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2,281 results for “laboratories”
Data from: Extent of adaptation is not limited by unpredictability of the environment in laboratory populations of Escherichia coli
Environmental variability is on the rise in different parts of the earth and the survival of many species depend on how well they cope with these fluctuations. Our current understanding of how organisms adapt to unpredictably fluctuating environments is almost entirely based on studies that investigate fluctuations among different values of a single environmental stressor like temperature or pH. How would unpredictability affect adaptation when the environment fluctuates between qualitatively very different kinds of stresses? To answer this question, we subjected laboratory populations of Escherichia coli to selection over ~260 generations. The populations faced predictable and unpredictable environmental fluctuations across qualitatively different selection environments, namely, salt and acidic pH. We show that predictability of environmental fluctuations does not play a role in determining the extent of adaptation, although the extent of ancestral adaptation to the chosen selection environments is of key importance. This is good news given that the unpredictability of environmental fluctuations all over the world is on the rise.
Data from: The noise egg: a cheap and simple device to produce low-frequency underwater noise for laboratory and field experiments
Studying the effect of anthropogenic noise on animal behaviour and physiology is a field of growing scientific and management interest. Anthropogenic noise is internationally seen as major environmental concern, but knowledge of the response of animals to noise and its ecological and evolutionary consequences is disparate. Even though fish and invertebrates form the majority of aquatic taxa, the effects of noise on these taxa are largely understudied. Especially the consequences of noise for short-range communication and behavioural interactions are yet unknown. While experimental studies on this subject are thus greatly needed, the expense of the equipment can be a main factor limiting data generation. Speakers that produce low-frequency sounds under water are currently either too large or too expensive to allow for sufficient replication in many research set-ups. Here, we describe a device that can produce a low-frequency sound, which can be used as an experimental source of noise both in aquaria and in the field. The device is completely self-contained and costs around 10 euros per 'noise egg'. The sound created consists of frequency bands (harmonics), which has the advantage that broadband and pulsed sounds, such as sounds produced by vocal fish, are easily detected in a spectrogram. Because the sound from the egg attenuates quickly, it can be used in aquaria and in the field to target certain study species or individuals without affecting a large part of the surrounding area. We have developed the device to study the effects of noise on communication and behaviour in small aquatic animals; however, it could be used for other purposes, such as testing the propagation of certain frequencies in shallow-water habitats. We hope the described method will facilitate the generation of experimental data on the effect of noise on behaviour and communication in aquatic animals in a wide variety of study systems and study areas.
Data from: Chlorpyrifos interacts with other agricultural stressors to alter stream communities in laboratory microcosms
Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used agricultural insecticides in the world, but to date there is limited empirical information about its potential to interact with other common agricultural stressors. We conducted a 15-day, community-level microcosm experiment evaluating individual and combined effects of chlorpyrifos, nutrient enrichment, and sedimentation on stream invertebrate communities (abundance, biomass, richness, size structure, composition) and ecosystem processes (primary productivity and leaf decomposition). We found that sedimentation was the most detrimental stressor, with significant negative impacts on most invertebrate community and ecosystem function variables. Even though chlorpyrifos did not cause significant invertebrate mortality in the microcosms, it still altered ecosystem function by lowering leaf decomposition rates, probably through sublethal inhibition of invertebrate shredders. Furthermore, we observed a significant reversal interaction between chlorpyrifos and sediment for small-sized invertebrates collected in gravel (abundance in sediment x insecticide microcosms was 2.4 times lower than predicted by additivity), as well as an antagonistic interaction with nutrients on invertebrate richness in the same microhabitat (richness in nutrient x insecticide microcosms was 1.6 times higher than predicted by additivity). Our results suggest that chlorpyrifos has the potential to alter freshwater ecosystem function and interact non-additively with other common agricultural stressors. These findings are in keeping with a growing body of research highlighting that multiple stressor interactions and ecosystem processes should be considered when evaluating the impacts of organic toxicants on freshwater ecosystems.
Data from: Learning of efficient behaviour in spatial exploration through observation of behaviour of conspecific in laboratory rats
Recent studies have suggested that rodent behaviour is influenced by the behaviour of surrounding conspecifics (e.g. emotional contagion and prosocial behaviour). However, little is known about deferred imitation and complex observational learning in rats. The purpose of this study was to reveal whether rats can learn from another rat's experiences. In a maze, observer rats watched the foraging behaviour of other rats (demonstrators) and then foraged in turn. The results showed that demonstrators explored inefficiently, but observers explored more efficiently after observing inefficient exploration by the demonstrators. This observational learning probably involved the acquisition of an efficient strategy through spatial exploration.
Data from: Social setting, intuition and experience in laboratory experiments interact to shape cooperative decision-making
Recent studies suggest that cooperative decision-making in one-shot interactions is a history-dependent dynamic process: promoting intuition versus deliberation typically has a positive effect on cooperation (dynamism) among people living in a cooperative setting and with no previous experience in economic games on cooperation (history dependence). Here, we report on a laboratory experiment exploring how these findings transfer to a non-cooperative setting. We find two major results: (i) promoting intuition versus deliberation has no effect on cooperative behaviour among inexperienced subjects living in a non-cooperative setting; (ii) experienced subjects cooperate more than inexperienced subjects, but only under time pressure. These results suggest that cooperation is a learning process, rather than an instinctive impulse or a self-controlled choice, and that experience operates primarily via the channel of intuition. Our findings shed further light on the cognitive basis of human cooperative decision-making and provide further support for the recently proposed social heuristics hypothesis.
Data from: Daily blood feeding rhythms of laboratory-reared North American Culex pipiens
Background: Blood feeding by free-living insect vectors of disease is rhythmic and can be used to predict when infectious bites will occur. These daily rhythms can also be targeted by control measures, as in insecticide-treated nets. Culex pipiens form pipiens and C.p. f. molestus are two members of the Culex pipiens assemblage and vectors of West Nile Virus throughout North America. Although Culex species vector human pathogens and parasites, the daily blood feeding rhythms of C.p. f. molestus, to our knowledge, have not been studied. We described and compared the daily blood feeding rhythms of three laboratory-reared populations of Culex pipiens, one of which has confirmed molestus ancestry. We also examined the plasticity of blood feeding time for these three populations. Results: For most (>70%) C.p. f. pipiens and C.p. f. molestus collected from metropolitan Chicago, IL, blood feeding took place during scotophase. Peak blood feeding occurred in mid-scotophase, 3-6 hours after lights off. For C.p. f. pipiens originating from Pennsylvania, most mosquitoes (> 90%) blood fed during late photophase and early scotophase. C.p. f. molestus denied a blood meal during scotophase were less likely to blood feed during early photophase (< 20%) than were C.p. f. pipiens from Chicago (> 50%). C.p. f. pipiens from Pennsylvania were capable of feeding readily at any hour of photo- or scotophase. Conclusions: Daily blood feeding rhythms of C.p. f. molestus are similar to those of C.p. f. pipiens, particularly when populations originate from the same geographic region. However, the timing of blood feeding is more flexible for C.p. f. pipiens populations relative to C.p. f. molestus.
Data from: Local adaptation at higher trophic levels: contrasting hyperparasite-pathogen infection dynamics in the field and laboratory
Predicting and controlling infectious disease epidemics is a major challenge facing the management of agriculture, human and wildlife health. Coevolutionarily derived patterns of local adaptation among pathogen populations have the potential to generate variation in disease epidemiology, however studies of local adaptation in disease systems have mostly focused on interactions between competing pathogens or pathogens and their hosts. In nature, parasites and pathogens are also subject to attack by hyperparasitic natural enemies that can severely impact upon their infection dynamics. However, few studies have investigated if this interaction varies across combinations of pathogen-hyperparasite strains, and if this influences hyperparasite incidence in natural pathogen populations. Here, we test if the association between a hyperparasitic fungus, Ampelomyces quisqualis, and a single powdery mildew host, Podosphaera plantaginis, varies among genotype combinations, and whether this drives hyperparasite incidence in nature. Laboratory inoculation studies reveal that genotype, genotype x genotype interactions, and local adaptation affect hyperparasite infection. However, observations of a natural pathogen metapopulation reveal that spatial rather than genetic factors predict the risk of hyperparasite presence. Our results highlight how sensitive the outcome of biocontrol using hyperparasites is to selection of hyperparasite strains.
FIGURE 7 in Larval development of the land hermit crab Coenobita violascens Heller, 1862 (Decapoda, Anomura, Coenobitidae) described from laboratory-reared material
FIGURE 7. Coenobita violascens, megalopa: (A–E) pereiopods 1–5, respectively. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 9 in Larva of Glyptotendipes (Glyptotendipes) glaucus (Meigen 1818) (Chironomidae, Diptera) — morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), karyotype, and biology in laboratory conditions
FIGURE 9. Differences in size of G. (G.) glaucus one month after hatching and a shape of the tubes.
Abundant genetic variation is retained in many laboratory schistosome populations - Code and data
<p>Code and data used for the generation of figures in manuscript.</p>
Fig. 1 in Interference Competition and Cannibalism by Dorcus rectus(Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) Larvae in the Laboratory and Field
Fig. 1. Allometry of larval body mass (mg ) on head capsule
Dataset of the A2S2 laboratory experiment results
<p>Dataset of the A2S2 laboratory experiment results</p>
Fig. 3 in Nesting Behavior ofEurysternus plebejusHarold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Under Laboratory Conditions
Fig. 3. Frequency distribution of number of brood balls per nest of Eurysternus plebejus.
Fig. 2 in Nesting Behavior ofEurysternus plebejusHarold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Under Laboratory Conditions
Fig. 2. Nest of Eurysternus plebejus. Scale = 2 cm. Photo by C. Huerta.
Fig. 1 in Nesting Behavior ofEurysternus plebejusHarold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Under Laboratory Conditions
Fig. 1. Nuptial feast of Eurysternus plebejus. Scale =
Fig. 1 in Longevity and Fecundity of Metamasius quadrilineatus Champion (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) on a Natural Bromeliad Host in the Laboratory
Fig. 1. Age-specific survivorship of 30 adult female Metamasius quadrilineatus.
Fig. 5 in Fecundity And Offspring Survival Of Copris Tripartitus Waterhouse (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) Under Laboratory Rearing Conditions
Fig. 5. Types of ovary resorption found in C. tripartitus females.
Fig. 1 in Fecundity And Offspring Survival Of Copris Tripartitus Waterhouse (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) Under Laboratory Rearing Conditions
Fig. 1. Variation in the number of brood balls made by pairs of C. tripartitus.
Supplementary Data for Manuscript "Examining the mid to long-term variability in saturated hydraulic conductivity of sandy soils and its influencing factors under constant head test in the laboratory"
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Dataset for: Selection of sheep skin bacteria to reduce blood-feeding by biting midges under laboratory conditions
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.