) and enemy abundance (foliar fungal pathogen removal). We measured ten above- and belowground functions, related to productivity, nutrient cycling and energy transfer between trophic levels, and calculated ecosystem multifunctionality. Plant species richness and functional diversity both increased multifunctionality, but their effects were context dependent. Species richness increased multifunctionality only when communities were assembled with fast growing (high SLA) species. This was because slow species were more redundant in their functional effects, whereas different fast species tended to promote different functions. Functional diversity also increased multifunctionality but this effect was dampened by nitrogen enrichment. However, unfertilised, functionally diverse communities still delivered more functions than low diversity, fertilised communities. Our study suggests that a shift towards fast-growing exploitative communities will not only alter ecosystem functioning but also the strength of biodiversity-functioning relationships, which highlights the potentially complex effects of global change on multifunctionality.</span></p>
Biomass fine-scale variation is predictive of functional composition and diversity in grazed grassland
<p>Dataset and R codes used in "Biomass fine-scale variation is predictive of functional composition and diversity in grazed grassland"</p>
Dataset of forb composition in a Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Prairie
<p>This dataset supports the research article "Forb composition gradients and intra-annual variation in a threatened Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Prairie; Averett and Endress. In Print. Ecology and Evolution". This data includes: (1) perennial forb species composition data from Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Pairie habitat in the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range, northeastern Oregon; (2) environmental, abiotic, and species trait variables measured from each sampling site; (3) plant species list; (4) densities of culturally important forb species; and (5) long-term sample dates for vegetation plots from the Starkey Experimental Forest and surrounding National Forest lands. Forb composition data was collected from 29 plots in the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range, northeastern Oregon, at three different times during 2016 (April; May; July).</p>
Functional miscibility and thermomechanical properties enhancement of substituted phthalic acetylated modified chitin filler in biopolymer composite
<p>The miscibility between hydrophobic and hydrophilic biopolymers has been of significant challenge. This study used a novel simplified chitin modification method to produce phthalic - chitin using phthalic anhydride in a substitution reaction. The FT-IR functional group analysis was used to confirm the substitution reaction. The modified chitin was used as compatibiliser in PLA/starch biocomposite to enhance its properties. The biocomposite was prepared using melt extrusion and compression moulding technique. The biocomposite's morphological, thermomechanical, and water absorption properties were characterised using scanning electron microscope, tensile test, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thickness swelling, and water absorption test. The FT-IR study shows a successful substitution reaction of the amine hydrogen ion present in the chitin as opposed to substituting the hydrogen ion in the hydroxide group. The tensile and impact properties of biocomposite incorporated with modified chitin showed better results compared with other samples. The SEM images showed uniform miscibility of the modified biocomposite. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed improved modulus value with the incorporation of modified chitin. The thermal properties showed improved thermal stability of the modified biocomposite. Furthermore, the percentage of water absorbed by biocomposite with modified chitin is reduced compared to the PLA/starch biocomposite. The produced biodegradable ternary blend can be used as a substitute for plastics in industrial applications.</p>
Datasets for Material Modal Composite Analysis results in Duanjiapo loess section
<p>The dataset is affilicated to the manuscript titled "Genesis of Loess Particles on the Chinese Loess Plateau" that is submitted for publication in the journal of Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. The original instrumental data packages were provided in the excel files (Data1, Data2, Data3, and Data4).</p>
Soil microbial diversity and community composition during conversion from conventional to organic agriculture
<p>It is generally assumed that the dependence of conventional agriculture on artificial fertilizers and pesticides strongly impacts the environment, while organic agriculture relying more on microbial functioning may mitigate these impacts. However, it is not well known how microbial diversity and community composition change in conventionally managed farmers' fields that are converted to organic management. Here, we sequenced bacterial and fungal communities of 34 organic fields on sand and marine clay soils in a time series (chronosequence) covering 25 years of conversion. Nearby conventional fields were used as references. We found that community composition of bacteria and fungi differed between organic and conventionally managed fields. In the organic fields, fungal diversity increased with time since conversion. However, this effect disappeared when the conventional paired fields were included. There was a relationship between pH and soil organic matter content and the diversity and community composition of bacteria and fungi. In marine clay soils, when time since organic management increased, fungal communities in organic fields became more dissimilar to those in conventional fields. We conclude that conversion to organic management in these Dutch farmers' fields did not increase microbial community diversity. Instead, we observed that in organic fields in marine clay when time since conversion increased soil fungal community composition became progressively dissimilar from that in conventional fields. Our results also showed that the paired sampling approach of organic and conventional fields was essential in order to control for environmental variation that was otherwise unaccounted for.</p>
Functional composition of plant communities mediates biomass effects on ecosystem service recovery across an experimental dryland restoration network
<p>Land degradation can result in a loss of critical ecosystem services that we often seek to restore through re-establishment of desired plant communities. Trait-based approaches have the potential to target specific ecosystem services based on associations between the functional composition of plant communities and ecosystem properties that serve as indicators of those services. The effect of functional composition on ecosystem recovery may depend on the amount of restored plant biomass, itself a supporting service frequently targeted in restoration efforts. Yet, interactions between functional composition and biomass are not formally integrated into trait-based analytical frameworks. We tested the hypothesis that functional composition of plant communities both drives, and interacts with, biomass production to influence indicators of soil functioning and weed suppression across a network of degraded dryland restoration experiments. This networked approach allowed us to identify generalized effects of functional composition on ecosystem recovery across a range of dryland climate conditions. Climate had a substantial effect on ecosystem indicators, with weed cover and soil surface stability increasing in more arid climates, water infiltration increasing with precipitation, and aggregate structure increasing with less freezing. After accounting for climate effects across study sites, we found significant effects of community-weighted mean (CWM) trait values on biomass, particularly a positive effect of leaf carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and of CWM-biomass interactions on other ecosystem indicators. Cover of exotic species was reduced in restored communities with a combination of low leaf dry matter content and high biomass, soil water infiltration increased with lower specific root length and high biomass, and soil aggregate stability increased with higher root dry matter content and high biomass, among other effects. Functional diversity had no significant effects on any ecosystem indicators. Synthesis: The influence of community functional composition on ecosystem properties increases with community biomass, particularly in disturbed or low productivity systems. This suggests that active management should not only focus on trait values that optimize individual ecosystem indicators, but also how those functional strategies are complementary or counter to those that increase biomass.</p>
DIETImpact - Nutritional composition database of model meals
<p>The integration of food composition data to explain, in vitro, the impact of diet on health, requires a precise knowledge of nutrients composition of complex meals. This database supported the project <strong>DIETimpact</strong> (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030322-PTDC/SAUNUT/30322/2017). Six meals were prepared: a <strong>Western Diet model</strong> <strong>– WD</strong> (fatty beef, French fries and soft drink containing sugar), and other five meals obtained by replacement of: fatty beef by <strong>mackerel (M-mackerel)</strong> or by <strong>chickpeas (M-chickpeas)</strong>; fatty beef and French fries by lean beef drizzled with olive oil and potatoes fried in <strong>olive oil (M-olive)</strong>; half of French fries amount by <strong>broccoli (M-broccoli)</strong>; soft drink containing sugar by <strong>strawberry juice (M-strawberry)</strong>. All the meal models were prepared without salt addition and mimicking household cooking practices. <strong>Macro</strong> and <strong>micronutrientes</strong> composition, making a total of <strong>88 compounds</strong>, was analyzed by official methods and by different chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques.</p>
Compositional Data Analysis (CoDA) of Clinopyroxene from Abyssal Peridotites
<ol> <li> <p>Additional supporting information includes data, R script, and QGIS file supporting the main text:</p> <p><strong>CSV (Data Set)</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>residual_abyssal_peridotites.csv: Compilations of residual abyssal peridotites (n = 1162) and depleted MORB-mantle (n = 1)</p> </li> <li> <p>residual_abyssal_peridotites_coda_results.csv: Filtered data and results of PCA and k-means clustering (n = 267)</p> </li> <li> <p>model_cpx.csv: Clinopyroxene compositions obtained by open-system melting model</p> </li> <li> <p>test.csv: csv file for testing new data<br> <br> <strong>R</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>abyssal_cpx_pca.Rproj</p> </li> <li> <p>coda.R: R script implemented in this study</p> </li> <li> <p>test_your_data.R: R script to test new data comparing to abyssal clinopyroxenes</p> <p>and modeled clinopyroxenes</p> <p><strong>QGIS</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>residual_abyssal_peridotites.qgz: QGIS using residual_abyssal_peridotites.csv and residual_abyssal_peridotites_coda_results.csv for Figure 1 and Figure S7</p> </li> <li> <p>color_etopo1_ice_low_modified.tiff: ETOPO1 is a 1 arc-minute global relief model of Earth's surface that integrates land topography and ocean bathymetry from NOAA</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>2. Instruction</p> <p>We prepared an R script to compare new (your) clinopyroxene data with clinopyroxene from abyssal peridotites. New data will be plotted using the principal components derived from the natural clinopyroxene database presented in this paper.</p> <p>The procedure is as follows:</p> <p>1. add data below the second row in test.csv<br> * Do not change the file name<br> * Do not change the first row<br> * Add clinopyroxene data (10 elements) and its label replacing under 2nd row * Label of data can be sample name, lithology, locality etc.</p> <p>2. Open abyssal_cpx_pca.Rproj by R studio (double click) 3. Open test_your_data.R (double click)<br> 4. Implement test_your_data.R.</p> <p>To use test_your_data.R, first press cmd+A (ctrl+A) and press Run/cmd+enter (ctrl+enter).</p> <p>5. Results files<br> 5-1. abyssalcpx_vs_test.csv: PC1&PC2 values using abyssal clinopyroxene PC coordinates<br> 5-2. plot1.pdf: abyssal clinopyroxene (cluster) vs. test data plot<br> 5-3. plot2.pdf: modeled clinopyroxene vs. test data plot<br> 5-4. spider_cl1.pdf: PM-normalized trace elements patterns of cluster 1 from abyssal peridotites 5-5. spider_cl2.pdf: PM-normalized trace elements patterns of cluster 2 from abyssal peridotites 5-6. spider_cl3.pdf: PM-normalized trace elements patterns of cluster 3 from abyssal peridotites 5-7. spider_cl4.pdf: PM-normalized trace elements patterns of cluster 4 from abyssal peridotites 5-8. spider_test.pdf: PM-normalized trace elements patterns of new data (your data)<br> 5-9. plot3.pdf: Discrimination diagram for clinopyroxene trace elements compositions. PM normalized Sr/Nd ratio vs. Ce/Yb ratio of clinopyroxenes from abyssal peridotites vs. test data</p>
Nutritional composition of adult African winged termite and bonga shad
<p>Cheap sources of protein and essential amino acids are among the major concern in aquaculture due to the unbearable cost of fishmeal. There is current research effort on use of insect meal as dietary substitute for fish meal in animal nutrition. As first step for a successful trial, knowledge of the nutritional composition of the experimental insect is important. It was observed that bonga shad showed higher levels of crude protein and ash while African winged termite was higher in crude lipid and dry matter. There was similarity in the levels of essential amino acids in both animals. However, there were considerable differences in the level of fatty acids of the two experimental animals in favour of the insect.</p>
Sighting, group composition, and tactile exchange for a study on Atlantic spotted dolphins around Bimini, The Bahamas
<p>Interactions between mammalian social groups are generally antagonistic as individuals in groups cooperate to defend resources from non-members. Members of the family Delphinidae inhabit a three-dimensional habitat where resource defense is usually impractical. Here, we describe a long-term partial fusion of two communities of Atlantic spotted dolphins (<em>Stenella frontalis</em>). The northern community, studied for 30 years, immigrated 160 km to the range of the southern community, observed for 20 years. Both communities featured fission-fusion grouping patterns, strongest associations between adult males, and frequent affiliative contact between individuals. For the five-year period following the immigration, we found members of all age classes and both sexes in mixed groups, but there was a strong bias toward finding immigrant males in mixed groups. Some association levels between males, and males and females, from different communities were as high as the highest within-community associations. Affiliative contacts indicate that these individuals were forming social bonds. The mixing of two separate social groups with new bond formation is rare in terrestrial mammal groups. Such mixing between spotted dolphin groups suggests that adaptations to respond aggressively to 'outsiders' is diminished in this species and possibly other ecologically similar dolphins.</p>
Research Data Supporting "Coupling Lipid Nanoparticle Structure and Automated Single Particle Composition Analysis to Design Phospholipase Responsive Nanocarriers"
<p>Raw research data supporting Barriga, Pence, et al. 2022, Advanced Materials. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202200839">https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202200839</a></p>
Fish assemblage composition of the four basins of Wannan Mountains, China
<p><span>Extensive distribution of widespread species and the loss of native species driven by anthropogenic disturbances modify community similarity, resulting in a decrease or increase in community distinctiveness. Data from four basins in the Wannan Mountains, China, were used to evaluate the effects of low-head dams on patterns of fish faunal homogenization and differentiation based on abundance data. We aimed to examine the spatial changes in taxonomic and functional similarities of fish assemblages driven by low-head dams and whether the changes in the similarity of fish assemblages differed between taxonomic and functional components. We found that low-head dams significantly decreased the mean taxonomic similarity but increased the mean functional similarity of fish assemblages in impoundments using abundance-based approaches, suggesting that taxonomic differentiation accompanied functional homogenization in stream fish assemblages. These results show the importance of population abundance in structuring fish faunal homogenization and differentiation at small scales, especially when the major differences among assemblages are in species abundance ranks rather than species identities. Additionally, we also found only a weak positive correlation between changes in mean taxonomic and functional similarities, and partial pairs exhibited considerable variation in patterns of fish faunal homogenization and differentiation for taxonomic and functional components. In conclusion, this study highlighted that the observed taxonomic differentiation of current fish assemblages (short-term phenomenon) is probably an early warning sign of further homogenization in regions where native species are completely predominated, and that changes in taxonomic similarity cannot be used to predict changes in functional similarity.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span>Low-head dam, Stream fish, Biotic homogenization and differentiation, Taxonomic and functional diversities</span></p>
Raw data for the manuscript entitled "Forest age and topographic position jointly shape the species richness and composition of vascular plants in karstic habitats"
<p>Doline surveys from the Mecsek Mountains, Hungary. Transects were established with north to south orientation across each doline, traversing their deepest point. Transects began and ended on doline rims, and consisted of 1 m  × 1 m plots spaced at 2 m intervals (94, 89, 90 and 99 plots in the different forest age classes, respectively; 372 plots in total). We recorded the presence/absence data of shrubs and herbs in each plot. Fieldwork was carried out between 2007 and 2019 from June to August, at the peak of the growing season.</p>
Laboratory Assessment of the Impact of Chemical Oxidation, Mineral Dissolution, and Heating on the Nitrogen Isotopic Composition of Fossil-bound Organic Matter
<p>Results of laboratory experiments reported in the manuscript "<em>Laboratory Assessment of the Impact of Chemical Oxidation, Mineral Dissolution, and Heating on the Nitrogen Isotopic Composition of Fossil-bound Organic Matter</em>", published in the journal <em>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</em></p>
AgsSAT Multiannual (2017-2021) Sentinel-2 Water Indices Composites
<p>AgsSAT Multiannual (2017-2021) Sentinel-2 Water Indices Composites</p> <p>The 2,815 images available for the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico for the years 2017 to 2021 were processed using the Open Data Cube (ODC) platform [Lewis et al. (2017), Gavin et al. (2018), <a href="https://www.opendatacube.org/">https://www.opendatacube.org/</a>]. These images correspond to multiple coverages of the region of interest. The images were then used to generate cloud-free annual composites by applying geometric median (geomedian) algorithm, as defined in [Roberts et al. (2017)]. </p> <p>Geomedian algorithm produces a pixel-level summary for every pixel, in this case this means that each summary corresponds to a 10m x 10m region in the territory and its observations throughout a calendar year. </p> <p>All these summary pixels form a 12-band (coastal aerosol, blue, green, red, vegetation red edge 5, vegetation red edge 6, vegetation red edge 7, near-infrared, narrow nir, water vapor, swir1 and swir2) composite of the state of Aguascalientes. </p> <p>Another product called GeoMad was generated, which calculates the robust dispersion statistic called MAD, as defined in [Roberts, D., Dunn, B., & Mueller, N. (2018)]. In the resulting image composite, each of the three-pixel bands represents the variation over three distances: Spectral Distance (smad), Euclidean Distance (emad) and the Bray-Curtis Distance (bcmad). </p> <p>More bands were generated to represent different environmental conditions during the study years (2017-2021), these conditions can be captured by analyzing various combinations of bands, these combinations are also called spectral indices, which allow detecting vegetation, presence of water, urbanization, etc., Finally, 28 indices divided into 4 categories were calculated: </p> <p>Vegetation Indices </p> <p>(Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index, Kaufman 1972) </p> <p>(Enhanced Vegetation Index, Huete 2002): </p> <p>(Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, Qi Et Al. 1994) </p> <p>(Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index, Mishra & Mishra, 2012) </p> <p>(Normalised Difference Moisture Index, Gao 1996) </p> <p>(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Rouse 1973) </p> <p>(Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, Rondeaux. 1996) </p> <p>(Simple Ratio Vegetation Index Jordan, C.F.1 969) </p> <p>(Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, Huete 1988) </p> <p>(Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index, Gittleson 2002) </p> <p> </p> <p>Built-up Indexes </p> <p>(Band Ration For Built-up Area, Waqar 2012) </p> <p>(Built-up Area Extraction Index, Bouzekri 2015) </p> <p>(Built-up Index, He Et Al. 2010) </p> <p>(Index-based Built-up Index, Xu 2008) </p> <p>(New Built-up Index, Jieli Et Al. 2010) </p> <p>(Normalized Difference Built-up Index, Zha 2003) </p> <p>(Normalized Built-up Area Index, Waqar 2012) </p> <p>(Urban Index, Kawamura 1996) </p> <p> </p> <p>Water Indices </p> <p>(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, Xu 1996) </p> <p>(Normalized Difference Water Index, Mcfeeters 1996) </p> <p>(Water Index, Fisher 2016) </p> <p> </p> <p>Other Indices </p> <p>(Bare Soil Index, Rikimaru Et Al. 2002) </p> <p>(Bare Soil Index, Wanhui 2004) </p> <p>(Burn Area Index, Martin 1998) </p> <p>(Clay Minerals Ratio, Drury 1987) </p> <p>(Ferrous Minerals Ratio, Segal 1982) </p> <p>(Iron Oxide Ratio, Segal 1982) </p> <p>(Normalized Burn Ratio, Lopez Garcia 1991) </p> <p>(Normalised Difference Snow Index, Hall 1995). </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.