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Fig. 1 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 1. Nesting site of Nomioides patruelis, 7.5 mi. east of Gharo, Sind Province, Pakistan. Ian Stuppakoff, in foreground, collecting adults flying over site.

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a cladistic analysis by Pesenko (2000: fig. 1), maps phylogenetic events in the evolution of the mature larvae of the Halictidae: (1) Ancestral features: mandibular apex simple; anterior tentorial pit immediately above or laterad to anterior mandibular articulation; labiomaxillary region projecting, well divided into pre- and postmentum; cardo and stipes evident; maxillary and labial palpi projecting papillae; salivary opening transverse, with projecting lips; hypopharyngeal groove probably indicated either by apices of articulating arms of stipites or by posterior margin of premental sclerite if present; paired dorsolateral body tubercles present or absent but, if absent, then most abdominal segments divided into cephalic and caudal annulets; larvae cocoon spinners. (2) Rophitine lineage similar to ancestral ground plan except paired conical dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, now present on most caudal annulets of abdominal segments. Within that lineage (a) cocoon spinning ceased in one place (Conanthalictus) and larval characters associated with cocoon spinning lost and (b) articulating arm of stipes lost presumably more than once (Dufourea, Sphecodosoma, and Conanthalictus). (3) Anterior tentorial pit shifted mesad, so that lateral segment of epistomal ridge lengthened; labiomaxillary region recessed, and pre- and postmentum partly fused; cardo and stipes fading but still weakly evident; labial palpus reduced but evident as small papilla; salivary opening without lips; hypopharyngeal groove complete, consisting of narrow furrow with embedded articulating arms, which are slender and curving toward one another; paired transverse dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, present on caudal annulet of most abdominal segments;

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13. Apex of abdomen, lateral view 14, 15. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 16. Right mandible outer, surface.

Figs. 10, 11 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 10, 11. SEM micrographs of anterior end of egg of Nomioides patruelis and close-up of micropyle, respectively.

Figs. 2, 3 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 2, 3. Brood cells of Nomioides patruelis. 2. Front end of cell, inner view, showing deeply concave spiral cell closure; line demarking closure diameter 5 1.5 mm. 3. Approximate longitudinal view with front end at left. Note slight shine of lining on cell wall at left and feces piled on wall at rear end of cell; line demarking cell diameter 5 ca. 2.5 mm.

Figs. 21–25 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 21–25. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 21. Anterior part of pupa with numbers referring to close-ups in figs. 22–25. 22. Close-up of frons and vertex. 23. Close-up of anterior mesoscutal tubercles. 24. Close-up of mesocutellar, axillary, and metanotal tubercles. 25. Close-up of tegular tubercle.

Figs. 17–20. 17, 18 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 17–20. 17, 18. Diagrams of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, lateral view, entire pupa (with tergal tubercle enlargement), and front end of pupa, dorsal view, respectively. 19, 20. Diagrams of front end of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, dorsal view, and of entire pupa, lateral view, respectively. Scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to all figures.

Figs. 1–9. Dufourea holocyanea. 1. Entire postdefecating larva, lateral view. 2. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 3. Head, frontal view. 4. Head, lateral view. 5. Spiracle, side view. 6. Antenna, maximum lateral profile. 7–9 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 1–9. Dufourea holocyanea. 1. Entire postdefecating larva, lateral view. 2. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 3. Head, frontal view. 4. Head, lateral view. 5. Spiracle, side view. 6. Antenna, maximum lateral profile. 7–9. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively. Scale refers to figs. 1, 2.

Figs. 10, 11. Dufourea a. australis, postdefecating larva. 10 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 10, 11. Dufourea a. australis, postdefecating larva. 10. Frontal view of labiomaxillary region showing narrow salivary opening. 11. Antenna, maximum lateral profile.

Figs. 18–20. Dufourea a. australis. 18 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 18–20. Dufourea a. australis. 18. SEM micrograph of postdefecating larva that had been cleared before being critical point dried and coated, showing mouthparts, with right mandible removed, approximate frontal view. 19. Same, close-up of salivary opening. 20. SEM micrograph of inner surface of cocoon showing one end of blackish object of unknown origin and silk strands of variable diameters; for photograph, see fig. 23; for discussion, see text.

Figs. 12–17 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 12–17. SEM micrographs of predefecating larva of Dufourea holocyanea. 12. Head, frontal view. 13. Labiomaxillary region. 14. Apex of labium. 15. Close-up of salivary opening. 16. Antenna, showing three sensilla. 17. Spiracle.

Fig. 92 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Fig. 92. Extended variable-pressure SEM micrograph of face of postdefecating larva of Megachile nigripes, oblique frontal view showing salivary lips normally closed in contrast to lips on specimen that has been subjected to critical point drying, for example, figs. 94–98.

Figs. 83–88 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 83–88. SEM micrographs of the postdefecating larva of Coelioxys coturnix. 83. Head, lateral view, showing strongly curved profile of cranium. 84. Antennal papilla, lateral view. 85. Salivary lips from above. 86. Close-up of inner surface of lower lip identified by rectangle in fig. 85. 87. Salivary lips, frontal view. 88. Close-up of inner surface of upper lip, identified by rectangle in fig. 87.

Figs. 55–60 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 55–60. Pupa of Radoszkowskiana rufiventris. 55. Female, lateral view (setae omitted). 56. Metasomal apex, dorsal view. 57. Same, ventral view. 58. Mesoscutal seta. 59. Close-up of dorsum of mesonotum, lateral view. 60. Male, metasomal apex, dorsal view. Figs. 61–65. Pupa of Coelioxys

Figs. 49–52 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 49–52. Postdefecating larvae, lateral view; setae not depicted. 49. Radoszkowskiana rufiventris; dotted line on dorsum of third abdominal segment indicates position of intrasegmental line. 50. Coelioxys coturnix. 51. Coelioxys decipiens. 52. Megachile nigripes. Fig. 53. Predefecating larva of R. rufiventris. Fig. 54. Early last instar of C. decipiens. Scales (5 1.0 mm) refer to figs. 49–53 and fig. 54, respectively.

Figs. 43–46 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 43–46. Photographs of heads of postdefecating larvae, frontal views, with lower margin of labra defined by solid white line and with lower margin of labral sclerites defined by dashed line. 43. Radoszkowskiana rufiventris. 44. Coelioxys decipiens. 45. Coelioxys coturnix. 46. Megachile nigripes.

Figs. 93–98 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 93–98. SEM micrographs of the postdefecating larva of Megachile nigripes. 93. Antennal papillae, lateral view. 94. Salivary lips, approximate frontal view. 95. Close-up of upper lip identified in rectangle in fig. 94. 96. Close-up of lower salivary lip identified by rectangle in fig. 94. 97. Salivary lips from below. 98. Close-up of upper lip identified by rectangle in fig. 97.

Figs. 32–34. Micropyles. 32 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 32–34. Micropyles. 32. On chorion covering first instar of Radoszkowskiana rufiventris. 33. On oocytes of Coelioxys coturnix. 34. On egg of Megachile nigripes.

Figs. 35–42 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 35–42. Right mandible of postdefecating larvae, dorsal and inner views, respectively, drawn to same scale. 35, 36. Radoszkowskiana rufiventris. 37, 38. Coelioxys decipiens. 39, 40. Coelioxys coturnix. 41, 42. Megachile nigripes. Note that apex of inner view of mandible of R. rufiventris is not in maximum profile as is the case in fig. 10.

Fig. 27 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Fig. 27. Cocoon of Radoszkowskiana rufiventris, collected dry, lateral view; shiny surface resulted from its construction in remnant of cocoon of Megachile nigripes from previous generation. Figs. 28– 30. Megachile nigripes. 28. Three cocoons, lateral view, encased in material from cell wall; note feces and white nipples; nipple of cocoon on right accidentally destroyed. 29. Close-up of cell closure as seen from inside cells. 30. Outside, upper surface of cocoon showing dark fecal pellets and white nipple with central opening, top view.