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13,587 results for “specification”
Data from: Age-specific offspring mortality economically tracks food abundance in a piscivorous seabird
Earlier offspring mortality prior to independence saves resources for kin, which should be more beneficial when food is short. Using 24 years of data on age-specific common tern (Sterna hirundo) chick mortality, best described by the Gompertz function, and estimates of energy consumption per age of mortality, we investigated how energy wasted on non-fledged chicks depends on brood size, hatching order and annual abundance of herring (Clupea harengus), the main food source. We found mortality directly after hatching (Gompertz baseline mortality) to be high and to increase with decreasing herring abundance. Mortality declined with age, at a rate relatively insensitive to herring abundance. The sensitivity of baseline mortality to herring abundance reduced energy wasted on non-fledged chicks when herring was short. Among chicks that did not fledge, last-hatched chicks were less costly than earlier hatched chicks, due to their earlier mortality. However, per hatchling produced, the least energy was wasted on chicks without siblings, due to their baseline mortality being most sensitive to herring abundance. We suggest that earlier mortality of offspring when food is short facilitates economic adjustment of post-hatching parental investment to food abundance, but that such economic brood reduction may be constrained by sibling competition.
Data from: Generic and specific facets of vulnerability for analyzing trade-offs and synergies in natural resource management
<p>1. The concept of vulnerability as the combination of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to a stressor is gaining traction outside of the climate realm, opening new avenues to address contemporary sustainability issues more holistically. Yet, critical notions that underpin vulnerability have yet to be integrated into its application to natural resource management and non-climatic stressors. In particular, the way generic and stressor-specific facets of vulnerability interact and can inform decision-makers about how interventions combine and/or trade-off remains unexplored.</p> <p>2. Here, we investigate the salience of the generic/specific framing in the context of Chilean artisanal fishing communities engaged in rights-based co-management and experiencing pressures from two stressors: poaching and market volatility. Specifically, we draw on market data combined with socioeconomic surveys conducted with 446 members and leaders from 42 fisher unions to quantitatively investigate potential trade-offs and synergies between facets of vulnerability to poaching and markets.</p> <p>3. Generic adaptive capacity (i.e. flexibility, assets, learning, organization and agency) likely facilitated stressor-specific adaptive capacities to both stressors. High levels of specific adaptive capacity to one stressor neither increased exposure nor undermined specific adaptive capacity to the other stressor. However, adaptive capacity did not translate into exposure reduction as expected, suggesting that adaptation barriers may prevent fishers from mobilizing adaptive capacity into effective adaptive action.</p> <p>4. This study illustrates how breaking down vulnerability into generic and specific facets can help us better anticipate important trade-offs and synergies in management interventions. More generally, it highlights the potential of the climate adaptation and vulnerability literatures in informing place-based management of natural resources.</p>
Stresses affect inbreeding depression in complex ways: Disentangling stress-specific genetic effects from effects of initial size in plants
<p>The magnitude of inbreeding depression (ID) varies unpredictably among environments. ID often increases in stressful environments suggesting that these expose more deleterious alleles to selection or increase their effects. More simply, ID could increase under conditions that amplify phenotypic variation (CV²), e.g. by accentuating size hierarchies among plants. These mechanisms are difficult to distinguish when stress increases both ID and phenotypic variation. We grew in- and outbred progeny of <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> under six abiotic stress treatments (control, waterlogging, drought, nutrient deficiency, copper addition and clipping) with and without competition by the grass <i>Poa palustris</i>. ID differed greatly among stress treatments with δ varying from 7% (control) to 61% (waterlogging) but did not consistently increase with stress intensity. <i>Poa</i> competition increased ID under nutrient deficiency but not other stresses. Analyzing effects of initial size on performance of outbred plants suggests that under some conditions (low N, clipping) competition increased ID by amplifying initial size differences. In other cases (e.g., high ID under waterlogging), particular environments amplified the deleterious genetic effects of inbreeding suggesting differential gene expression. Interestingly, conditions that increased the phenotypic variability of inbred progeny regularly increased ID whereas variability among outbred progeny showed no relationship to ID. Our study reconciles the stress- and phenotypic variability hypotheses by demonstrating how specific conditions (rather than stress <i>per se</i>) act to increase ID. Analyzing CV² separately in inbred and outbred progeny while including effects of initial plant size improve our ability to predict how ID and gene expression vary across environments.</p>
How Bit-Vector Logic Can Help Improve the Verification of First-Order LTL Specifications
<p>Experimental evaluation for the encoding presented in the paper "How Bit-Vector Logic Can Help Improve the Verification of First-Order LTL Specifications".</p> <p>The encoding is implemented as a zot plugin entitled ae2bvzot.</p>
Management of persistent non-specific low back pain in primary care: A review of current guideline recommendations
<p>AGREE II Summary Score Sheets</p>
FIGURE 1. Locus specific phylogenies for COI, 12S in Molecular and morphological evaluation of the aphid genus Hyalopterus Koch (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae), with a description of a new species
FIGURE 1. Locus specific phylogenies for COI, 12S, EF-1α, and Buchnera 16S. All trees are from analyses performed with MRBAYES, with node support given as posterior probabilities. Collection data for each specimen are provided in Table 1 and models of sequence evolution used for each gene are provided in Table 2.
FIGURES 10–14 in New records of two species of the genus Endochus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from India, with specific and generic redescriptions
FIGURES 10–14. Endochus merula Distant, Ψ, microphotographs; 10. entire insect; 11. head and thorax; 12. thorax and anterior part of abdomen; 13. abdomen (dorsal); 14. abdomen (ventral) with genitalia. Scale bar of 10–13 = 1.00 mm; of 14 = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 8–9 in New records of two species of the genus Endochus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from India, with specific and generic redescriptions
FIGURES 8–9. Endochus merula Distant, Ψ, 8. habitus, dorsal view; 9. apical segments of abdomen with genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar of 8 = 1.00 mm; of 9 = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 3–7 in New records of two species of the genus Endochus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from India, with specific and generic redescriptions
FIGURES 3–7. Endochus albomaculatus Stål, Ψ, microphotographs; 3. entire insect; 4. head and thorax; 5. thorax and anterior part of abdomen; 6. abdomen (dorsal); 7. abdomen (ventral) with genitalia. Scale bar of 3–6 = 1.00 mm; of 7 = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 1–2 in New records of two species of the genus Endochus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from India, with specific and generic redescriptions
FIGURES 1–2. Endochus albomaculatus Stål, Ψ, 1. habitus, dorsal view; 2. apical segments of abdomen with genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar of 1 = 1.00 mm; of 2 = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 71–73 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 71–73. Procantonnetia opacithorax sp. nov. (71, 72, holotype). 71, Median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 72, ditto, ventral view; 73, spermatheca.
FIGURES 1–9 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 1–9. Three morphotypes of Aenictus laeviceps (sensu Wilson, 1964). 1–3, Morphotype L1; 4–6, Morphotype L2; 7– 9, Morphotype S (all SEM photographs; 1, 4, 7, habitus, laeral view; 2, 5, 8, alitrunk, lateral view; 3, 6, 9, petiole and postpetiole, lateral view).
FIGURES 74–81 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 74–81. Weissflogia pubescens sp. nov. (76–81, SEM photographs). 74, Habitus, dorsal view; 75, ditto, lateral view; 76, head, pronotum and anterior part of elytra, lateral view; 77, head, dorsal view; 78, pronotum, dorsal view; 79, abdominal tergites III–VI, dorsal view; 80, abdomen, lateral view; 81, abdominal sternite III–V, ventral view.
FIGURES 43–47 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 43–47. Aenictocleptis lambirensis sp. nov. 43, male tergite VIII, dorsal view (holotype); 44, median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 45, ditto, ventral view; 46, apical lobe of paramere; 47, spermatheca.
FIGURES 38–42 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 38–42. Aenictocleptis hirsutoides sp. nov. 38, male tergite VIII, dorsal view, holotype; 39, median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 40, ditto, ventral view; 41, apical lobe of paramere; 42, spermatheca.
FIGURES 63–70 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 63–70. Procantonnetia opacithorax sp. nov. (65–70, SEM photographs). 63, Habitus, dorsal view; 64, ditto, lateral view; 65, head, pronotum and anterior part of elytra, lateral view; 66, head, dorsal view; 67, pronotum, dorsal view; 68, abdomen, dorsal view; 69, ditto, lateral view; 70, ditto, ventral view.
FIGURE 88 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURE 88. Myrmecoid (highly integrated) Lomechusini genera and species and their Aenictus laeviceps (sensu Wilson, 1964) host morphotypes as recorded in Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, and Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Boneo. Data from Ulu Gombak was based on investigations conducted in 2003–2011 (Maruyama, unpublished data). Broken line indicates closest species relationship based on morphological information.
FIGURES 32–37. Aenictocleptis spp. 32–34, A in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 32–37. Aenictocleptis spp. 32–34, A. hirsutoides sp. nov.; 35–37, A. lambirensis sp. nov. (33, 34, 36, 37, SEM photographs). 32, 35, habitus, dorsal view; 33, 36, head, pronotum and elytra, dorsal view; 34, 37, right antenna, dorsal view.
FIGURES 57–62 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 57–62. Mimaenictus spp.: 57–59, M. matsumotoi sp. nov.; 60–62, M. wilsoni (57, 60, median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view; 58, 61, ditto, ventral view; 59, 62, spermatheca. 57, 58, holotype).
FIGURES 19–25 in Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini
FIGURES 19–25. Myrmecosticta exceptionalis gen. et sp. nov. 19, labrum, dorsal view; 20, right mandible, dorsal view; 21, right maxilla, ventral view; 22, mentum, ventral view; 23, labium, ventral view; 24, median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view (holotype); 25, spermatheca.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.