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On following pages: 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis); 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata); 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala); 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon); 56. Bergmans's Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta); 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae); 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus); 59. Franquet's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi); 61. Veldkamp's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampii); 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus); 63. Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus crypturus); 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis); 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus); 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor); 67. Ansell's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus ansell)); 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi); 69. Dobson's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsoni; 70. Sanborn's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grandis); 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus); 72. Hayman's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius). in Pteropodidae
On following pages: 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis); 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata); 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala); 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon); 56. Bergmans's Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta); 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae); 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus); 59. Franquet's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi); 61. Veldkamp's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampii); 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus); 63. Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus crypturus); 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis); 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus); 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor); 67. Ansell's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus ansell)); 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi); 69. Dobson's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsoni; 70. Sanborn's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grandis); 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus); 72. Hayman's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius).
On following pages: 74. Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus sobrinus); 75. Southern Blossom Bat (Syconycteris australis); 76. Halmaheran Blossom Bat (Syconycteris carolinae); 77. Moss-forest Blossom Bat (Syconycteris hobbit); 78. Manado Fruit Bat (Boneia bidens); 79. Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris celebensis); 80. Philippine Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris whitehead); 81. Bulmer's Fruit Bat (Aproteles bulmerae); 82. Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia minor); 83. Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia moluccensis); 84. Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia peronii); 85. Andersen's Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia anderseni): 86. Panniet Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia pannietensis); 87. Philippine Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia chapman); 88. Biak Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia emersa); 89. Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia exoleta): 90. Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia viridis); 91. Beaufort's Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia beaufort); 92. Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia crenulata); 93. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia inermis); 94. New Britain Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia praedatrix). in Pteropodidae
On following pages: 74. Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus sobrinus); 75. Southern Blossom Bat (Syconycteris australis); 76. Halmaheran Blossom Bat (Syconycteris carolinae); 77. Moss-forest Blossom Bat (Syconycteris hobbit); 78. Manado Fruit Bat (Boneia bidens); 79. Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris celebensis); 80. Philippine Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris whitehead); 81. Bulmer's Fruit Bat (Aproteles bulmerae); 82. Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia minor); 83. Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia moluccensis); 84. Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia peronii); 85. Andersen's Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia anderseni): 86. Panniet Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia pannietensis); 87. Philippine Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia chapman); 88. Biak Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia emersa); 89. Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia exoleta): 90. Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia viridis); 91. Beaufort's Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia beaufort); 92. Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia crenulata); 93. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia inermis); 94. New Britain Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia praedatrix).
On following pages: 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnis); 36. Pohle's Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon); 37. Campo-Ma'an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis); 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea); 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major); 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta); 41. Geoffroy's Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus): 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus); 43. Leschenault's Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultil); 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis); 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis); 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus); 47 Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis); 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus); 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus). in Pteropodidae
On following pages: 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnis); 36. Pohle's Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon); 37. Campo-Ma'an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis); 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea); 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major); 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta); 41. Geoffroy's Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus): 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus); 43. Leschenault's Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultil); 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis); 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis); 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus); 47 Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis); 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus); 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus).
On following pages: 97. Unstriped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Paranyctimene raptor); 98. Steadfast Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Paranyctimene tenax); 99. Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene aello); 100. Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cyclotis); 101. Mountain Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene certans); 102. Happy Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene wrightae); 103. Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene varius); 104. Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene albiventer); 105. Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene draconilla); 106. Demonic Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene masalai); 107. Malaita Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene malaitensis): 108. Umboi Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene vizcaccia); 109. Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene major); 110. Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene rabori); 111. Pallas's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cephalotes); 112. Keast's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene keasti); 113. Queensland Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene robinson). in Pteropodidae
On following pages: 97. Unstriped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Paranyctimene raptor); 98. Steadfast Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Paranyctimene tenax); 99. Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene aello); 100. Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cyclotis); 101. Mountain Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene certans); 102. Happy Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene wrightae); 103. Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene varius); 104. Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene albiventer); 105. Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene draconilla); 106. Demonic Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene masalai); 107. Malaita Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene malaitensis): 108. Umboi Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene vizcaccia); 109. Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene major); 110. Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene rabori); 111. Pallas's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cephalotes); 112. Keast's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene keasti); 113. Queensland Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene robinson).
On following pages: 117. Mindoro Pallid Flying Fox (Desmalopex microleucopterus); 118. Fijian Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Mirimiri acrodonta); 119. Bougainville Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex anceps); 120. Guadalcanal Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex atrata); 121. Montane Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex pulchra); 122. New Georgia Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex taki); 123. Greater Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex flanneryi), 124. Black-bellied Blossom Bat (Melonycteris melanops); 125. Fardoulis's Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris fardoulisi); 126. Woodford's Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris woodford)). in Pteropodidae
On following pages: 117. Mindoro Pallid Flying Fox (Desmalopex microleucopterus); 118. Fijian Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Mirimiri acrodonta); 119. Bougainville Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex anceps); 120. Guadalcanal Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex atrata); 121. Montane Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex pulchra); 122. New Georgia Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex taki); 123. Greater Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex flanneryi), 124. Black-bellied Blossom Bat (Melonycteris melanops); 125. Fardoulis's Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris fardoulisi); 126. Woodford's Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris woodford)).
On following pages: 86. Thomas's Nectar Bat (Hsunycteris thomas); 87. Chestnut Long-tongued Bat (Lionycteris spurrell); 88. Brazilian Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla mordax); 89. Chocoan Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla chocoanal; 90. Goldman's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla concava); 91. Pacific Forest Long-tongued Bat (Lonchophylla fornicata); 92. Orces's Long-tongued Bat (Lonchophylla orcesi); 93. Western Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla hesperia); 94. Eastern Cordilleran Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla orienticollina); 95. Handley's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla handleyi); 96. Orange Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla robusta); 97. Dekeyser's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla dekeyseri), 98. Pale-bellied Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla inexpectata); 99. Bokermann's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla bokermanni); 100. Peracchi's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla peracchii); 101. Long-snouted Bat (Platalina genovensium); 102. Vieira's Long-tongued Bat (Xeronycteris vieirai). in Phyllostomidae
On following pages: 86. Thomas's Nectar Bat (Hsunycteris thomas); 87. Chestnut Long-tongued Bat (Lionycteris spurrell); 88. Brazilian Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla mordax); 89. Chocoan Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla chocoanal; 90. Goldman's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla concava); 91. Pacific Forest Long-tongued Bat (Lonchophylla fornicata); 92. Orces's Long-tongued Bat (Lonchophylla orcesi); 93. Western Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla hesperia); 94. Eastern Cordilleran Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla orienticollina); 95. Handley's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla handleyi); 96. Orange Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla robusta); 97. Dekeyser's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla dekeyseri), 98. Pale-bellied Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla inexpectata); 99. Bokermann's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla bokermanni); 100. Peracchi's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla peracchii); 101. Long-snouted Bat (Platalina genovensium); 102. Vieira's Long-tongued Bat (Xeronycteris vieirai).
On following pages: 146. Hairy Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma villosum); 147. Brazilian Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma doriae); 148. Vizotto's Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma vizottoi); 149. Bidentate Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus bidens); 150. Brock's Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus brocki); 151. Striped Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus nymphaea); 152. Baker's Tent-making Bat (Uroderma bakeri); 153. Common Tent-making Bat (Uroderma bilobatum); 154. Pacific Tent-making Bat (Uroderma convexum); 155. Davis's Tent-making Bat (Uroderma davisi); 156. Brown Tent-making Bat (Uroderma magnirostrum); 157. Kalko's Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa elisabethae); 158. Melissa's Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa melissa); 159. Quechuan Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa sinchi); 160. NorthernLittle Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa thyone); 161. Southern Little Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa pusilla); 162. MacConnell's Bat (Mesophylla macconnell)); 163. Caracciolo's Stripe-faced Bat (Vampyrodes caracciol)); 164. Great Stripe-faced Bat (Vampyrodes major). in Phyllostomidae
On following pages: 146. Hairy Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma villosum); 147. Brazilian Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma doriae); 148. Vizotto's Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma vizottoi); 149. Bidentate Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus bidens); 150. Brock's Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus brocki); 151. Striped Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus nymphaea); 152. Baker's Tent-making Bat (Uroderma bakeri); 153. Common Tent-making Bat (Uroderma bilobatum); 154. Pacific Tent-making Bat (Uroderma convexum); 155. Davis's Tent-making Bat (Uroderma davisi); 156. Brown Tent-making Bat (Uroderma magnirostrum); 157. Kalko's Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa elisabethae); 158. Melissa's Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa melissa); 159. Quechuan Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa sinchi); 160. NorthernLittle Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa thyone); 161. Southern Little Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa pusilla); 162. MacConnell's Bat (Mesophylla macconnell)); 163. Caracciolo's Stripe-faced Bat (Vampyrodes caracciol)); 164. Great Stripe-faced Bat (Vampyrodes major).
On following pages: 122. Honduran Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira hondurensis); 123. Burton's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira burtonlimi); 124. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira ludovici); 125. Adriana's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira adrianae); 126. Tschudi's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira oporaphilum); 127. Mistratoan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mistratensis); 128. Soriano's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira sorianoi); 129. Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira koopmanhill)); 130. Talamancan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mordax); 131. Perla Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira perla); 132. Tilda's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira tildae); 133. Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira erythromos); 134. Bogota Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bogotensis); 135. Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira magna); 136. Northern Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira parvidens); 137 Baker's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira baker); 138. Little Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira lilium); 139. Gianna's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira giannae); 140. Dominica Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira angell); 141. Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira paulsoni); 142. Luis's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira luisi). in Phyllostomidae
On following pages: 122. Honduran Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira hondurensis); 123. Burton's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira burtonlimi); 124. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira ludovici); 125. Adriana's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira adrianae); 126. Tschudi's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira oporaphilum); 127. Mistratoan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mistratensis); 128. Soriano's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira sorianoi); 129. Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira koopmanhill)); 130. Talamancan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mordax); 131. Perla Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira perla); 132. Tilda's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira tildae); 133. Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira erythromos); 134. Bogota Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bogotensis); 135. Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira magna); 136. Northern Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira parvidens); 137 Baker's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira baker); 138. Little Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira lilium); 139. Gianna's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira giannae); 140. Dominica Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira angell); 141. Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira paulsoni); 142. Luis's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira luisi).
Subspecies and Distribution. A.p.phaeotisG.S.Miller,1902—E&SEMexico(fromVeracruztoYucatanPeninsula),NGuatemala,Belize,Honduras,ENicaragua,ECostaRica,PanamaandWColombia. A.p.nanusK.Andersen,1906—W&SWMexico(fromSinaloatoOaxaca). A. p. palatinus W. B. Davis, 1970 — S Mexico (SW Chiapas), S Guatemala, W El Salvador, W Nicaragua, and W Costa Rica. Records from W Ecuador and N Peru are unverified; they could represent the Little Fruit-eating Bat (A. ravus), which was thought to be part of this taxon. Those from Venezuela, N Brazil, and Guyana probably represent misidentifications. in Phyllostomidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A.p.phaeotisG.S.Miller,1902—E&SEMexico(fromVeracruztoYucatanPeninsula),NGuatemala,Belize,Honduras,ENicaragua,ECostaRica,PanamaandWColombia. A.p.nanusK.Andersen,1906—W&SWMexico(fromSinaloatoOaxaca). A. p. palatinus W. B. Davis, 1970 — S Mexico (SW Chiapas), S Guatemala, W El Salvador, W Nicaragua, and W Costa Rica. Records from W Ecuador and N Peru are unverified; they could represent the Little Fruit-eating Bat (A. ravus), which was thought to be part of this taxon. Those from Venezuela, N Brazil, and Guyana probably represent misidentifications.
On following pages: 190. Hairy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus hirsutus); 191. Fringed Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus fimbriatus); 192. Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aequatorialis); 193. Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis); 194. Dark Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus obscurus); 195. Schwartz's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus schwartz); 196. Great Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus lituratus); 197. Large Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus amplus); 198. Flat-faced Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus planirostris); 199. Rosenberg's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus rosenbergi); 200. Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus watson); 201. Toltec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus toltecus); 202. Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus phaeotis); 203. Gervais's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus cinereus); 204. Andersen's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus anderseni); 205. Little Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeusravus); 206. Aztec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aztecus); 207. Bogota Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus bogotensis); 208. Silvery Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus glaucus); 209. Dwarf Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus gnomus); 210. Jamaican Fig-eating Bat (Ariteus flavescens); 211. Tree Bat (Ardops nicholls); 212. Red Fruit Bat (Stenoderma rufum); 213. Wrinkle-faced Bat (Centurio senex): 214. Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum); 215. Visored Bat (Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum); 216. Little White-shouldered Bat (Ametrida centurio); 217. Cuban Fig-eating Bat (Phyllops falcatus). in Phyllostomidae
On following pages: 190. Hairy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus hirsutus); 191. Fringed Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus fimbriatus); 192. Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aequatorialis); 193. Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis); 194. Dark Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus obscurus); 195. Schwartz's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus schwartz); 196. Great Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus lituratus); 197. Large Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus amplus); 198. Flat-faced Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus planirostris); 199. Rosenberg's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus rosenbergi); 200. Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus watson); 201. Toltec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus toltecus); 202. Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus phaeotis); 203. Gervais's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus cinereus); 204. Andersen's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus anderseni); 205. Little Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeusravus); 206. Aztec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aztecus); 207. Bogota Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus bogotensis); 208. Silvery Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus glaucus); 209. Dwarf Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus gnomus); 210. Jamaican Fig-eating Bat (Ariteus flavescens); 211. Tree Bat (Ardops nicholls); 212. Red Fruit Bat (Stenoderma rufum); 213. Wrinkle-faced Bat (Centurio senex): 214. Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum); 215. Visored Bat (Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum); 216. Little White-shouldered Bat (Ametrida centurio); 217. Cuban Fig-eating Bat (Phyllops falcatus).
On following pages: 168. Matapalo Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus matapalensis); 169. Recife Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus recifinus); 170. Guianan Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus guianensis); 171. Incan Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus incarum); 172. Slender Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus angustirostris); 173. Brown-bellied Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus fusciventris); 174. Alberico's Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus albericoi); 175. Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus vittatus); 176. Choco Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus chocoensis); 177. Thomas's Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus dorsalis); 178. Buffy Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus infuscus); 179. Darien Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus aquilus); 180. Eldorado Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus aurarius); 181. Ismael''s Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus ismaeli); 182. Quechuan Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus masu); 183. Shadowy Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus umbratus); 184. Western Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus nitelinea); 185. Velvety Fruit-eating Bat (Enchisthenes harti); 186. Honduran White Bat (Ectophylla alba). in Phyllostomidae
On following pages: 168. Matapalo Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus matapalensis); 169. Recife Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus recifinus); 170. Guianan Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus guianensis); 171. Incan Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus incarum); 172. Slender Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus angustirostris); 173. Brown-bellied Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus fusciventris); 174. Alberico's Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus albericoi); 175. Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus vittatus); 176. Choco Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus chocoensis); 177. Thomas's Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus dorsalis); 178. Buffy Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus infuscus); 179. Darien Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus aquilus); 180. Eldorado Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus aurarius); 181. Ismael''s Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus ismaeli); 182. Quechuan Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus masu); 183. Shadowy Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus umbratus); 184. Western Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus nitelinea); 185. Velvety Fruit-eating Bat (Enchisthenes harti); 186. Honduran White Bat (Ectophylla alba).
Subspecies and Distribution. H. uw. underwoodi Thomas, 1903 — disjunct from 8S Mexico (Veracruz) to E Guatemala, S Belize, and N & W Honduras, and from SE Nicaragua to W Panama. H. u. minor C. J. Phillips & J. K. Jones, 1971 — Pacific slope in Mexico, from Nayarit and Jalisco to S Oaxaca. A.p. discontinuous distribution with gap in Nicaragua might just reflect lack of data because Underwood's Long-tongued bat always occursat rather low densities and is therefore not very often captured. in Phyllostomidae
Subspecies and Distribution. H. uw. underwoodi Thomas, 1903 — disjunct from 8S Mexico (Veracruz) to E Guatemala, S Belize, and N & W Honduras, and from SE Nicaragua to W Panama. H. u. minor C. J. Phillips & J. K. Jones, 1971 — Pacific slope in Mexico, from Nayarit and Jalisco to S Oaxaca. A.p. discontinuous distribution with gap in Nicaragua might just reflect lack of data because Underwood's Long-tongued bat always occursat rather low densities and is therefore not very often captured.
On following pages: 26. Striped Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris crenulatum); 27. Keenan's Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris keenani); 28. Koepcke's Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris koepckeae); 29. Kalko's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma kalkoae); 30. Pygmy Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma brasiliense); 31. Carriker's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma carrikeri); 32. Schulz's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma schulzi); 33. Western Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma occidentale); 34. Davis's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma evotis); 35. White-throated Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma silvicola); 36. Greater Round-eared Bat (Tonatia bidens); 37. Stripe-headed Round-eared Bat (Tonatia saurophila); 38. Pale-faced Bat (Phylloderma stenops); 39. Pale Spearnosed Bat (Phyllostomus discolon; 40. Lesser Spearnosed Bat (Phyllostomus elongatus); 41. Greater Spearnosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus); 42. Guianan Spearnosed Bat (Phyllostomuslatifolius); 43. Woolly False Vampire Bat (Chrotopterus auritus); 44. Southern Golden Bat (Mimon bennett); 45. Cozumelan Golden Bat (Mimon cozumelae); 46. Spectral Bat (Vampyrum spectrum). in Phyllostomidae
On following pages: 26. Striped Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris crenulatum); 27. Keenan's Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris keenani); 28. Koepcke's Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris koepckeae); 29. Kalko's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma kalkoae); 30. Pygmy Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma brasiliense); 31. Carriker's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma carrikeri); 32. Schulz's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma schulzi); 33. Western Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma occidentale); 34. Davis's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma evotis); 35. White-throated Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma silvicola); 36. Greater Round-eared Bat (Tonatia bidens); 37. Stripe-headed Round-eared Bat (Tonatia saurophila); 38. Pale-faced Bat (Phylloderma stenops); 39. Pale Spearnosed Bat (Phyllostomus discolon; 40. Lesser Spearnosed Bat (Phyllostomus elongatus); 41. Greater Spearnosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus); 42. Guianan Spearnosed Bat (Phyllostomuslatifolius); 43. Woolly False Vampire Bat (Chrotopterus auritus); 44. Southern Golden Bat (Mimon bennett); 45. Cozumelan Golden Bat (Mimon cozumelae); 46. Spectral Bat (Vampyrum spectrum).
On following pages: 49. Commissaris's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga commissarisi); 50. Western Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga moreno); 51. Gray's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga leachii); 52. Miller's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga longirostris); 53. Pallas''s Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga soricina); 54. Southern Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris curasoae); 55. Greater Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris nivalis); 56. Lesser Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae); 57. Antillean Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum); 58. Cuban Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla nana); 59. Jamaican Flower Bat (Phyllonycteris aphylla); 60. Cuban Flower Bat (Phyllonycteris poeyi), 61. Brown Flower Bat (Erophylla bombifrons); 62. Buffy Flower Bat (Erophylla sezekorni). in Phyllostomidae
On following pages: 49. Commissaris's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga commissarisi); 50. Western Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga moreno); 51. Gray's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga leachii); 52. Miller's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga longirostris); 53. Pallas''s Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga soricina); 54. Southern Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris curasoae); 55. Greater Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris nivalis); 56. Lesser Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae); 57. Antillean Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum); 58. Cuban Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla nana); 59. Jamaican Flower Bat (Phyllonycteris aphylla); 60. Cuban Flower Bat (Phyllonycteris poeyi), 61. Brown Flower Bat (Erophylla bombifrons); 62. Buffy Flower Bat (Erophylla sezekorni).
On following pages: 4. Tiny Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris minuta); 5. Sanborn's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris sanborni); 6. Schmidts' Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris schmidtorum); 7. Yates's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris yatesi); 8. Hairy Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris hirsuta); 9. Brosset's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris brosseti; 10. Giovanni's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris giovanniae); 11. Matses Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris matses); 12. Little Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris megalotis); 13. Common Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris microtis); 14. Saint Vincent Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris buriri); 15. Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus); 16. White-winged Vampire Bat (Diaemus youngii); 17. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata); 18. Common Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina aurita); 19. Fernandez's Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina fernandez); 20. Uncommon Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina inusitata); 21. Orinoco Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina orinocensis); 22. Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina mankomara); 23. Marinkelle's Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina marinkelle)). in Phyllostomidae
On following pages: 4. Tiny Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris minuta); 5. Sanborn's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris sanborni); 6. Schmidts' Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris schmidtorum); 7. Yates's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris yatesi); 8. Hairy Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris hirsuta); 9. Brosset's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris brosseti; 10. Giovanni's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris giovanniae); 11. Matses Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris matses); 12. Little Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris megalotis); 13. Common Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris microtis); 14. Saint Vincent Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris buriri); 15. Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus); 16. White-winged Vampire Bat (Diaemus youngii); 17. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata); 18. Common Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina aurita); 19. Fernandez's Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina fernandez); 20. Uncommon Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina inusitata); 21. Orinoco Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina orinocensis); 22. Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina mankomara); 23. Marinkelle's Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina marinkelle)).
Impacts of seasonality on gene expression in the Chinese Horseshoe Bat
<p><span>Seasonality can cause changes in many environmental factors which potentially affects gene expression. Here, we used a bat species (<em>Rhinolophus sinicus</em>) from eastern China as a model to explore the molecular mechanisms of seasonal effects, in particular during phenological shifts in the spring and autumn. Based on the analysis of 45 RNA-seq samples, we found strong seasonal effects on gene expression, with a large number of genes identified as either specific or biased to each season. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis also identified multiple modules significantly associated with each season. These seasonal genes were further enriched into different functional categories. Consistent with effects of phenological shifts on bats, we found that genes related to promoting food intake were highly expressed in both autumn and spring. In addition, immunity genes were also highly expressed in both seasons although this seasonal immune response had tissue specificity in different seasons. In female bats, genes related to the delay of ovulation (e.g. <em>NPPC</em>, natriuretic peptide precursor type C) were highly expressed in October, while genes associated with the promotion of reproduction (e.g. <em>DIO2</em>, iodothyronine deiodinase 2) were biasedly expressed in April. Lastly, we found multiple known core clock genes in both October-biased and April-biased expressed genes, which may be involved in regulating the start and end of hibernation, respectively. Overall, together with studies in other land and aquatic animals, our work supports that seasonal gene expression variations may be a general evolutionary response to environmental changes in wild animals.</span></p>
Wind turbines without curtailment produce large numbers of bat fatalities throughout their lifetime: A call against ignorance and neglect
<p>Bats are protected by national and international legislation in European countries, yet many species, particularly migratory aerial insectivores, collide with wind turbines which counteracts conservation efforts. Within the European Union it is legally required<br> to curtail the operation of wind turbines at periods of high bat activity, yet this is not practiced at old wind turbines. Based on data from the national carcass repository in Germany and from our own carcass searches at a wind park with three turbines west<br> of Berlin, we evaluated the magnitude of bat casualties at old, potentially mal-sited wind turbines operating without curtailment. We report 88 documented bat carcasses collected by various searchers over the 20-year operation period of this wind park from<br> 2001 to 2021. Common noctule bats ( Nyctalus noctula ) and common pipistrelles (Pipistrellus pipistrellus ) were most often found dead at these turbines. Our search campaign in August and September 2021 yielded a total of 18 carcasses. We estimated that at least 209 bats were likely killed during our field survey, yielding more than 70 casualties/wind turbine or 39 casualties/MW in two months. Since our campaign covered only part of the migration season, we consider this value as an underestimate. The 20-year period of the wind park emphasises the substantial impact old turbines may have on bat individuals and populations when operating without curtailments. We call for reconsidering the operation procedures of old wind turbines to stop the continuous loss of bats in Germany and other countries where turbine curtailments are even less practiced than in Germany.</p>
Diet analysis of bats killed at wind turbines suggest large-scale losses of trophic interactions
<p>Agricultural practice has led to landscape simplification and biodiversity decline, yet recently, energy producing infrastructures, such as wind turbines, have been added to these simplified agroecosystems, turning them into multi-functional energy-agroecosystems. Here, we studied the trophic interactions of bats killed at wind turbines using a DNA metabarcoding approach to shed light on how turbine-related bat fatalities may possibly feedback on local habitats. Specifically, we identified insect DNA in the stomachs of common noctule bats (<em>Nyctalus noctula</em>) killed by wind turbines in Germany to infer in which habitats these bats hunted. Common noctule bats consumed a wide variety of insects from different habitats, ranging from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. wetlands, farmland, forests, and grasslands). Agricultural and silvicultural pest insects made up about 20% of insect species consumed by the studied bats. Our study suggests that the potential damage of wind energy production goes beyond the loss of bats and the decline of bat populations. Bat fatalities at wind turbines may lead to the loss of trophic interactions and ecosystem services provided by bats, which may add to the functional simplification and impaired crop production, respectively, in multi-functional ecosystems.</p>
Raw data from: Airport noise disturbs foraging behavior of Japanese pipistrelle bats
<p><span>The expansion of anthropogenic noise poses an emerging threat to </span><span>the </span><span>survival and reproductive success of various organisms. Previous investigations have focused on the detrimental effects of anthropogenic noise on the foraging behavior in some terrestrial and aquatic animals. Nevertheless, the role of airport noise in impairing foraging activities of most wild animals has been neglected. Here, we aimed to assess whether foraging behavior in free-living Japanese pipistrelle bats (<em>Pipistrellus</em> <em>abramus</em>) can be disturbed by airport noise. We used audio recording </span><span>to </span><span>monitor foraging activities of bats at 11 sites around the runway of a municipal airport. We quantified noise level and spectra, aircraft activity, habitat type, nightly temperature, wind speed, and moon phase for each site. The analysis revealed that noise level and aircraft activity were significant negative predictors for the number of bat passes and feeding buzzes around the runway, even after controlling for the effects of other environmental factors. There was no marked spectral overlap between bat echolocation pulses and airport noise in the presence and absence of low-flying aircraft. The spectro-temporal parameters of echolocation vocalizations emitted by bats were dependent on noise level, aircraft activity, and habitat type. These results provide correlative evidence that airport noise can reduce foraging activities of wild pipistrelle bats. Our findings add to the current knowledge of adverse impacts of airport noise on foraging bats in artificial ecosystems and provide a basis for further research on the mechanisms behind noise pollution near airports.</span></p>
On following pages: 105. Roberts's Flat-headed Bat (Sauromys petrophilus); 106. Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis); 107. European Free-tailed Bat (7adarida teniotis); 108. Egyptian Free-tailed Bat (7adarida aegyptiaca); 109. Kenyan Big-eared Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida lobata); 110. African Giant Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida ventralis); 111. Malagasy Free-tailed Bat (7adarida fulminans); 112. East Asian Free-tailed Bat (7adarida insignis); 113. La Touche's Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida latouchei); 114. New Guinea Free-tailed Bat (Austronomus kuboriensis); 115. White-striped Free-tailed Bat (Austronomus australis); 116. East Coast Free-tailed Bat (Micronomus norfolkensis); 117. Beccari's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops beccaril); 118. Northern Coastal Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops cobourgianus); 119. Cape York Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops hall); 120. South-western Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops kitchener); 121. Loria's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops loriae); 122. Lumsden''s Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops lumsdenae); 123. Inland Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops petersi); 124. Southern Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops planiceps); 125. Ride's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops ride); 126. Hairy-nosed Free-tailed Bat (Setirostris eleryi). in Molossidae
On following pages: 105. Roberts's Flat-headed Bat (Sauromys petrophilus); 106. Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis); 107. European Free-tailed Bat (7adarida teniotis); 108. Egyptian Free-tailed Bat (7adarida aegyptiaca); 109. Kenyan Big-eared Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida lobata); 110. African Giant Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida ventralis); 111. Malagasy Free-tailed Bat (7adarida fulminans); 112. East Asian Free-tailed Bat (7adarida insignis); 113. La Touche's Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida latouchei); 114. New Guinea Free-tailed Bat (Austronomus kuboriensis); 115. White-striped Free-tailed Bat (Austronomus australis); 116. East Coast Free-tailed Bat (Micronomus norfolkensis); 117. Beccari's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops beccaril); 118. Northern Coastal Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops cobourgianus); 119. Cape York Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops hall); 120. South-western Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops kitchener); 121. Loria's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops loriae); 122. Lumsden''s Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops lumsdenae); 123. Inland Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops petersi); 124. Southern Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops planiceps); 125. Ride's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops ride); 126. Hairy-nosed Free-tailed Bat (Setirostris eleryi).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.